Newly established orchard in Sari Joy Village (Mia Jan Maroofi)

Establishment of improved orchards and vineyards (Afghanistan)

Bunyodi boghi va boghi anguri behbudyofta

Description

Local and new varieties of fruits are planted on degraded land in accordance with improved management practices. The established orchards and vineyards serve double purpose of soil protection and income generation for the rural households. The alfalfa under the trees supports tree growth and is used for livestock fodder.

Project supported implementation of improved orchards and vineyards has taken place in the villages Sari Joy, Jawaz Khana and Dashti Mirzai, located in Chokar watershed of Rustaq District in Northern Afghanistan. The Chokar watershed is a mountainous area situated between 600 - 2,500 m above sea level. The climate is semi-arid with harsh and cold weather in winter and hot and dry summers. The annual precipitation in average years is 580mm. Land degradation affects all forms of land use and includes low vegetation cover, heavy top soil erosion from water, and poor soil fertility. Unsustainable agricultural practices, over-exploitation and high pressure on the natural resources are adversely impacting on the socio-economic well-being of local communities as well as contributing to the risk for being adversely affected by drought as well as landslides and flash foods triggered by heavy rainfall. The data used for the documentation of the technology is based on field research conducted in Chokar watershed, namely in the villages: Sari Joy, Jawaz Khana and Dashti Mirzai. These villages represent the upper, the middle and the lower zone of Chokar watershed, respectively. They differ considerably in access to services and infrastructure, but in general are poorly served. The communities depend on land resources for sustaining their livelihoods. In a good year with high yields, wheat-self-sufficiency lasts about 5 months. The three villages are home to ethnic Qarluq communities. Since 2012 the Livelihood Improvement Project Takhar (LIPT) implemented by Terre des hommes (Tdh) Switzerland has initiated a range of NRM interventions.

The rural population in Rustaq district of Afghanistan traditionally grows local varieties of apples, pears and grapes. Mostly it is subsistence farming with a small-scale local marketing. Shortage of irrigation water and lack of specific knowledge about horticultural and viticulture practices, negatively affects fruit yields. Apart of providing diverse fruits for consumption, orchards are also important for providing fodder for the livestock, retaining soil moisture and protecting the soil from erosion.

The local land users interested in the establishment of improved orchards and vineyards were mobilized through the Natural Resources Management Committees (NRMC) in Sari Joy, Jawaz Khana and Dashti Mirzai villages. In addition to the local varieties of pears, apples and grapes, new improved varieties were used for orchards and vineyards on 6.5 ha of degraded land. Such orchards were established inside or close to the villages on mountain slopes with gentle (3-5%) and moderate (6 -15%) steepness. Fruit trees are planted on locally identified dark and light soils, which correspond to moderately deep and loamy soil of medium soil fertility. Considering the medium quality of the soil, the first step of tree plantation is application of organic fertilizer. Afterwards, the plot is designed according to 4m x 4 m spacing between the trees. Under such parameters, on 1 jirib (0.2 ha) of land 125 fruit tree (apple or pear) seedlings are planted. The depth of the planting pits is 60 x 50 cm. The planted tree is watered and the lower trunk is covered with lime and water solution. Alfalfa is sown under the trees to serve as a fodder for the livestock. The orchards are irrigated mostly during summer once a week. In areas where there is shortage of irrigation water the trees are rainfed. Other maintenance activities include pest and disease control provided by a trained local specialist.

The new orchards only recently started giving fruits. The actual fruit yields are expected in 2017-2018. Expected higher yields of improved verities of pears, apples and grapes serves as a strong incentive for the local land users and their families to establish and maintain the orchards. Orchards are very demanding, but their reward is very promising in terms of improved harvest and more opportunities to sell the produce. Some land users have successful experience on their plots and already have fruits in their gardens and plan to enlarge their garden and plant more varieties of fruit trees, such as persimmons. Alfalfa which grows under the trees has important production value, particularly during the early years after the establishment phase, when the trees are too young to give fruits.

