1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de l'Approche

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de l'Approche (si pertinent)

VU University Amsterdam (VU University Amsterdam) - Pays-Bas

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de l'Approche (si pertinent)

Tata Energy Research Institute TERI (Tata Energy Research Institute TERI) - Inde

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

1.4 Références au(x) questionnaire(s) sur les Technologies de GDT

2.1 Courte description de l'Approche

Joint forest management is a community based program developed in collaboration with the forest department for the protection and management of local forests while providing incentives to the local communities with political and institutional support from the state.

2.2 Description détaillée de l'Approche

Description détaillée de l'Approche:

Aims / objectives: Joint forest management (JFM) in India emerged in the 1980s from community initiatives in forest protection. It is an approach that leads to environmental and production benefits through community co-operation in natural resource management. State-supported JFM in Haryana began in 1990 when the Haryana State Government signed an agreement with The Energy and Resources Institute (formerly TERI: Tata Energy Research Institute) - underpinned by financial support from the Ford Foundation - to help establish Hill Resource Management Societies (HRMS). These state sponsored, village level societies are key to the success of JFM, and their links to the State Forest Department are crucial.

Methods: The founding principles of HRMS include appropriate social composition, accountability and conflict resolution and are open to all members of the village communities regardless of gender or caste. Management committees are elected, and each must include at least two women. The HRMS oversee forest catchment management activities by villagers, arrange distribution of irrigation water (where applicable) and liaise with the State Forest Department and TERI. Hill Resource Management Societies derive income from non-timber forest products - particularly from sales of bhabbar grass (used for rope making) - and from water use charges. This income is managed by the HRMS and used for village development and community welfare. Where there is a water harvesting dam all members have the right to claim an equal share of the water, irrespective of whether they have land to irrigate or not.

Stages of implementation: The JFM program was implemented in Thaska with assistance from TERI from 1990 until 2003 where 342 ha of state owned forests were managed. In 2003 TERI, the implementing NGO formally pulled out of Thaska and from 2004 to 2007 there was a gap where JFM continued in the village on its own. In 2007, TERI in partnership with IUCN implemented ‘The Livelihoods and Landscape Strategy’ (LLS) in four villages, including Thaska.

Role of stakeholders: The stakeholders are the villagers, the Haryana forest department and the participating NGOs, in this case TERI. Within villages where JFM is implemented, all adult members (men and women) are eligible for membership within the HRMS. In India, and particularly Haryana, one of the major factors inhibiting women’s participation in JFM activities is the traditional role of women society and attitudes towards them. Women are often marginalized in villages such as Thaska. Thanks to the efforts of the forest department and TERI over the last two decades, the women are more empowered today and attend the HRMS meetings. JFM benefits people with land the most and landless people tend to lose out on such schemes. There is a provision for equal share of water to landless in Thaska. Even though rules for inclusion of water share for landless exist, these are currently not in practice.

2.3 Photos de l'approche

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où l'Approche a été appliquée

2.6 Dates de début et de fin de l'Approche

2.7 Type d'Approche

• fondé sur un projet/ programme

2.8 Principaux objectifs de l'Approche

The Approach focused mainly on other activities than SLM (Water harvesting, provision of NTFPs to boost incomes. Mainly related to economic activities.)

Develop democratic and powerful Hill Resource Management Societies. - protect the forest land, by means of local participatory governance, and thereby improve the flow of forest products. - boost agricultural productivity through irrigation in village fields from dams in the protected catchments

The SLM Approach addressed the following problems: The main basic problem to be confronted was lack of control over the degradation of forest in the Shivalik Hills which was leading to erosion and siltation of water bodies and a lack of forest products/grazing. - There was no community organization established to address these issues on land that was handed over to the village for management by the Forest Department. Clear felling for agriculture, increasing grazing pressure from large herds of cattle coupled with forest fires and reckless felling replaced the dense forests of Shivaliks by bare hills with thorny bushes. The result was severe erosion on the hills (700T7ha/year) causing serious siltation in lakes/rivers and also affecting agricultural productivity, the primary source of livelihood of the area.

2.9 Conditions favorisant ou entravant la mise en œuvre de la(des) Technologie(s) appliquée(s) sous l'Approche

3.1 Parties prenantes impliquées dans l'Approche et rôles

3.2 Participation des exploitants locaux des terres/ communautés locales aux différentes phases de l'Approche

	Participation des exploitants locaux des terres/ communautés locales	Spécifiez qui était impliqué et décrivez les activités
initiation/ motivation	passive	Land users participated in awareness raising campaigns and public meetings
planification	passive	Land users were consulted and provided information for baseline and feasibility studies, and wealth ranking; Various participatory (PRA) tools like FGDs, survey, pair wise ranking / scoring were used
mise en œuvre	interactive	Land users responsible for most implementation activities, including provision of labor; Land users were the main agents and TERI played a facilitator role.
suivi/ évaluation	passive	Data / observations for recording changes collected from the land users directly.
Research	passive	Studies carried out using various participatory (PRA) tools like FGDs, survey, pair wise ranking / scoring by TERI with people participation.

