1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

1.5 Referencia al (los) Cuestionario(s) de Enfoques MST (documentados usando WOCAT)

Evaluation of the System of Rice Intensification through … [Nepal]

Conducting participatory action research with farmers and district level line agencies for demonstrating, disseminating and scaling up SRI

• Compilador: Madhav Dhakal
• 19/01/2009 00:00

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

A method for increasing the productivity of rice by changing the management of plants, soil, water, and nutrients.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) was developed in Madagascar by Henri de Laulanie, in the 1980s. He worked with Malagasy farmers and colleagues to improve the possibilities of rice production. The practice contributes to both healthier soil and healthier plants, supported by greater root growth and the nurturing of soil microbial abundance and diversity. It is based on a number of well-founded agro-ecological principles. SRI concepts and practices have also been successfully adapted to upland rice.
SRI involves transplanting very young rice seedlings (usually 8-12 days old with just two small leaves) carefully and quickly so as to cause minimum disturbance to the roots. The seedlings are planted individually, in contrast to the traditional method where clumps of 3-4 are planted together, minimising root competition between the seedlings. The seedlings are kept widely spaced to allow better root and canopy growth, in a square grid pattern at a spacing of at least 25 x 25 cm. Planting can be done even wider at 30 x 30 or 40 x 40 cm and even up to 50 x 50 cm in the best quality soils.
The soil is kept moist but well drained and aerated to support increased biological activity. A small quantity of water is applied during the vegetative growth period following which a thin layer of water is maintained on the fields only during the flowering and grain-filling stages. Better quality compost, such as well decomposed farmyard manure, can be applied to achieve additional yield increases. Since weed growth will be more abundant and will be a problem in fields that are not kept flooded (and because of the wider spacing), weeding needs to be done at least once or twice in the first 10-12 days and a total of three or four times altogether before the canopy closes.
SRI does not require additional inputs like new seeds, chemical fertiliser or pesticides, but it does require the skilful management of the factors in production and, at least initially, 25-50% more labour inputs, particularly for the transplanting and weeding. As farmers become more skilled and confident in SRI, the amount of labour needed decreases and can eventually become the same or even less than with conventional methods.
SRI is being tried out by farmers in many areas of Nepal’s middle mountains including in the Jhikhu Khola watershed. This area has an altitude of 800-2200 masl, and receives about 1200 mm annual rainfall, about 70-80% in the monsoon months (June to September).

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

País:

Nepal

Especifique más el lugar :

Kavre palanchowk/Jhikhu Khola watershed

Especifique la difusión de la Tecnología:

• distribuida parejamente sobre un área

Si se desconoce el área precisa, indique el área aproximada cubierta:

• < 0.1 km2 (10 ha)

Comentarios:

This was the first year of on farm research cum demonstration on the farmers field after the trial in the research station. Six farmers tested SRI in 2003. It was tested in Panchkhal, Hokse, Bhimsensthan, Baluwa, and Patalekhet VDCs.

Map

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2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada:

• hace menos de 10 años (recientemente)

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• mediante proyectos/ intervenciones externas

Comentarios (tipo de proyecto, etc.):

Madagascar

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

• mejorar la producción

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Tierras cultivadas

• Cosecha anual

Cosechas anuales - Especifique cultivos:

• cereales - maíz
• vegetales - otros

• rice, wheat

Número de temporadas de cultivo por año:

• 3

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 150; Longest growing period from month to month: Jun - Oct; Second longest growing period in days: 120; Second longest growing period from month to month: Nov - Feb

Comentarios:

major cash crop: Vegetables
major food crop: Rice
other: Maize, wheat

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Limited production due to soil fertility decline, increased amount of agrochemical inputs and lack of sufficient irrigation water and irrigation infrastructures.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Decreased production, lack of irrigation facilities and increased amount of chemical fertilizers.

3.4 Provisión de agua

Provisión de agua para la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología:

• mixta de secano – irrigada

3.5 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• medidas pos-cosecha

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

medidas de manejo

• M2: Cambio de gestión/ nivel de intensidad

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

deterioro químico del suelo

• Cn: reducción de la fertilidad y contenido reducido de la materia orgánica del suelo (no ocasionados por la erosión)

Comentarios:

Main causes of degradation: urbanisation and infrastructure development (poor irrigation infrastructures), other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (uneven distribution of precipitation throughout the year), land tenure (population growth, separating famility members from a household.), labour availability (out migration for a off-farm employment)

Secondary causes of degradation: other human induced causes (specify) (Weak institutional collaboration), poverty / wealth (lack of government subsidy on agricultural sector), education, access to knowledge and support services (lack of sufficient discussion with concerned technicians and experienced farmers.)