Female members of the households, which implemented orchards are also involved in establishing and maintaining orchards and vineyards. They take part in planting trees, watering, hay making and protecting the trees from livestock and people. Their contribution, plays an important part for the successful implementation of improved orchards and vineyards in Sari Joy, Jawaz Khana and Dashti Mirzai.

Lieu

Lieu: Sari Joy, Jawaz Khana, Dashti Mirzai, Takhar Province, Rustaq District, Afghanistan

Nbr de sites de la Technologie analysés: 10-100 sites

Géo-référence des sites sélectionnés
  • 69.91924, 37.10906

Diffusion de la Technologie: répartie uniformément sur une zone (approx. < 0,1 km2 (10 ha))

Dans des zones protégées en permanence ?:

Date de mise en oeuvre: il y a moins de 10 ans (récemment)

Type d'introduction
Young fruit trees in Sari Joy Village (Mia Jan Maroofi)
Orchard established in Chashmakan Village (Bettina Wolfgramm)

Classification de la Technologie

Principal objectif
  • améliorer la production
  • réduire, prévenir, restaurer les terres dégradées
  • préserver l'écosystème
  • protéger un bassin versant/ des zones situées en aval - en combinaison avec d'autres technologies
  • conserver/ améliorer la biodiversité
  • réduire les risques de catastrophes
  • s'adapter au changement et aux extrêmes climatiques et à leurs impacts
  • atténuer le changement climatique et ses impacts
  • créer un impact économique positif
  • créer un impact social positif
L'utilisation des terres
Les divers types d'utilisation des terres au sein du même unité de terrain: Oui - Agro-sylvo-pastoralisme

  • Terres cultivées
    • Cultures annuelles: cultures fourragères - luzerne
    • Cultures pérennes (non ligneuses)
    • Plantations d’arbres ou de buissons: arbres fourragers (Barbe jolote, Faux mimosa, Prosopis, etc.), raisins, fruits à pépins (pommes, poires, coings, etc.), fruits à coque (noix du Brésil, pistaches, noyers de bancoule, amandes)
    Nombre de période de croissance par an: : 1
  • Pâturages
  • Forêts/ bois
Approvisionnement en eau
  • pluvial
  • mixte: pluvial-irrigué
  • pleine irrigation

But relatif à la dégradation des terres
  • prévenir la dégradation des terres
  • réduire la dégradation des terres
  • restaurer/ réhabiliter des terres sévèrement dégradées
  • s'adapter à la dégradation des terres
  • non applicable
Dégradation des terres traité
  • érosion hydrique des sols - Wt: perte de la couche superficielle des sols (couche arable)/ érosion de surface
  • érosion éolienne des sols - Et: perte de la couche superficielle des sols (couche arable)
  • dégradation biologique - Bc: réduction de la couverture végétale, Bq: baisse de la quantité/ biomasse
  • dégradation hydrique - Ha: aridification
Groupe de GDT
  • agroforesterie
Mesures de GDT
  • pratiques végétales - V1: Couverture d’arbres et d’arbustes, V2: Herbes et plantes herbacées pérennes
  • modes de gestion - M1: Changement du type d’utilisation des terres

Dessin technique

Spécifications techniques
Orchards are established on mountain slopes with gentle (3-5%) and moderate (6-10%) steepness. Considering the medium soil fertility, the first step of tree plantation is application of organic fertilizer. Afterwards, the plot is designed according to 4m x 4 m spacing between rows and trees. Under such parameters, on 1 jirib (0.2 ha) of land 125 fruit tree (apple or pear) seedlings are planted. The depth of the planting pits is 60 x 50 cm. The planted tree is watered and the lower trunk is covered with lime and water solution. Alfalfa is sown under the trees for livestock fodder.
Author: Aslam Qadamov; Roziya Kirgizbekova

