Tecnologías

Rehabilitation of ancient terraces [Perú]

Andenes / Anchacas / Patapatas

technologies_1506 - Perú

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1. Información general

1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Persona(s) de referencia clave

Especialista MST:

Marquina Rodolfo

Centro de Estudios y Promoción del Desarrollo – DESCO

Perú

Nombre del proyecto que financió la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)
Book project: where the land is greener - Case Studies and Analysis of Soil and Water Conservation Initiatives Worldwide (where the land is greener)
Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)
Centro de Estudios y Promoción del Desarrollo (DESCO) - Perú

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

1.5 Referencia al (los) Cuestionario(s) de Enfoques MST (documentados usando WOCAT)

2. Descripción de la Tecnología MST

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

Repair of ancient stone wall bench terraces, and of an associated irrigation and drainage system.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

The level bench terrace system in the Colca valley of Peru dates back to 600 years AD. Since then the terraces have been continuously used for crop production, but due to lack of maintenance they have deteriorated, and the population has lost its traditional knowledge of repair.
The rehabilitation of the terraces recreates their original structural design. Broken sections are cleared and the various materials - stones, topsoil, subsoil and weeds - are removed and separated. The foundation is re-established, followed by construction of the stone wall (the ‘riser’). Backfilling with subsoil then takes place; this is consolidated and finally covered with topsoil. Simultaneously the complementary irrigation and drainage systems are reconstructed.
The rehabilitated terraces efficiently conserve soil and water on steep slopes, and they create a favourable microclimate for crops, reducing loss of stored heat at night by minimising air movement (preventing frosts) and mitigating dry conditions through moisture conservation. The main economic benefits are from increased yields and crop diversification.
Terraces are spaced and sized according to slope, eg on a 50% slope, terraces are 4 m wide with a 2 m high riser between terrace beds. Stones of ancient terraces had been widely used to build walls for boundary marking after privatisation of land, therefore a large amount of stone had to be provided by splitting rocks and transporting from other locations.
The area is characterised by steep slopes with loamy-sandy, moderately deep soils (on the terrace beds). Most of the annual precipitation (ca. 350 mm) falls within a period of 3 months, which makes irrigation necessary. The farmers in the area own, on average, 1.2 hectares of arable land, divided into around six plots in different agro-ecological zones. Production is mainly for subsistence. Important supportive technologies include agronomic measures such as improved fallow, early tillage, ridging, and intercropping. Tree and shrub planting at the base of terrace walls is an optional measure with the aim of stabilising the walls, diversifying production and again ensuring a good microclimate. On average 250 trees/ha are planted; these are mainly native species such as c’olle (Buddleia spp.), mutuy (Cassia sp.), molle (Schinus molle: the ‘pepper tree’) and various fruit trees including capulí (Prunus salicifolia).

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

País:

Perú

Región/ Estado/ Provincia:

Río Colca,Caylloma, Arequipa

Comentarios:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 100 km2.

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:
  • mediante proyectos/ intervenciones externas

3. Clasificación de la Tecnología MST

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

  • mejorar la producción
  • reducir, prevenir, restaurar la degradación del suelo
  • crear impacto económico benéfico

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Tierras cultivadas

Tierras cultivadas

  • Cosecha anual
Cosechas anuales - Especifique cultivos:
  • cereales - maíz
  • cultivos para forraje - alfalfa
  • leguminosas y legumbres - frijoles
  • cultivos de raíces/ tubérculos - patatas
Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 120 Longest growing period from month to month: Dec - Apr

Tierra de pastoreo

Tierra de pastoreo

Pastoreo intensivo/ producción de forraje:
  • Cortar y llevar/ cero pastoreo
Comentarios:

Main crops (cash and food crops): Major food crop: Potatoes, maize,beans, etc
Main animal species and products: Alfalfa (cut and carry)

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): - Loss of productive capacity: 30% of the agricultural land lost due to degraded terraces, severe deforestation (through
cutting for fuelwood), overgrazing and burning of grazing areas.
- Inefficient irrigation practices (flooding) due to poor maintenance of irrigation system (and drainage system in poor
condition), flood irrigation leads to deterioration of terraces.
- Loss of traditional knowledge of ancestral crop management practices (abandonment of appropriate rotation practices, lack of residue incorporation/recycling, unsystematic crop layout).

