1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Bukoba district council (Bukoba district council) - Tanzania, República Unida de

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Missenyi District Council (Missenyi District Council) - Tanzania, República Unida de

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

1.4 Declaración de la sostenibilidad de la Tecnología descrita

¿La Tecnología aquí descrita resulta problemática en relación a la degradación de la tierra, de tal forma que no puede considerársela una tecnología sostenible para el manejo de la tierra?

No

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

Is the excavation of a furrow along the contour line, soil embankment on either side, planting lemon grass alternating with pineapples along the bund combined with application of grass mulch, Farm Yard Manure in banana bean inter-crop production.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

Contour band combined with lemon grass, pineapples, Hyperrhamia rufa mulch and manure technology in the banana production is the excavation of a 60cm deep by 60cm wide furrow and formation of soil embankment on upper side (at smaller slope) and lower side (at the greater slope) of the furrow to improve soil water infiltration; then planting on it with lemon grass and pineapples to stabilize soil embankment combined with spreading of a 15cm thickness grass mulch across the slope while 36kg of farm yard manure applied in a furrow measured 30cm deep by 60cm wide facing the grand daughter banana sucker at the distance of 60cm from the stool. Trushline is applied to complement grass mulch while lemon grass and pineapples are harvested routinely for sale.The technology is applied on perennial cropland characterised with sub humid in tropical climatic zone. The main biophysical features are gentle slope, clay loam soil with shallow depth. The technology done manually using hand hoes to cultivate land in a mixed (subsistence and commercial) production mode. To implement the technology, it costs US$ 220.00 for establishment and US$ 2,222.65 for maintenance costs. The technology was introduced in late 2012 by TAMP –Kagera using FFS methodology.

Purpose of the Technology: The major purpose of the technology is prevented land degradation in 50 ha while increased 10% of crop and livestock production to contribute on food security and improve livelihood with sustainable land management. This purpose should be achieved by performing the following main technical functions: control
of dispersed runoff, increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), increase of infiltration and increase / maintain water stored in soil.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The establishment activities includes:-First is identification and demarcation of contour lines done manually using the A-frame simple made tool, the activity normally done in May. Second is construction of contour bund along the identified and demarcated contour done manually using cheasle hand hoes, fork hand hoes, spades and mattock, this is done in early June. Third is Planting lemon grass and pineapples along the contour bund done manually by spacing 30cm plant to plant (grass lemon) while pineapples are planted at 5m alternating with lemon grass; this is done in early September.
The maintenance activities included:- First is farm weeding done manually using a simple made weeding tool (kahosho); this is done twice (January and June to August). Second is Farm yard manures application done manually using baskets, spades and fork hand hoes; this is done in July. Third is grass mulch application done manually by spreading dry Hyperrhamia rufa across the slope with a thickness of 15cm to cover space between the bunds planted with bananas; this is done in late September. Fourth is desukering and detrushing of banana stools done manually using machete, local made tools (kihosho and rwabyo); this is done twice (early March and early October). Then, harvesting bananas, lemon grass and pineapples according to market requirements. Last is furrow cleaning done manually by removing soil sediments and place them on the bund side using spades; this is done twice per year at the end of each rain seasons (May and December).

Natural / human environment: The contour bund embanked with lemon grass and pineapples technology is tolerant to seasonal rainfall decrease and droughts / dry spells. However the technology is sensitive to climatic seasonal rainfall increase, heavy rainfall events (intensities and amount). In case of climatic sensitivity, the technology should be modified with planting of perennial species having strong/ tough root system such as Pinesetum purperim and Vetiva spps to stabilize soil embankment. Furthermore the construction of spillways to drain-out the excess water and reseve them in the ditches to be used in the farms later. This technology is applied by Individual / household categorized as small scale common / average land users, with importance of men and women participating equally. The land is owned individually, not titled. The Water use rights is open access (unorganized). The relative level of wealth falls under three categories; the rich, which represents 4% of the land users; owning 32% of the total area; the average, which represents 64% of the land users owning 64% of the total area and the poor, which represents 32% of the land users owning 4% of the total area. Individuals who applied the technology should value the off-farm income as 10%. The market oriented is mixed (subsistence and commercial).

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada:

• hace menos de 10 años (recientemente)

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• mediante proyectos/ intervenciones externas

Comentarios (tipo de proyecto, etc.):

In 2012 TAMP -Kagera in collaboration with Bukoba District council Identified the land degradation existing in the area. The cause of these problems were earmarked by interactive thems btm SLM specialist and communities. In particular Butulage community was recomended to aplly this technology and the implementation started in April 2012.

