1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre del proyecto que financió la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Book project: where people and their land are safer - A Compendium of Good Practices in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) (where people and their land are safer)

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

World Vision (World Vision) - Suiza

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

¿Cuándo se compilaron los datos (en el campo)?

16/09/2016

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

1.4 Declaración de la sostenibilidad de la Tecnología descrita

¿La Tecnología aquí descrita resulta problemática en relación a la degradación de la tierra, de tal forma que no puede considerársela una tecnología sostenible para el manejo de la tierra?

No

Comentarios:

It is a very sustainable technology as it promotes the natural regeneration of highly degraded areas.

1.5 Referencia al (los) Cuestionario(s) de Enfoques MST

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR) is a proven SLM Technology to restore degraded wasteland and improve depleted farmland. The farmer regulates and facilitates the re-growth of existing trees stumps or self-sown seeds in the soil and thus promotes an increased soil fertility and water availability compared to cleared and cleaned up arable land.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

Conventional afforestation and tree planting requires a lot of inputs, labour and care including suitable seedlings, transport and regular watering while the survival rate in arid and semi-arid climates is often very poor1. Whereas Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR) is a cheap and effective way to restore and improve even huge areas of degraded and depleted soils. The technology relies on the fact that even in deforested areas; soils still contain active roots and seeds of native woody plants. Selectively promoted, leaving only a few main shoots, they grow stronger and into real trees within a few years. This rapid technology has been successfully applied by World Vision in eight African countries including Kenya and Ethiopia2 and is now also being applied in Indonesia, East Timor and Latin America.
Apart from labour and a farmer’s knife, there are no major inputs required. The farmers like this technology as it is cheap and can be easily combined with other SLM technologies such as permaculture, inter-cropping, mulching and agro-forestry. At the same time it is very scalable, even a small plot of less the 1 ha or a whole hill can be re-vegetated within a short period. And the impact will be very positively on the soil, ecology, climate and health of crops, people and livestock. The farmer can use the prunings as firewood, and grow fodder below the trees; the tree branches and leaves can serve for mulching and the flowers as bee pasture, the fruits for consumption and sale. The trees break the winds and their shade protects sensible crops from the sun. The soil’s water retention capacity, structure, biology and fertility will improve. All effects contribute to soil, water and climate stabilization. One limitation might be the use of tractors and big land machinery, which is still mostly negligible for smallholder farmers.

Some practical steps for establishing a FNMR site
1) jointly agree on a target area (be it a field or "communal wasteland")
2) check out the area carefully for wooden plants (trees, bushes, mini-trees)
3) mark the bushes or trees that should be grown into bigger trees
(it is recommended consulting local/scientific knowledge on the trees species and its benefits, also if it carries thorns or poison?)
4) protect the whole area (fencing, life fence) or only the chosen trees against grazing and human disturbance
5) When the plants reach a height of 1 m start with pruning, only keep the 2-3 main shots, use the surplus branches for fire wood or mulching
6) Watering is in most cases not required as the indigenous trees have enough roots for self-supply
7) the specific cultivation and management practice depends on the trees species selected and the desired results (intercropping with maize, shade trees for coffee, fodder trees for livestock, flower trees for bees etc.)
8) fire and livestock are the main threats for a new FMNR site

1 Cao, S: Have large-scale afforestation efforts in China have failed to solve the desertification problem in Environmental Science & Technology, 2008, 1826-1831
2 http://fmnrhub.com.au/projects

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.4 Videos de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Indique año de implementación:

2014

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada:

• hace menos de 10 años (recientemente)

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• mediante proyectos/ intervenciones externas

Comentarios (tipo de proyecto, etc.):

The technology was introduced by World Vision through a public funded project on climate protection and natural resource management. It received the “Total Kenya Eco Challenge Award” in 2016. The introduction was done through the following steps. The project staff were trained on the concept after which they trained Government staff in forestry, education and agriculture department including chiefs and assistant chief who were to turn out to be the entry point/ ambassadors for the concept. Intense trainings, awareness campaigns, practical demonstrations, consultative meetings and observations were conducted. Till now more than 300 hectares of degraded land was reclaimed through FMNR and over 1000 farmers adopted the practice already.

