1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre del proyecto que financió la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

1.4 Declaración de la sostenibilidad de la Tecnología descrita

¿La Tecnología aquí descrita resulta problemática en relación a la degradación de la tierra, de tal forma que no puede considerársela una tecnología sostenible para el manejo de la tierra?

No

1.5 Referencia al (los) Cuestionario(s) de Enfoques MST (documentados usando WOCAT)

Concerted thinking on common problems of water scarcity [Federación Rusa]

Testing and disseminating of a water-saving technology like drip irrigation

• Compilador: Anatoly Zeyliger
• 30/06/2009 00:00

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

Drip irrigation systems gradually apply water into the zone around the stem of the irrigated plant.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

Drip irrigation experiments have been carried out on the left bank of the Volga River. Economic problems, regional reforms and shortage of investments in municipal water supply infrastructure led to problems of water quality and quantity of available water for industrial, agricultural and domestic uses. The situation is getting worse with the effects of regional climate change. Especially during summer, the study region has problems with shortage of water not just for irrigation of agricultural fields, or gardens, but also for domestic use. In such situations, more efficient water use is required through introducing water-saving technologies. One of these well-known irrigation technologies is drip irrigation. Small quantities of water are directly delivered to the plants by a pipe system. This technology is the most effective from the point of view of green water use efficiency. Correct application of drip irrigation technology drastically decreases water losses by runoff and evaporation as well as deep percolation to soil depths inaccessible to root uptake. Water can be provided to plants from surface water reservoirs, water tanks or groundwater wells through a network of plastic pipes (under low water pressure) and delivered through a water drip system. The flow rate can be adjusted to the needs of the particular stage of plant growth, to soil hydraulic properties and to the prevailing weather conditions. The low-pressure supply system can be operated using a header tank or directly by using a water pump to raise water from nearby surface water storage or a groundwater well.

The aim of this technology is to show the effectiveness of freshwater usage in irrigating vegetables (tomatoes, peppers) at the scale of subsidiary plots or small irrigation systems (several ha in size) in a region with scarce water resources both as a water-saving measure and an eco-friendly alternative to furrow irrigation. Owing to the relative narrowness of the drip feeders, they are prone to blockages from organic matter, mineral particles or dissolved compounds. To prolong the lifetime of the drip irrigation equipment, it needs to be maintained using preventive and remedial measures such as visual inspection of pipes and water supply sources, filter installations as well as flushing the tubes and drip emitters to remove deposits.

In general, a number of medium-scale farmers are using furrow irrigation of vegetables as their main agricultural activity. Drip-irrigation technology was tested with four families and compared to furrow irrigation in order to compare water consumption (water use efficiency as rate of yield and volume of water used for irrigation) as well as its impact on soil degradation and ground-water. The water use efficiency of drip irrigation is 3 - 10 times higher than that of furrow irrigation, depending on local conditions and qualification of furrow irrigators. Furthermore, this technology avoids water loss through soil surface evaporation, percolation to deep soil layers and ground water, and runoff into near water bodies (causing pollution by chemicals used for agricultural activities at irrigated fields like fertilizers and plant protectors). The negative impact of furrow irrigation on soil productivity is usually very high due to soil erosion.

Experimentations and demonstration of drip irrigation were done at two levels. The first level involved large-scale farms with the aim of demonstrating the considerable gains to be made through the efficient use of water, through the development of representative experimental plots on fields used for furrow irrigation by two farmers. The second level was developed for small-scale farmers and householders to demonstrate the efficiency of water saving in gardening.

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

País:

Federación Rusa

Región/ Estado/ Provincia:

Saratov Region

Especifique más el lugar :

Marksovsky District

Especifique la difusión de la Tecnología:

• distribuida parejamente sobre un área

Si se desconoce el área precisa, indique el área aproximada cubierta:

• < 0.1 km2 (10 ha)

Comentarios:

Technology now is in testing mode.