3.4 Provisión de agua

Comentarios:

Water supply: mixed rainfed - irrigated and rainfed

3.5 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

  • medida de pendiente transversal
  • Manejo de irrigación: (incl. provisión de agua, invernaderos)
  • diversión y drenaje de agua

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

medidas estructurales

medidas estructurales

  • S1: Terrazas
Comentarios:

Main measures: structural measures

Secondary measures: agronomic measures, vegetative measures

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

erosión de suelos por agua

erosión de suelos por agua

  • Wt: pérdida de capa arable/ erosión de la superficie
  • Wg: erosión en cárcavas
deterioro químico del suelo

deterioro químico del suelo

  • Cn: reducción de la fertilidad y contenido reducido de la materia orgánica del suelo (no ocasionados por la erosión)
degradación del agua

degradación del agua

  • Ha: aridificación
Comentarios:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Ha: aridification

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:
  • restaurar/ rehabilitar tierra severamente degradada

4. Especificaciones técnicas, actividades de implementación, insumos y costos

4.1 Dibujo técnico de la Tecnología

Especificaciones técnicas (relacionadas al dibujo técnico):

Rehabilitated ancient terraces with high stone risers. Two options for irrigation and drainage of excess water are shown: outlets in the risers (left) and a broad water channel cutting perpendicularly through the terraces (right).

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, reduction of slope angle, reduction of slope length, increase of infiltration, water harvesting / increase water supply, improvement of microclimate

Secondary technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, control of concentrated runoff: impede / retard, increase in organic matter, increase / maintain water stored in soil, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting, improvement of soil structure

Autor:

Mats Gurtner

4.3 Actividades de establecimiento

Actividad Momento (estación)
1. Separation of materials of collapsed wall: subsoil, topsoil, stone, weeds. dry period.
2. Cleaning and re-establishment of the foundation according to originalstructure. dry period.
3. Cutting stones from rocks (blasting and splitting); transporting. dry period.
4. Reconstruction of the stone wall, building on the basis of remainingintact structures of ancient terraces; simultaneous reconstructionof irrigation channels and complementary structures. dry period.
5. Backfilling with subsoil, moistening soil and consolidation with motor dry period.
6. Covering with fertile topsoil. dry period.
7. Levelling of terrace bed and completion of riser edge (lip). dry period.
8. Planting of trees below terrace walls (optional). dry period.
9. Improved fallow, early tillage, ridging, and intercropping (supportivemeasures). dry period.

4.4 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

Especifique insumo Unidad Cantidad Costos por unidad Costos totales por insumo % de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra Labour ha 1,0 560,0 560,0 40,0
Mano de obra Construction supervisor (days) ha 1,0 60,0 60,0
Equipo Machine use ha 1,0 180,0 180,0 40,0
Equipo Tools ha 1,0 300,0 300,0 40,0
Material para plantas Seedlings ha 1,0 100,0 100,0
Material de construcción Stone ha 1,0 200,0 200,0 40,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología 1400,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología en USD 1400,0

4.5 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

Actividad Momento/ frequencia
1. Irrigation system cleaning.
2. Clearing weeds from stone wall (dry season)./
3. Inspection of the stone walls’ stability (before sowing)./
4. Repair structures (rainy season)./
5. Tree and root pruning.

4.6 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

Especifique insumo Unidad Cantidad Costos por unidad Costos totales por insumo % de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra Labour ha 1,0 25,0 25,0 100,0
Equipo Tools ha 1,0 100,0 100,0 100,0
Indique los costos totales para mantenecer la Tecnología 125,0
Costos totales para mantener la Tecnología en USD 125,0
Comentarios:

Machinery/ tools: A-frame,tape measure,motor drill,wheelbarrow,shovel,pick,steel bar,sledgehammer,hoe,hand compressor.

Person days needed for rehabilitation of 1 ha of ancient terrace system depend on degree of deterioration, the dimensions of the wall, slope angle (the steeper the more terraces) and availability of stones. In the case of the project, under a typical situation, for physical rehabilitation of 1 ha with 6 terraces, each ca 600 m long, 3–4 m wide and 2 m high, with one third of the main structures in disrepair, 18 men and 7 women work for 5 days; shrub planting is extra. Land users bear 35% of the overall costs: they also provide food for the group during work. The programme pays the rest. 450 m3 of additional stones are required to repair the broken parts, the cost includes blasting/splitting rocks and transport to the construction site.
Supportive agronomic measures and agricultural inputs (seeds and manure) are not included. Maintenance costs vary considerably, depending on the specific situation: an average is taken here.