Mise en œuvre et entretien : activités, intrants et coûts

Calcul des intrants et des coûts
  • Les coûts sont calculés : par superficie de la Technologie (taille et unité de surface : 1 ha)
  • Monnaie utilisée pour le calcul des coûts : dollars américains
  • Taux de change (en dollars américains - USD) : 1 USD = 67.0
  • Coût salarial moyen de la main-d'oeuvre par jour : 5.2-5.3 USD per day
Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts
Due to the remoteness of the villages where the Technology has been implemented, all the inputs for establishment, such as agricultural equipment, plant material, fertilizers, etc., are purchased in Rustaq town. The expenses for traveling and delivering the inputs affect the establishment costs.
Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement
  1. Selection of the area for orchard (Men) (Calendrier/ fréquence: Fall)
  2. Applicatoin of manure (Men) (Calendrier/ fréquence: Fall/Winter)
  3. Design of tree spacing in the orchard assisted by project staff (Men) (Calendrier/ fréquence: End of winter)
  4. Digging pits for planting (Men/Women) (Calendrier/ fréquence: Spring)
  5. Planting of fruit trees (Men/Women) (Calendrier/ fréquence: Spring)
  6. Sowing of alfalfa under the trees (Men/Women) (Calendrier/ fréquence: Spring)
Intrants et coûts de mise en place (per 1 ha)
Spécifiez les intrants Unité Quantité Coûts par unité (dollars américains) Coût total par intrant (dollars américains) % des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre
Application of manure person-day 5,0 5,3 26,5 83,0
Design of tree spacing person-day 5,0 5,3 26,5
Digging pits for planting person-day 15,0 5,3 79,5 83,0
Planting trees, sowing alfalfa and watering person-day 10,0 5,3 53,0 83,0
Equipements
Meter piece 1,0 2,25 2,25
Rope Meter 500,0 0,07 35,0
Shovel piece 2,0 3,8 7,6
Pick axe piece 1,0 2,25 2,25
Matériel végétal
Seedlings (apple/pear) piece 625,0 0,75 468,75
Alfalfa seeds kg 17,5 0,42 7,35
Engrais et biocides
DAP Kg 250,0 0,9 225,0
Urea Kg 250,0 0,45 112,5
Animal manure ton 10,0 60,0 600,0
Pesticide cc 500,0 0,9 450,0
Lime Kg 25,0 1,5 37,5
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie 2'133.7
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie en dollars américains (USD) 31.85
Activités récurrentes d'entretien
  1. Watering of the trees (Men/Women) (Calendrier/ fréquence: 2 times/month/Summer)
  2. Weeding (Women) (Calendrier/ fréquence: None)
  3. Pruning (Men) (Calendrier/ fréquence: None)
  4. Lime application (Men) (Calendrier/ fréquence: None)
  5. Hay making (Men/Women) (Calendrier/ fréquence: None)
  6. Harvesting fruits (Men/Women) (Calendrier/ fréquence: None)
Intrants et coûts de l'entretien (per 1 ha)
Spécifiez les intrants Unité Quantité Coûts par unité (dollars américains) Coût total par intrant (dollars américains) % des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre
Irrigation person day 5,0 5,3 26,5 100,0
Weeding person day 5,0 5,3 26,5 100,0
Pruning person day 5,0 5,3 26,5 100,0
Lime application person day 5,0 5,3 26,5 100,0
Equipements
Scissors for pruning piece 2,0 9,0 18,0
Engrais et biocides
Lime Kg 25,0 1,5 37,5 100,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie 161.5
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie en dollars américains (USD) 2.41