Map

×

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada:

• hace menos de 10 años (recientemente)

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• mediante proyectos/ intervenciones externas

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

• reducir, prevenir, restaurar la degradación del suelo

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Tierras cultivadas

• Cosecha anual

Número de temporadas de cultivo por año:

• 1

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 120, Longest growing period from month to month: May - Sept

Comentarios:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Scarcity of fresh water resources, change of local seasonal climate patterns related to change in rainfall, scarcity of freshwater resources, soil salinization, disappearance of some species of flora and fauna
Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Scarcity of fresh water resources, change of local seasonal climate patterns related to change in rainfall, scarcity of freshwater resources, soil salinization, disappearance of some species of flora and fauna
Type of cropping system and major crops comments: Some changes in the cropping system can be seen as there are several years of water shortage can be observed.
Livestock is grazing on crop residues

3.4 Provisión de agua

Provisión de agua para la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología:

• de secano

3.5 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• Manejo de irrigación: (incl. provisión de agua, invernaderos)
• diversión y drenaje de agua

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

medidas estructurales

• S11: Otros

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

erosión de suelos por agua

• Wt: pérdida de capa arable/ erosión de la superficie

deterioro químico del suelo

• Cs: salinización/ alcalinización

degradación del agua

• Hq: reducción de la calidad de subterráneas

Comentarios:

Main causes of degradation: disturbance of water cycle (infiltration / runoff) (Disappearing of water sources produced by spring runoff (ponds). However, this disturbance is natural, appear due to changes in nature. Snow melted water (in the absence of frosted topsoil) infiltrate), inputs and infrastructure: (roads, markets, distribution of water points, other, …) (The water distribution system has no possibilities equally distribute water in village. People living at end of village have no water for domestic use, in beginning all water resouces were taken)
Secondary causes of degradation: change of seasonal rainfall (Quantity of rainfalls decreased)

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• reducir la degradación del suelo

4.1 Dibujo técnico de la Tecnología

Especificaciones técnicas (relacionadas al dibujo técnico):

Schematic diagram of an experimental plot with drip irrigation at the large-scale farm level, showing the location of access tubes for soil moisture monitoring
Location: Romashki village. Pallasovsky District
Date: 01/06/2008

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate
Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate
Main technical functions: saving water resources
Secondary technical functions: increase in organic matter, promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)

Structural measure: irrigation system
Construction material (other): plastic tubes, water tank
Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 1.00%

Autor:

Semenov V.

4.2 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

otra / moneda nacional (especifique):

ruble

Si fuera relevante, indique la tasa de cambio de dólares americanos a la moneda local (ej. 1 U$ = 79.9 Reales Brasileros): 1 U$ =:

35,0

4.3 Actividades de establecimiento

4.4 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

Comentarios:

Duration of establishment phase: 3 month(s)

4.5 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

4.6 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

Comentarios:

Costs are given for 1 ha of land.

4.7 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

The pipe system is the most determining factor affecting the costs.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

5.3 Suelos

5.4 Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

5.5 Biodiversidad

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

Population density: < 10 persons/km2
Annual population growth: < 0.5%
70% of the land users are poor and own 80% of the land.
30% of the land users are poor and own 20% of the land.

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra usada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• comunitaria/ aldea

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• comunitarios (organizado)
• individual

Derechos de uso de agua:

• comunitarios (organizado)
• individual

5.9 Acceso a servicios e infraestructura

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

Otros impactos socioeconómicos

Impactos socioculturales

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo de agua/ escurrimiento de sedimento

Suelo

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

6.3 Exposición y sensibilidad de la Tecnología al cambio climático gradual y a extremos relacionados al clima/ desastres (desde la percepción de los usuarios de tierras)

Extremos (desastres) relacionados al clima

Desastres climatológicos

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

Comentarios:

Even in first year the labour time is much less compare to the labour needed for irrigation by furrows.

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

• > 50%

Comentarios:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support
4 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support
The system is at an experimental phase.
There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology
People are interested in the technology and are watching their benefits on the experimental plots

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

7.1 Métodos/ fuentes de información

7.2 Vínculos a las publicaciones disponibles

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Zeiliguer, A., G. Sokolova, V. Semeonv, O. Ermolaeva. Results of field experimentations at 2008 to grow tomatoes under drip irrigation at Pallasovsky District of Volgograd Region.

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

Proceeding of conference at MSUEE. 2008, p. 45-56.