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

• mejorar la producción
• reducir, prevenir, restaurar la degradación del suelo
• conservar el ecosistema
• proteger una cuenca hidrográfica/ áreas corriente abajo – en combinación con otras Tecnologías
• preservar/ mejorar biodiversidad
• reducir el riesgo de desastres naturales
• adaptarse al cambio climático/ extremos climáticos y sus impactos
• mitigar cambio climático y sus impactos
• crear impacto económico benéfico
• crear impacto social benéfico

• this technology brings a lot of positive effects on the environment (more water, more carbon and nutrients in the soil, better micro climate etc.) > bullet point 4: other technologies could be contour farming, agroforestry, water harvesting)

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

3.3 Información adicional sobre el uso de tierras

Provisión de agua para la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología:

• de secano

Comentarios:

Since only indigenous species are promoted the normal rainfall should be sufficient for their growth.

Número de temporadas de cultivo por año:

• 1

Especifique:

There is no planting required but protection of FMNR plots. The shrubs grow best in the rainy season.

Densidad del ganado (si fuese relevante):

Livestock is one of the main threads to the technology. It a very important to keep livestock out of the FMNR areas either by using live fences or mesh wire fences.

3.4 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• manejo de bosques naturales y seminaturales:
• agroforestería
• cobertura de suelo/ vegetal mejorada

3.5 Difusión de la Tecnología

Especifique la difusión de la Tecnología:

• distribuida parejamente sobre un área

Si la tecnología se halla difundida homogéneamente en un área, indique el área aproximada que cubre:

• 1-10 km2

Comentarios:

There are many more project sites facilitated through World Vision in Kenya where this technology is being applied e.g. in Baringo (Wema, Mogotio) and Samburu (Poro).

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

Comentarios:

There is also an aspect of management change (M2): allowing the native trees to grow, pruning of upcoming bushes, mulching with tree branches, felling of trees when desired etc.

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

Comentarios:

FMNR contributes to less soil erosion, more organic matter and more diversified habitats (leading to increased agro-biodiversity).

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• reducir la degradación del suelo
• restaurar/ rehabilitar tierra severamente degradada

Comentarios:

FMNR contributes to less land degradation and is an ideal technology to restore severely degraded areas.

4.1 Dibujo técnico de la Tecnología

4.2 Especificaciones técnicas/ explicaciones del dibujo técnico

The technical drawing above shows four typical stages of an indiginous tree in a FMNR site:
1) a suppressed shrub, very damaged by roaming animals or human interference
2) if this small shrub experience protection it will regenerate and grow many new branches
3) as soon as a bush has reached a height of 1 m the farmer can start with pruning keeping only a few major branches. This will help the tree to grow high and the farmer can yield branches and leaves for fire wood and mulching. Depending on the growth rate, pruning can be done 1-2 times a year.
4) A mature tree produces also fruits that can be harvested. As only major branches remain enough sunlight will reach the ground to allow the cultivation of crops or gras production.

Slope and spacing can varry a lot as FMNR is designed to be extremely flexible, giving farmers considerable freedom of individual choice on how to meet their own specific needs, using the free materials at hand (species mix), responding to the specific climate, soils, crop mix, and their own understanding, at the time of implementation. FMNR is being introduced into many different contexts where the environment and species mix, the specific land use (crop land, pasture or forest) and farmer needs, vary from region to region and even from farm to farm.

To date, FMNR has been successfully practiced in a variety of locally adapted ways such as:
- By individual farmers on their own land
- By communities on communal lands and in degraded forests
- By leaving very few trees (10 - 20 / ha), or by leaving very many (150 trees/ ha).
- By focusing on tree species predominantly used to provide firewood and building poles, or on species that have nutritious leaves that feed families or animals. Some use trees that fix nitrogen and can therefore increase the soil fertility for crops.
- Leaving a single stem to grow from a stump (and harvesting when larger), or by leaving multiple stems,
successively harvesting one each year.
- Allowing a single stem to grow into a permanent tree, and then harvesting 1/2 to 1/3rd of the branches per
year (such as pollarding). Pollarding provides larger wood harvests and more rapid re-growth.
- Allowing tree re-growth only on farm borders. The trees are allowed to grow close to each other and are
pruned high up the trunk. As need arises whole trees are harvested and re-growth is allowed to replace
the tree that was harvested.
- Leaving only trees, which are growing approximately in straight lines and moving self-sown seedlings and replanting them within these lines. Within the rows the trees are grown as bushes which are slashed to
ground level during the rainy season, except for single stems that are allowed to grow about every 12
meters. This is done to avoid interference with ploughing and because soil infertility is a major issue,
addressed by mulching with pruned branches.