Environnement naturel

Précipitations annuelles
  • < 250 mm
  • 251-500 mm
  • 501-750 mm
  • 751-1000 mm
  • 1001-1500 mm
  • 1501-2000 mm
  • 2001-3000 mm
  • 3001-4000 mm
  • > 4000 mm
Zones agro-climatiques
  • humide
  • subhumide
  • semi-aride
  • aride
Spécifications sur le climat
Précipitations moyennes annuelles en mm : 580.0
Average annual percipitation for the area was calculated with 580 mm, with minimums in dry years (2000 and 2001) of 270 mm and maximums in wet years (2009/2010) of 830 mm. The absolut maximum rainfall was calculated for 1986 with 1024 mm. The data series covers the time from 1979 to 2014.
Nom de la station météorologique : Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR), http://rda.ucar.edu/pub/cfsr.html
Derived from the publicly available dataset on length of growing period (LGP) (Fischer 2009 / IIASA-FAO). Internet link: http://tiles.arcgis.com/tiles/P8Cok4qAP1sTVE59/arcgis/rest/services/Length_of_growing_period/MapServer
Pentes moyennes
  • plat (0-2 %)
  • faible (3-5%)
  • modéré (6-10%)
  • onduleux (11-15%)
  • vallonné (16-30%)
  • raide (31-60%)
  • très raide (>60%)
Reliefs
  • plateaux/ plaines
  • crêtes
  • flancs/ pentes de montagne
  • flancs/ pentes de colline
  • piémonts/ glacis (bas de pente)
  • fonds de vallée/bas-fonds
Zones altitudinales
  • 0-100 m
  • 101-500 m
  • 501-1000 m
  • 1001-1500 m
  • 1501-2000 m
  • 2001-2500 m
  • 2501-3000 m
  • 3001-4000 m
  • > 4000 m
La Technologie est appliquée dans
  • situations convexes
  • situations concaves
  • non pertinent
Profondeurs moyennes du sol
  • très superficiel (0-20 cm)
  • superficiel (21-50 cm)
  • modérément profond (51-80 cm)
  • profond (81-120 cm)
  • très profond (>120 cm)
Textures du sol (de la couche arable)
  • grossier/ léger (sablonneux)
  • moyen (limoneux)
  • fin/ lourd (argile)
Textures du sol (> 20 cm sous la surface)
  • grossier/ léger (sablonneux)
  • moyen (limoneux)
  • fin/ lourd (argile)
Matière organique de la couche arable
  • abondant (>3%)
  • moyen (1-3%)
  • faible (<1%)
Profondeur estimée de l’eau dans le sol
  • en surface
  • < 5 m
  • 5-50 m
  • > 50 m
Disponibilité de l’eau de surface
  • excès
  • bonne
  • moyenne
  • faible/ absente
Qualité de l’eau (non traitée)
  • eau potable
  • faiblement potable (traitement nécessaire)
  • uniquement pour usage agricole (irrigation)
  • eau inutilisable
La qualité de l'eau fait référence à:
La salinité de l'eau est-elle un problème ?
  • Oui
  • Non

Présence d'inondations
  • Oui
  • Non
Diversité des espèces
  • élevé
  • moyenne
  • faible
Diversité des habitats
  • élevé
  • moyenne
  • faible

Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Orientation du système de production
  • subsistance (auto-approvisionnement)
  • exploitation mixte (de subsistance/ commerciale)
  • commercial/ de marché
Revenus hors exploitation
  • moins de 10% de tous les revenus
  • 10-50% de tous les revenus
  • > 50% de tous les revenus
Niveau relatif de richesse
  • très pauvre
  • pauvre
  • moyen
  • riche
  • très riche
Niveau de mécanisation
  • travail manuel
  • traction animale
  • mécanisé/ motorisé
Sédentaire ou nomade
  • Sédentaire
  • Semi-nomade
  • Nomade
Individus ou groupes
  • individu/ ménage
  • groupe/ communauté
  • coopérative
  • employé (entreprise, gouvernement)
Genre
  • femmes
  • hommes
Âge
  • enfants
  • jeunes
  • personnes d'âge moyen
  • personnes âgées
Superficie utilisée par ménage
  • < 0,5 ha
  • 0,5-1 ha
  • 1-2 ha
  • 2-5 ha
  • 5-15 ha
  • 15-50 ha
  • 50-100 ha
  • 100-500 ha
  • 500-1 000 ha
  • 1 000-10 000 ha
  • > 10 000 ha
Échelle
  • petite dimension
  • moyenne dimension
  • grande dimension
Propriété foncière
  • état
  • entreprise
  • communauté/ village
  • groupe
  • individu, sans titre de propriété
  • individu, avec titre de propriété
Droits d’utilisation des terres
  • accès libre (non organisé)
  • communautaire (organisé)
  • loué
  • individuel
Droits d’utilisation de l’eau
  • accès libre (non organisé)
  • communautaire (organisé)
  • loué
  • individuel
Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