3.3 Diagramme/ organigramme (si disponible)

3.4 Prises de décision pour la sélection de la Technologie/ des Technologies

Indiquez qui a décidé de la sélection de la Technologie/ des Technologies à mettre en œuvre:

• principalement les spécialistes de la GDT, après consultation des exploitants des terres

Expliquez:

Decisions on the method of implementing the SLM Technology were made by mainly by SLM specialists with consultation of land users

4.1 Renforcement des capacités/ formation

Une formation a-t-elle été dispensée aux exploitants des terres/ autres parties prenantes?

Oui

Spécifiez qui a été formé:

• exploitants des terres

Si pertinent, spécifiez le genre, l'âge, le statut, l'ethnie, etc.

Women self help groups (SHGs)

Formats de la formation:

• réunions publiques
• cours

Thèmes abordés:

SHGs: Capacity building, saving money, and generating additional income. HRMS – awareness raising of existing services and training regarding daily functioning of HRMS, record maintenance, etc., TERI was involved in training the forest department under the JFM program, but those activities were stopped after 2004.

4.2 Service de conseils

Les exploitants des terres ont-ils accès à un service de conseils?

Oui

Décrivez/ commentez:

Name of method used for advisory service: Provide support to the HRMS and the SHG; Key elements: Improve day to day functioning to improve transparency and increase participation. , Support record maintenance.

Advisory service is inadequate to ensure the continuation of land conservation activities; Land users are aware of their responsibilities to maintain and repair existing SWC structures but need more training and support from the forest department or NGOs in order to carry out these activities.

4.3 Renforcement des institutions (développement organisationnel)

Des institutions ont elles été mises en place ou renforcées par le biais de l'Approche?

• oui, beaucoup

Spécifiez à quel(s) niveau(x), ces institutions ont été renforcées ou mises en place:

• local

Précisez le type de soutien:

• renforcement des capacités/ formation

Donnez plus de détails:

The local institutions have been supported through training and capacity building over the last two decades.

4.4 Suivi et évaluation

Le suivi et l'évaluation font ils partie de l'Approche? :

Oui

Commentaires:

bio-physical aspects were ad hoc monitored by project staff through measurements

technical aspects were regular monitored by project staff through measurements

socio-cultural aspects were regular monitored by project staff through observations

economic / production aspects were regular monitored by project staff through observations

area treated aspects were ad hoc monitored by project staff through observations

no. of land users involved aspects were regular monitored by project staff through observations

management of Approach aspects were regular monitored by project staff through observations

There were several changes in the Approach as a result of monitoring and evaluation: There were several changes in the approach. Internal reviews are carried out every one or two years: there have been several changes proposed and carried out as a result. These changes were in aspects of sharing water irrigation, and in methods of utilizing income derived from forest products - especially bhabbar grass (Eulaliopsis binata).

4.5 Recherche

La recherche a-t-elle fait partie intégrante de l’Approche?

Oui

Spécifiez les thèmes:

• sociologie
• économie/ marketing
• écologie
• technologie

Donnez plus de détails et indiquez qui a mené ces recherches:

Research was carried out by TERI covering various aspects of the JFM program, the institutional set up, NTFP value chains, wealth ranking of the villages, etc., As LLS was an action research project, it involved a considerable amount of on-farm research. Some results were made available through TERI and by the Haryana forest department (HFD).

Research was carried out on-farm

5.1 Budget annuel de la composante GDT de l'Approche

Commentez (par ex. principales sources de financement/ principaux bailleurs de fonds):

Approach costs were met by the following donors: government (The government contributes in constructing SWC structures in the JFM forests. Maintenance and repair); international non-government (Ford foundation is no longer active in JFM and JFM does not receive any external funding in Haryana ); local community / land user(s) (Carry out maintenance and repair of the water harvesting and soil and water conservation structures.)

5.2 Soutiens financiers/ matériels fournis aux exploitants des terres

Les exploitants des terres ont-ils reçu un soutien financier/ matériel pour la mise en œuvre de la Technologie/ des Technologies?

Oui

5.3 Subventions pour des intrants spécifiques (incluant la main d'œuvre)

• équipement

• intrants agricoles

• infrastructures

Si la main d'œuvre fournie par les exploitants des terres était un intrant substantiel, elle était:

• volontaire

Commentaires:

Construction of dams and other soil conservation structures are undertaken by the local communities. Dam maintenance is carried out by the local community using the HRMS funds for the most part. For establishment of dams and infrastructure, labor is rewarded (up to 95%) with cash wages.