A fully elaborated Project Model on FMNR is available: http://www.wvi.org/development/publication/farmer-managed-natural-regeneration

4.3 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

Especifique cómo se calcularon los costos e insumos:

• por área de Tecnología

otra / moneda nacional (especifique):

KES

Indique la tasa de cambio de USD a la moneda local (si fuese relevante): 1 USD =:

100,0

4.4 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento
1.	Community meeting	Otras medidas	all year
2.	Land mapping (slope, gullies, coverage, ownership)	Estructurales	ideally after harvesting the crops, best time for transects
3.	Plot inspection (to identify and mark potential bushes)	Vegetativas	ideally after harvesting the crops, best time for transects
4.	Plot protection (fencing against livestock)	Estructurales	ideally after harvesting, best time for transects, before planting
5.	alternatively: Protection measures of single bushes	Estructurales	ideally after harvesting, best time for transects, before planting
6.	Weeding/ clearance of surplus bushes/ vegetation	Agronómicas	all year, during vegetation period
7.	normal farming activities within the FMNR site	Agronómicas	after harvesting the crops
8.	Integrating beekeeping and or fodder harvesting	Agronómicas	all year, during vegetative period
9.	Thinning or harvesting of fuel wood	Manejo	As per need, dependant on the farmer, all year round

Comentarios:

Ideally, FMNR activities are not interfering too much with the normal farming activities except for mulching or compost making wherefore small tree branches can be used.

4.5 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

Si fuera posible, desglose los costos de establecimiento de acuerdo a la siguiente tabla, especificando insumos y costos por insumo. Si usted no pudiese desglosar los costos, proporcione un estimado de los costos totales para establecer la Tecnología:

32600,0

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	plot protection - fencing/ ha	person-days	30,0	400,0	12000,0	100,0
Mano de obra	tree protection - first pruning/ ha	person-days	10,0	400,0	4000,0	100,0
Equipo	farmer's knife	piece	2,0	150,0	300,0	100,0
Equipo	machete	piece	2,0	500,0	1000,0	100,0
Equipo	rake	piece	2,0	500,0	1000,0	100,0
Equipo	hand hoe	piece	2,0	450,0	900,0	100,0
Material para plantas	leather gloves	pair	2,0	1000,0	2000,0	100,0
Material para plantas	strong gumboots	pair	2,0	2000,0	4000,0	100,0
Material para plantas	axe	piece	2,0	700,0	1400,0	100,0
Material para plantas	life fence seeds/ thorns of shrubs / ha	seedlings	1200,0	5,0	6000,0	100,0
Fertilizantes y biocidas	n/a
Material de construcción	n/a
Otros	n/a
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología					32600,0

Si el usuario de la tierra no cubrió el 100% de los costos, indique quién financió el resto del costo:

The farmer harvest wood and non-wood products like honey and grass. Often FMNR is combined with agriculture or animal husbandry. As the crop yield increases the farmer can invest in more equipment and tools.

Comentarios:

Some of the costs incurred were covered by WV during inception of the project model of FMNR especially for the demonstration plots but the costs on household level are covered by the farmers themselves. Normal farm equipment is being used to establish the sites. The farmer needs some gloves und gumboots and the time for the additional works. Also some time is needed to be invested for training to get equipped with the required knowledge and skills. Live fence plants or throns from shrubs are normally collected/ taken from the pruned Acacia branches.

4.6 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento/ frequencia
1.	Pruning of target bushes and trees	Vegetativas	during vegetation period, ideally in the dry season
2.	tree felling	Vegetativas	after vegetation period, after harvesting the crops
3.	Harvesting of grass in FMNR sites not on crops	Vegetativas	During and after rainny season

Comentarios:

Ideally, FMNR activities are not interfering too much with the normal farming activities except for mulching or compost making wherefore small tree branches can be used for firewood. In places where FMNR is applied to gain timber, branches and firewood in a sustainable way, it has supported to raise more income for households allowing them to meet their basic needs including school fees, medical bills etc.