Impact

Impacts socio-économiques
Production agricole
en baisse
x
en augmentation


The local and new improved varieties of fruit trees planted and managed sustainably give better fruit yields. Enhanced fruit production is also due to proper and timely control of pests and disease.

production fourragère
en baisse
x
en augmentation


The grass (alfalfa and sainfoin), which is planted under the fruit trees is used as fodder for livestock.

production animale
en baisse
x
en augmentation


Indirect contribution to animal production is achieved through availability of more fodder for the livestock from the grass in the orchards. Animals also feed on the tree leaves in autumn.

production de bois
en baisse
x
en augmentation


Production of wood is limited. Fuel wood is made from seasonal pruning of the trees.

production forestière non ligneuse
en baisse
x
en augmentation

diversité des produits
en baisse
x
en augmentation


Multiple varieties of fruit trees are grown, also through grafting techniques.

surface de production (nouvelles terres cultivées/ utilisées)
en baisse
x
en augmentation

Impacts socioculturels
sécurité alimentaire/ autosuffisance
réduit
x
amélioré


The new practice of establishing orchards and vineyards ensures better yields. New variety of fruits such as apples, pears, almonds and grapes improve the diversity of household's production and consumption. The households have better opportunity to earn more from selling their fresh and dried fruits on the local market.

connaissances sur la GDT/ dégradation des terres
réduit
x
amélioré


Land users learned new methods of planting trees according to the soil conditions and water availability. They were trained with such skills as grafting, pruning, pest and disease control and were introduced to improved verities of fruit trees.

situation des groupes socialement et économiquement désavantagés (genre, âge, statut, ethnie, etc.)
détérioré
x
amélioré


Female headed households are not included. Technology is implemented on private land, therefore people without land are excluded. However, they have they opportunity to earn income as a hired worker for the SLM implementers.

Impacts écologiques
ruissellement de surface
en augmentation
x
en baisse

perte en sol
en augmentation
x
en baisse

couverture végétale
en baisse
x
en augmentation


Improved vegetation cover resulting from the tree plantations and the grass.

Impacts hors site
inondations en aval (indésirables)
en augmentation
x
réduit

envasement en aval
en augmentation
x
en baisse

capacité tampon/de filtration (par les sols, la végétation, les zones humides)
réduit
x
amélioré

Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Bénéfices par rapport aux coûts de mise en place
Rentabilité à court terme
très négative
x
très positive

Rentabilité à long terme
très négative
x
très positive

Bénéfices par rapport aux coûts d'entretien
Based on the multi-criteria matrix: During the FGD with SLM implementers, a multi-criteria matrix was elaborated, and different SLM practices were rated. In the frame of this exercise, SLM implementers were asked to jointly discuss and rate short term (1-3 years) and long-term (10 years) returns of the SLM practice. As the SLM technology was only implemented 1-2 years ago, it is too early to compare benefits to maintenance costs. Farmers have little experience so far on the actual benefits of the SLM technology. The ratings are mostly based on expected benefits and not on actual benefits.

Changement climatique

Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)
pluie torrentielle locale

pas bien du tout
x
très bien
sécheresse

pas bien du tout
x
très bien

Adoption et adaptation de la Technologie

Pourcentage d'exploitants des terres ayant adopté la Technologie dans la région
  • cas isolés/ expérimentaux
  • 1-10%
  • 11-50%
  • > 50%
Parmi tous ceux qui ont adopté la Technologie, combien d'entre eux l'ont fait spontanément, à savoir sans recevoir aucune incitation matérielle ou aucun paiement ?
  • 0-10%
  • 11-50%
  • 51-90%
  • 91-100%
Nombre de ménages et/ou superficie couverte
6.5 ha
La Technologie a-t-elle été récemment modifiée pour s'adapter à l'évolution des conditions ?
  • Oui
  • Non
A quel changement ?
  • changements/ extrêmes climatiques
  • évolution des marchés
  • la disponibilité de la main-d'œuvre (par ex., en raison de migrations)
  • protection
Some of the land users built a wall around their orchard. The wall made from locally available clay material, protects the trees and the grass from animal and people intrusion.