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

• mejorar la producción
• reducir, prevenir, restaurar la degradación del suelo
• crear impacto económico benéfico

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): The major land use problems were soil erosion by water, low soil water infiltration, excessive soil nutrient mining and high loss of soil moisture.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): The major land use problems were low productivity and BXW.

3.4 Provisión de agua

Provisión de agua para la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología:

• de secano

3.5 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• agroforestería
• cobertura de suelo/ vegetal mejorada
• Manejo de irrigación: (incl. provisión de agua, invernaderos)

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Type of agronomic measures: better crop cover, mulching, manure / compost / residues
Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -graded strips

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Main causes of degradation: soil management (Cultivation along footslpoes.), crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (Continous production of bananas without nutrient replacement.), droughts (The area experiences a long dry season of more than 6 months.), population pressure (Increased population presure on land forced cultivation in the area with long dry seasons.)

Secondary causes of degradation: poverty / wealth (Weath people keeps animals exeeding carrying capacity to graze on the hill and accelerates soil erosion by water down the footslope)

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• prevenir la degradación del suelo
• reducir la degradación del suelo

4.1 Dibujo técnico de la Tecnología

4.2 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

otra / moneda nacional (especifique):

Tanzanain shiling

Si fuera relevante, indique la tasa de cambio de dólares americanos a la moneda local (ej. 1 U$ = 79.9 Reales Brasileros): 1 U$ =:

1700,0

4.3 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Momento (estación)
1.	To plant lemon grass seedlings	march & september
2.	To plant pineapples seedlings	March & SEptember
3.	To dermacate the level mark using a Frame.	January and June
4.	To dig and excavate soils from the ditch	February and August
5.	To spread the excavated soils along the ditch on the upper side.	February and August
6.	Purchase of hand hues
7.	Purchase of machete
8.	Purchase of kohosho
9.	Purchase of sickles

4.4 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Labour	ha	1,0	258,76	258,76	100,0
Equipo	Tools	ha	1,0	17,06	17,06	100,0
Material para plantas	Seedlings	ha	1,0	263,63	263,63	100,0
Fertilizantes y biocidas	Compost/manure	ha	1,0	864,35	864,35
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología					1403,8
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología en USD					0,83

Comentarios:

Duration of establishment phase: 12 month(s)

4.5 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

	Actividad	Momento/ frequencia
1.	To weed by hand with small kihosho	Late Jan & July
2.	To ditrush and desucker bananas with huge Kihosho	Feb & August
3.	To plant beans	March & September
4.	To spread mulch alternating with trashes between the bunds.	late March and September
5.	To apply manure selectively on the spoted banana stools	february & August
6.	To harvest and market lemon grass	monthly
7.	To harvest pineapples and market them.	routrrnly
8.	To remove sediments from the ditches	atwice before rain season.

4.6 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Labour	ha	1,0	264,71	264,71	100,0
Material para plantas	seeds	ha	1,0	117,65	117,65	100,0
Otros	Hyperrhamia rufa	ha	1,0	180,15	180,15
Indique los costos totales para mantenecer la Tecnología					562,51
Costos totales para mantener la Tecnología en USD					0,33

Comentarios:

The total length of the bund is 175m per hector, the banana stools to be applied manures are 1111 stool per hector.

4.7 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

The most determinate factor affecting the cost is Farm Yard manures US$ 441.18 which is the maintenance cost especially for soil nutrient maintenance.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

Indique si la Tecnología se aplica específicamente en:

• situaciones convexas

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre topografía :

Altitudinal zone: 1501-2000 m a.s.l. (ranked 1, the Karagwe -Ankolean mountaions) and 1001-1500 m a.s.l. (ranked 2, foot valley along lake Ikimba)
Slopes on average: Getnle (ranked 1) and flat (ranked 2, some of the fields the between space find to be more 8m)

5.3 Suelos

Si se halla disponible, adjunte una descripción completa de los suelos o especifique la información disponible, por ej., tipo de suelo, pH/ acidez de suelo, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, nitrógeno, salinidad, etc. :

Soil depth on average: Deep ( Burreal premises found in the fields claimed to be more than 100cm before reaching the rocks or gravels)
Soil texture: Medium (ranked 1) and fine/heavy (part along the lake Ikimba shores is typical loam soils)
Soil fertility: Low (The farms have been established more than fifty years ago, while banana productivity declining continously)
Topsoil organic matter: Medium (Soil colour is a bit black)
Soil drainage/infiltration: Medium (ranked 1) and poor (ranked 2)
Soil water storage capacity: Medium

5.4 Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre calidad y cantidad de agua:

Ground water table: 5-50m (three shallow wells fond in the area)
Availability of surface water: Medium (Entire north border of the catchment laid on Lake Ikimba)

5.5 Biodiversidad

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre biodiversidad:

Earth worms, butterflies, black ants and ari spaces easily found in the catchment.