4.7 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

Si fuera posible, desglose los costos de mantenimiento de acuerdo a la siguiente tabla, especificando insumos y costos por insumo. Si usted no pudiese desglosar los costos, proporcione un estimado de los costos totales que se necesitan para el mantenimiento de la Tecnología:

14600,0

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Yearly Pruning of target bushes and trees /ha	person-days	6,0	400,0	2400,0	100,0
Mano de obra	tree felling of selected trees/ ha	person-days	4,0	400,0	1600,0	100,0
Equipo	farmer's knife	piece	2,0	150,0	300,0	100,0
Equipo	machete	piece	2,0	500,0	1000,0	100,0
Equipo	rake	piece	2,0	500,0	1000,0	100,0
Equipo	hand hoe	piece	2,0	450,0	900,0	100,0
Material para plantas	leather gloves	pair	2,0	1000,0	2000,0	100,0
Material para plantas	strong gumboots	pair	2,0	2000,0	4000,0	100,0
Material para plantas	axe	piece	2,0	700,0	1400,0	100,0
Indique los costos totales para mantenecer la Tecnología					14600,0

Si el usuario de la tierra no cubrió el 100% de los costos, indique quién financió el resto del costo:

The farmer harvest wood and non-wood products like honey and grass. Often FMNR is combined with agriculture or animal husbandry. As the crop yield increases the farmer can invest in more equipment and tools.

Comentarios:

Some of the costs incurred were covered by WV during inception of the project model of FMNR especially for the demonstration plots but the costs on household level are covered by the farmers themselves. Normal farm equipment is being used to establish the sites. The farmer needs some gloves und gumboots and the time for the additional works. Also some time is needed to be invested for training to get equipped with the required knowledge and skills. Live fence plants or throns from shrubs are normally collected/ taken from the pruned Acacia branches.

4.8 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Size of the FMNR site and the density and age of trees. Important precondition is fencing off the sites/ protection of trees against livestock. Most of the equipment needed is part of the normal agricultural tool set.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

Indique si la Tecnología se aplica específicamente en:

• no relevante

5.3 Suelos

Si se halla disponible, adjunte una descripción completa de los suelos o especifique la información disponible, por ej., tipo de suelo, pH/ acidez de suelo, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, nitrógeno, salinidad, etc. :

The data above was provided by Divisional Agriculture officer in Lambwe.

5.4 Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

¿La salinidad del agua es un problema?

Sí

Especifique:

High amounts of sodium ions makes the water often saline.

¿Se está llevando a cabo la inundación del área? :

Sí

Frecuencia:

frecuentemente

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre calidad y cantidad de agua:

The water quality of surface water is poor and sometimes only suitable for livestock. Though due to few safe water sources, the households often have to use the surface run off for domestic use.

5.5 Biodiversidad

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre biodiversidad:

The biodiversity is still higher than expected in comparison to the degree of degradation of the landscape. This might relate to the proximity of the Lake Victoria with its rich fish- and avifauna and Ruma National Park.

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

All the above groups participate in the roll-out of the technology. It is relatively new and many are excited about the benefits. Elderly and children (youth and child headed households) need more time do the same work and adopt the technology less enthusiastically. Though Elderly are often key drivers of the technology as they best understand the degree of deforestation and water insecurity and the interlinkages.

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra que pertenece a o es arrendada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• comunitaria/ aldea
• individual, con título

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• comunitarios (organizado)
• individual

Derechos de uso de agua:

• comunitarios (organizado)
• individual

5.9 Acceso a servicios e infraestructura

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

Ingreso y costos

Impactos socioculturales

Impactos ecológicos

Suelo

Biodiversidad: vegetación, animales

Reducción de riesgos de desastres y riesgos climáticos

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

Comentarios acerca de la evaluación del impacto:

Detailed research has not been carried out on the impact of the technology to provide scientific evidence. However, soil testing is being done and a study on the biodiversity is being conducted.

6.3 Exposición y sensibilidad de la Tecnología al cambio climático gradual y a extremos relacionados al clima/ desastres (desde la percepción de los usuarios de tierras)

Cambio climático gradual

Cambio climático gradual

	Estación	tipo de cambios climáticos/ climas extremos	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
Otro cambio climático gradual	micro climate (moisture, less wind & erosion, reduced temperature)	incrementó	muy bien

Extremos (desastres) relacionados al clima

Desastres climatológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
sequía	bien
incendio forestal	no muy bien
incendio	no muy bien

Desastres hidrológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
inundación repentina	moderadamente

Desastres biológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
insectos/ infestación de gusanos	bien

Comentarios:

A baseline survey captures also aspects of environmental degradation.