Conclusions et enseignements tirés

Points forts: point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
  • The land users have high expectations about the benefits of the improved practices to grow fruit trees. They see the benefit of growing different types of fruits. Expectations are high about increased fruit yields and increased opportunities to sell more fresh and dried fruits and nuts on the local market. Fruits and nuts sell very well and can generate higher incomes for the households.
  • The ecological benefits of the orchards in protecting the soil from heavy rains is valued by the land users. The villagers mark improved vegetation cover as their villages are becoming greener with the fruit trees and the alfalfa in the orchards.
  • It is appreciated by the land users that they were introduced and provided with new varieties of fruits. They were also trained on planting and maintaining orchards and vineyards in accordance with local conditions and using such techniques as grafting, pruning, mulching, protection from pests and diseases, etc.
  • The orchards not only give fruits, but also are the source of fuel wood, which is made from pruning the trees. Considering that many households keep livestock, the grass under the trees and tree leaves are used to feed the livestock. In return livestock manure is used as organic fertilizer for the trees.
  • Some land users having seen the positive outcome of their work, are interested in enlarging their orchards. Others are ready to support those who want to plant fruit trees by sharing tree saplings or seedlings with them.
  • Women share the expectations of earning more money for their household through growing more fruits and selling them on the local market. In Dashti Mirzai and Jawaz Khana women are particularly excited over their grape, which still need some time to give yields.
Points forts: point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne-ressource clé
  • Better management practices in growing fruit trees will benefit the land user and the land through strengthening soil resistance to heavy rainfall and prevent erosion. Over the period of few more years the trees and undergrowth grass will significantly enhance infiltration and moisture retention in the soil, which in turn increase the vegetation cover and halt the degradation process.
  • The SLM knowledge obtained through project training is disseminating inside and beyond the villages, along with exchange of seedlings from new varieties of fruit trees. In addition to that, land users are aware of pest and disease control and have access to these services through trained specialist.
  • Households do not have to rely only on wheat and legumes, but are able to diversify their agricultural production even more. The expected opportunity to sell more fruits and nuts has the potential to increase households income. This in turn will enable the family to secure their food supply for longer periods.
  • Female family members' participation is one of the key elements for sustaining orchards and vineyards. Women highly value the importance of their work in orchards and the benefit it provides to their households.
Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques: point de vue de l'exploitant des terrescomment surmonter
  • Lack of irrigation water is a crucial issue, especially in Jawaz Khana, which makes it very difficult for the land users to maintain their orchards. Rehabilitate the Yakhdons. Yakhdon is a local storage method for collecting snow water in winter to be used for drinking and irrigation in spring and summer. One Yakhdon can provide water for up to six months. Several of these Yakhdons are destroyed and their rehabilitation would provide better access to water for Jawaz Khana.
  • The young trees are sensitive to droughts and need to be watered regularly to ensure that they survive.
  • Establishment of orchards requires hard work and sufficient money from the land user to buy seedlings and in some cases to build a wall around the orchard or build an irrigation canal.
Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques: point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne-ressource clécomment surmonter
  • The establishment of orchards is reported as one of the most labour-intensive SLM practice for both men and women. Working in orchards increases the burden of women in addition to their household chores.
  • Technical knowledge on planting and maintaining fruit trees and grapes is required to ensure tree survival, good productivity and protection from pests and diseases.

Références

Compilateur
  • Bettina Wolfgramm
Editors
  • Roziya Kirgizbekova
Examinateur
  • Rima Mekdaschi Studer
Date de mise en oeuvre: 27 octobre 2016
Dernière mise à jour: 5 mars 2019
Personnes-ressources
Description complète dans la base de données WOCAT
Données de GDT correspondantes
La documentation a été facilitée par
Institution Projet
Références clés
  • Guidelines for Focus Group Discussions:
  • Methods section of the Rustaq NRM study:
This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareaAlike 4.0 International