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users
Relative level of wealth: rich, average, poor
4% of the land users are rich and own 32% of the land.
64% of the land users are average wealthy and own 64% of the land.
32% of the land users are poor and own 4% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: The off-farm income for the land user who applied the technology is less than 10%. This is because applying the technology has opportunity cost (in terms of materials and time) of absconding from investment and maintenance in off-farm activities.

Market orientation: Mixed (the banana production diveded into commecial banana for local brewing and indigenous varieties for food purposes)
Level of mechanization: Manual work (hand hoes used during establishment and maintanace of anual croping, while simple hand tools used to mantain perianeal croping)

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra usada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• comunitaria/ aldea
• individual, sin título

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• comunitarios (organizado)
• individual

Derechos de uso de agua:

• acceso abierto (no organizado)

5.9 Acceso a servicios e infraestructura

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Ingreso y costos

Impactos socioculturales

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo de agua/ escurrimiento de sedimento

Suelo

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

6.3 Exposición y sensibilidad de la Tecnología al cambio climático gradual y a extremos relacionados al clima/ desastres (desde la percepción de los usuarios de tierras)

Cambio climático gradual

Cambio climático gradual

	Estación	Incremento o reducción	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
temperatura anual		incrementó	no se sabe

Extremos (desastres) relacionados al clima

Desastres climatológicos:

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
tormenta de lluvia local	no muy bien

Desastres climatológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
sequía	bien

Desastres hidrológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
inundación general (río)	no se sabe

Comentarios:

The technology is tolerant to seasonal rainfall decrease, droughts / dry spells while is sensitive to seasonal rainfall increase, heavy rainfall events (intensities and amount). In case of sensitive the planting Guatamala grass is the best modification to ensure more stability and can be use as mulch grass to reduce the costs of Hyperrhamia rufa.

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

Comentarios:

The short term returns (annual farm income) is slightly negative compared with establishment costs; while the long term returns (cumulated increments) is difficult to comment at this (juvenile) stage. The short term return compared with maintenance costs is positive; while the long term return is still early to give any comments.

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

• 1-10%

Si tiene la información disponible, cuantifique (número de hogares y/o área cubierta):

36 households and 100% of the area covered

De todos quienes adoptaron la Tecnología, ¿cuántos lo hicieron espontáneamente, por ej. sin recibir nada de incentivos/ materiales:

• 91-100%

Comentarios:

9% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support
33 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support
Comments on acceptance with external material support: 3 host farmers of FFS were provided with inputs to be applied for technology implementation in three sites with average of 0.2ha.

91% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
33 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
Comments on spontaneous adoption: 30 House holds applied the technology in their own farms either participating in FFS or seen it in their neighbors' fields.

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology
Comments on adoption trend: There is a trend towards spontaneous adoption simply because in a two year period, twicw as much adopters are encouraging.

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra
Efficient use of rain water in crop land production.
Reduced workload for farm maintenance especially weeding and general farm cleanliness.
Increased crop productivity to ensure food security and general livelihoods.
Easy and low cost of establishment, especially use of soils as readily available materials.

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
Availability of grass mulch in the communal lands.
Efficient utilization of land, especially planting lemon grass and pineaple are of multipurpose. e.i soil stabilization and commecial produce.
Low establishment costs i.e. US$ 187 mainly as medium labor costs to excavate the furrow manually, which can be affordable to average farmers using household members.

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Still BXW can infest well nourished and cleaned banana in the farms were technology is applied.	To abide on the cardinal rules of BXW contol.
High costs of manures.

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
The technology can be applied on the flat to genlte slope, otherwise stones and other materials should be applied to strengthen the band.	Use materials with tough roots such as vetiva grass and elephant grass to stabilize soil embankments.
The agronomic costs has high costs especially soil nutrient which requires manures.	More emphasis on vegetative soil cover plants, especially leguminous plants with ability to fix nitrogen while trash-lines should increase biomass and contribute to organic matters.
It is not worth to reduces soil erosion when you think of mulch grass costs i.e. US$ 441.18 per hector.	Use better crop cover such as muccuna spps

7.1 Métodos/ fuentes de información