5. Entorno natural y humano

5.1 Clima

Lluvia anual
  • < 250 mm
  • 251-500 mm
  • 501-750 mm
  • 751-1,000 mm
  • 1,001-1,500 mm
  • 1,501-2,000 mm
  • 2,001-3,000 mm
  • 3,001-4,000 mm
  • > 4,000 mm
Zona agroclimática
  • semi-árida

5.2 Topografía

Pendientes en promedio:
  • plana (0-2 %)
  • ligera (3-5%)
  • moderada (6-10%)
  • ondulada (11-15%)
  • accidentada (16-30%)
  • empinada (31-60%)
  • muy empinada (>60%)
Formaciones telúricas:
  • meseta/ planicies
  • cordilleras
  • laderas montañosas
  • laderas de cerro
  • pies de monte
  • fondo del valle
Zona altitudinal:
  • 0-100 m s.n.m.
  • 101-500 m s.n.m.
  • 501-1,000 m s.n.m
  • 1,001-1,500 m s.n.m
  • 1,501-2,000 m s.n.m
  • 2,001-2,500 m s.n.m
  • 2,501-3,000 m s.n.m
  • 3,001-4,000 m s.n.m
  • > 4,000 m s.n.m
Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre topografía :

Landforms: Also hill slopes (ranked 2) and footslopes (ranked 3)
Slopes on average: Also hilly (ranked 2) and rolling (ranked 3)

5.3 Suelos

Profundidad promedio del suelo:
  • muy superficial (0-20 cm)
  • superficial (21-50 cm)
  • moderadamente profunda (51-80 cm)
  • profunda (81-120 cm)
  • muy profunda (>120 cm)
Textura del suelo (capa arable):
  • mediana (limosa)
Materia orgánica de capa arable:
  • baja (<1%)
Si se halla disponible, adjunte una descripción completa de los suelos o especifique la información disponible, por ej., tipo de suelo, pH/ acidez de suelo, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, nitrógeno, salinidad, etc. :

Soil fertility: Medium (ranked 1, used for maize) and low (ranked 2)
Topsoil organic matter: Low (low recycling of organic matter)
Soil drainage/infiltration: Medium

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Ingresos no agrarios:
  • menos del 10% de todos los ingresos
Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

Off-farm income specification: main source is wage labour in the valleys
Market orientation of grazing land production system: Subsistence (ranked 1) and mixed (ranked 2, 30% for market)
Market orientation of grazing land production system: Subsistence (ranked 1, complementary to crop production) and commercial/market (ranked 2, income generation to meet basic needs)

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra usada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

  • < 0.5 ha
  • 0.5-1 ha
  • 1-2 ha
  • 2-5 ha
  • 5-15 ha
  • 15-50 ha
  • 50-100 ha
  • 100-500 ha
  • 500-1,000 ha
  • 1,000-10,000 ha
  • > 10,000 ha
Comentarios:

Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology: Also 2-5 ha (ranked 3)

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:
  • individual, sin título
  • individual, con título
Derechos de uso de tierra:
  • arrendamiento
  • individual

6. Impactos y comentarios para concluir

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

producción de cultivo

disminuyó
incrementó
Comentarios/ especifique:

Average 30%

manejo de tierras

obstaculizado
simplificado
Comentarios/ especifique:

Careful management required (water and livestock)

Ingreso y costos

ingreso agrario

disminuyó
incrementó

carga de trabajo

incrementó
disminuyó
Comentarios/ especifique:

Easier crop management (level bench, alignment of crops). On the other hand increased labour constraints: heavy work, const. Maintenance. Heavy work by establishment

Otros impactos socioeconómicos

Efficiency

decreased
increased
Comentarios/ especifique:

Efficient use of irrigation water and fertilizers

Input constraints

increased
decreased
Comentarios/ especifique:

Tools

Ccarcity of stones (in some places)

increased
decreased

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo de agua/ escurrimiento de sedimento

drenaje de agua en exceso

disminuyó
mejoró
Suelo

humedad del suelo

disminuyó
incrementó

cubierta del suelo

disminuyó
mejoró

pérdida de suelo

incrementó
disminuyó

ciclo/ recarga de nutrientes

disminuyó
incrementó
Biodiversidad: vegetación, animales

diversidad vegetal

disminuyó
incrementó

diversidad animal

disminuyó
incrementó

diversidad de hábitats

disminuyó
incrementó
Otros impactos ecológicos

Regular crop growth and development

decreased
increased

Improved microclimate

decreased
increased
Comentarios/ especifique:

Reduced wind; conserving heat

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

corriente confiable y estable fluye en estación seca

disminuyó
incrementó

inundaciones río abajo

incrementó
disminuyó

colmatación río abajo

incrementó
disminuyó

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?
Ingresos a corto plazo:

neutral/ balanceado

Ingresos a largo plazo:

muy positivo

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?
Ingresos a corto plazo:

positivo

Ingresos a largo plazo:

muy positivo

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

Si tiene la información disponible, cuantifique (número de hogares y/o área cubierta):

240

De todos quienes adoptaron la Tecnología, ¿cuántos lo hicieron espontáneamente, por ej. sin recibir nada de incentivos/ materiales:
  • 11-50%
Comentarios:

90% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

2160 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

10% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

240 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption.
40% of terraces have been rehabilitated in 7 districts (8 micro-watersheds) of the Colca valley.

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra
Facilitation of crop management activities (crop alignment, easier tillage with oxen plough, efficiency of pest control, etc)

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Appropriate crop management (see measures mentioned in description).
Improved microclimate facilitates crop growth and crop diversification

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Complete with improved agronomic practices and agroforestry.
Increased yields and food security

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Conserve crop diversity and genetic variety.
Cultural heritage

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Conservation of traditional practices
Facilitation of crop management activities (crop alignment, easier tillage with oxen plough, efficiency of pest control, etc)-->Appropriate crop management (see measures mentioned in description). - Improved microclimate facilitates crop growth and crop diversification-->Complete with improved agronomic practices and agroforestry. - Increased yields and food security-->Conserve crop diversity and genetic variety Cultural heritage-->Conservation of traditional practices.
Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
Traditional technology is of great value and adapted to local conditions

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Awareness raising of the local population on maintenance of terraces.
Successful implementation is product of evaluation, analysis and documentation
of experiences

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Further appraisal of the technology.
Soil maintained on steep slopes, no soil loss due to water erosion

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Continuous maintenance and appropriate management through training.
More efficient use of irrigation/rain water, longer storage of soil moisture

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Permanent maintenance of structure.
Maintenance of soil fertility

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Recycling of organic matter.

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra ¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Vulnerability of terraces to damage by grazing animals Do not allow grazing on short terraces with high stone walls.
Land users are not skilled in repair of broken sections in the terrace system More training on maintenance and conservation.
Vulnerability of terraces to damage by grazing animals-->Do not allow grazing on short terraces with high stone walls. - Land users are not skilled in repair of broken sections in the terrace system-->More training on maintenance and conservation. Editors’ comments: Terracing systems on hillsides date back to the beginning of agriculture. Often these feature walls (‘risers’) built of stone, and sometimes they are used for irrigation – as in this case from Peru. While many ancient systems have fallen into disrepair with out-migration of rural populations, this is an example of project-based rehabilitation.
Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave ¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Specialised work, not easy to carry out – complex system of different
structures
Promote applied research and extension.
High rehabilitation costs; increased by loss of traditional forms of reciprocal
work, and a trend towards individualism
Reactivate and strengthen
traditional labour systems based on reciprocity and mutual help.
Limited availability of stones impedes the rehabilitation process Carry
stones from adjacent or remote places, give training in rock splitting.
Not appropriate for use of agricultural machines Awareness creation.
Private properties, but not titled Promote the legalisation of titles to
facilitate the access to credit and technical assistance.

7. Referencias y vínculos

7.1 Métodos/ fuentes de información

7.2 Vínculos a las publicaciones disponibles

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Mejia Marcacuzco AP Folleto de divulgación: Andenes, construcción y mantenimiento. (undated).

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Treacy, JM (undated) LasChacras de Coporaque: Andenes y riego en el valle del Colca. Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. DESCO

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