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• reducir la degradación del suelo

4.1 Dibujo técnico de la Tecnología

Especificaciones técnicas (relacionadas al dibujo técnico):

In the SRI method young seedlings (8-12 days old) are planted singly at a wide spacing of 25 x 25 cm or more

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: improved plant management, improved soil management, improved water management

Secondary technical functions: increase in organic matter, increase in soil fertility

Change of land use practices / intensity level: Planting method, irrigation method and soil fertility management is carriedout differently compare to traditional method.

Autor:

Madhav Dhakal , A. K. Thaku

4.2 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

Especifique cómo se calcularon los costos e insumos:

• por área de Tecnología

Especifique la moneda usada para calcular costos:

• USD

4.4 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

Comentarios:

Duration of establishment phase: 0 month(s)

4.5 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

4.6 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

Comentarios:

labour: person -day, cost of agrochemicals
All costs were estimated in 2006.

4.7 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Due to increased off-farm employment trend , there is lack of manpower for field operation, which increases the labour cost .

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre topografía :

Landforms: Also hill slopes

5.3 Suelos

Si se halla disponible, adjunte una descripción completa de los suelos o especifique la información disponible, por ej., tipo de suelo, pH/ acidez de suelo, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, nitrógeno, salinidad, etc. :

Soil depth on average: Variable

Soil fertility is very low - low

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium - poor

Soil water storage capacity is medium

5.4 Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre calidad y cantidad de agua:

Availability of surface water: Maximum during rainy season (June to september), starts decresing from October reaching minimum in April/May

Water quality (untreated): Poor more in rainy season (June- September), less in April/May, but otherwise good drinking water

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Population density: 200-500 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

15% of the land users are rich and own 35% of the land.
35% of the land users are average wealthy and own 40% of the land.
50% of the land users are poor and own 25% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: In most farm households, off-farm income plays at least a minor and increasingly a major role. Occasional opportunities for off-farm income present themselves in the form of daily

Level of mechanization: Manual labour for planting, irrigation, harvesting, animals are used for field preparation and machines as well but in the valley bottom.

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra usada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• individual, con título

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• individual

Derechos de uso de agua:

• comunitarios (organizado)

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Ingreso y costos

Impactos socioculturales

Impactos ecológicos

Otros impactos ecológicos

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

6.3 Exposición y sensibilidad de la Tecnología al cambio climático gradual y a extremos relacionados al clima/ desastres (desde la percepción de los usuarios de tierras)

Cambio climático gradual

Cambio climático gradual

Extremos (desastres) relacionados al clima

Desastres climatológicos:

Desastres climatológicos

Desastres hidrológicos

Otras consecuencias relacionadas al clima

Otras consecuencias relacionadas al clima

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

Comentarios:

If rice fields need to be established, the short-term establishment costs and the benefits realised are about the same. However, most farmers already had rice fields and therefore the benefits are more than the costs.

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

• > 50%

Si tiene la información disponible, cuantifique (número de hogares y/o área cubierta):

35 households in an area of 10 ha

De todos quienes adoptaron la Tecnología, ¿cuántos lo hicieron espontáneamente, por ej. sin recibir nada de incentivos/ materiales:

• 91-100%

Comentarios:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

35 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: survey results

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Farmers are adopting the SRI method carefully and slowly by at first only putting small areas under SRI and then
slowly increasing the area planted.

SRI is an innovation rather than a technology. It is gaining popularity all over the world. Increased yields of 50-100% have been reported in most places where it has been tried. The practice is gaining popularity in Nepal especially in the eastern Terai plains.

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

7.1 Métodos/ fuentes de información

7.2 Vínculos a las publicaciones disponibles

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

IRRI International Rice Research Institute, www.irri.org.

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

ICIMOD (2007) ‘Good Practices in Watershed Management, Lessons Learned in the Mid Hills of Nepal. Kathmandu: ICIMOD

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

ICIMOD

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Uphoff, N. (2004) ‘System of Rice Intensification Responds to 21st Century Needs’. In Rice Today, 3 (3):42