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

Comentarios:

FMNR is a low cost technology and brings a good return on investment. Slightly more land is required and mechanisation can become more difficult. Farmers are very optimistic of the long- term results of FMNR since the need for wood is high. Locals have started looking at having trees on farm as an equal investment opportunity compared to crops.

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

• más de 50%

Si tiene la información disponible, cuantifique (número de hogares y/o área cubierta):

Over 1000 households reached through training and confirmed practising.

De todos quienes adoptaron la Tecnología, ¿cuántos lo hicieron espontáneamente, es decir, sin recibir incentivos/ pagos materiales?

• 90-100%

Comentarios:

Most of the adopters start the practice after getting basic training and some of them just through observation of model sites.

6.6 Adaptación

¿La tecnología fue modificada recientemente para adaptarse a las condiciones cambiantes?

No

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra
FMNR is appropriate for both male and female of productive ages though at the introduction depending on nature and size of the farm, men are more advantaged due to labour intensive. However for land with no trees just starting up, it can be easily managed by both sexes. It is also a form of exercise for the aging people thus improving on healthy lifestyle.

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave

FMNR can be done by anyone/everyone in a household as long as the drive and understanding of the concept is embraced. This includes people with special needs. It is cheap, efficient and refreshing plus satisfying since results are evident in short while. Tree planting survival rate has been low in the recent times following unreliable rainfall, external threats e.g livestock, pests and diseases thus FMNR is the solution to restoring the degraded ecosystems. Women may find the actual management difficult at some stage but since the concept brings income, even external labor is sourced. So the women don't fear getting on with the technology.

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Safety of the farmers during management (thick thorny bushes) and habitat it creates for wild life that could be threats to man e.g snakes, monkeys eat all their crops as birds feed on the seeds too.	Monkeys can be kept out by thorney hedges, birds by mirrors and cats.

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Women may find the actual management difficult at some stage and quite labour intensive.	Since the technology brings income even external labor can be sourced.

7.1 Métodos/ fuentes de información

7.2 Vínculos a las publicaciones disponibles

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration Enhances Rural Livelihoods in Dryland West Africa, Weston, Peter, Reaksmey Hong, Carolyn Kaboré & Christian A. Kull, Environmental Management Volume 55, Issue 6, pp 1402–1417,2015, ISBN 0364-152X00267-015-0469-1

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

Springer, USD 35

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Re-greening the Sahel: farmer-led innovation in Burkina Faso and Niger, Reij, C.; Tappan, G.; Smale, M., in Millions fed : proven successes in agricultural development, 2009, ISBN 9780896296619

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

International Food Policy Research Institute, USD ?

7.3 Vínculos a la información relevante disponible en línea

Título/ descripción:

Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration Hub

URL:

http://fmnrhub.com.au/

Título/ descripción:

Scaling up Regreening: Six steps to success, A practical approach to forest and Landscape Restoration, World Resources Institute, 2015, ISBN 978-1-56973-861-0

URL:

https://www.wri.org/sites/default/files/scaling-regreening-six-steps-success.pdf

Título/ descripción:

In Kenya, Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration is a remedy to Climate Change

URL:

http://www.landscapes.org/kenya-farmer-managed-natural-regeneration-remedy-climate-change/

Título/ descripción:

Australian High Commissioner Visits Environmental Restoration Project in Baringo County

URL:

http://kenya.embassy.gov.au/nair/fmnr.html

Título/ descripción:

ICRAF and World Vision facilitate Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration training in Uganda

URL:

http://www.worldagroforestry.org/news/icraf-and-world-vision-wv-facilitate-farmer-managed-natural-regeneration-fmnr-training-uganda

Título/ descripción:

Renew The Land - FMNR in Timor-Leste

URL:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ub2K8QGy8k0

Título/ descripción:

FMNR at the International Permaculture Conference (Sept 2011) in Amman, Jordan

URL:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dm_qlyvdZ_A

Título/ descripción:

Proven successes in agricultural development: Increasing the Number of On-Farm Trees in Niger

URL:

http://www.ifpri.org/publication/millions-fed

Título/ descripción:

Afrikas Waldmacher (ZDF heute-journal vom 2.9.2016) German video

URL:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tgdcbxE-OQo

Título/ descripción:

FMNR regreening projects in East Africa

URL:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ElfgcWCmops