5.4 Crédits

Des crédits ont-ils été alloués à travers l'Approche pour les activités de GDT?

Oui

Spécifiez les conditions (taux d'intérêts, remboursements, etc.):

Interest rate charged: 2.0%; repayment conditions: SHG Women. The money contributed and saved by the SHG women is used for inter-loaning amongst themselves with an interest rate of 2% per month..

Interest was lower than market rate.

Spécifiez les destinataires du crédit:

Women from the self help groups

6.1 Impacts de l'Approche

6.2 Principale motivation des exploitants des terres pour mettre en œuvre la GDT

6.3 Durabilité des activités de l'Approche

Les exploitants des terres peuvent-ils poursuivre ce qui a été mis en œuvre par le biais de l'Approche (sans soutien extérieur)?

• incertain

Si non ou incertain, spécifiez et commentez:

Over the last decade the HRMS remained static, which resulted in a consequent weakening of the institution and a general loss of interest in the program. This could partially be due to the creation of other parallel institutions operating in the same village with no integration. This resulted in a duplication of efforts and and created tensions regarding rights and authority. Also, funding greatly reduced. Lack of funds have impeded the timely maintenance and repair of the technical structures

6.4 Points forts/ avantages de l'Approche

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
The condition of managed forests has improved. Forests have regenerated and forest cover and tree density have improved. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Ensure that people are motivated to protect and manage their forests. )
The JFM program brought the forest department and the local communities closer. The FD and the local communities have learnt to work together and in many areas have a congenial working relationship. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Continue existing activities)

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
Direct and indirect benefits of JFM through agriculture and livestock rearing, greatly improved income of participating families. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Better access to markets and training of value addition on NTFPs required.)
The institutional set up of JFM is strong in several villages. The HRMS function in a democratic manner and people are aware of their rights and responsibilities. For the participating members, the benefit sharing was considered fair and equitable. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Continue to build capacity of these institutions. Guide and support the HRMS to ensure that they continue to grow and function in a democratic manner. )
JFM had a tangible impact on tenure rights. The creation of HRMS established a healthy relationship between the FD and the local communities. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Make the JFM policy flexible – where JFM communities are performing well give them greater responsibilities and rights.)
Women and minorities are more empowered today, through schemes such as the creation of SHGs and participation in HRMS meetings. The creation of SHGs has given women access to micro credit. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Continue to create awareness among women.)

6.5 Faiblesses/ inconvénients de l'Approche et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Incentives for participation are not sufficient. Local communities are concerned that the younger generation will continue these activities due to the dearth of incentives.	Land users in different villages have different needs from their forests. JFM policy needs to be reformed. Policy should be flexible to be able to tailor it to the specific needs of the land users to provide them with the appropriate incentives to ensure participation.
Women lack training/ tools to develop skills to engage in income generation activities	Conduct training sessions and distribute tools to women to allow them to engage in income generation activities.
Due to the improvement in forest quality the number of wild animals in these forests has increased. Recently animals are entering the agricultural fields and destroying the crops.	The villagers would like to fence the forest area, however carrying out enrichment planting in the forest by planting edible plants and shrubs and either constructing trenches around the forest or planting vegetative barriers that can reduce the movement of the animals to the village lands is recommended.

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Huge gaps in market access and value addition for NTFPs.	Possible solutions included the removal of middle men, establishing links to the markets and training them for value addition of their products to boost their incomes.
Biodiversity of the forests is decreasing due to the spread of an invasive species, Lantana camara, that threatens to crowd out valuable species and is susceptible to forest fires.	Train land users in culling of Lantana camara as well as making NTFPs using the shrub. Engage in forest maintenance and clearance of paths to avoid forest fires.
Malfunctioning dams have instigated the proliferation of tube wells across the village, which threatens to lower the water table.	Ensure that sufficient funds are available to carry out regular dam maintenance and repair. Regulate tube wells by including permission for setting up tube wells in the joint management agreement.
Multiple programs that set up parallel institutions for resource management means less attention is paid to existing institutions and results in the inefficient utilization of resources.	There is a need to synergize and focus on the goals of these programs rather than the means of implementation.
Funding for JFM has drastically reduced.	There is an opportunity to merge JFM activities with regional, national and international programs to channel funds through JFM committees for forest related activities.
Participation of women is still passive.	Continue to create awareness among women.

7.1 Méthodes/ sources d'information

7.2 Références des publications disponibles

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

IBRAD (2006). Study on effectiveness and functioning of joint forest management committees in India. A project of National Afforestation and Eco-development Board, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. Conducted by Indian Institute of Bio-Social Research & Development (IBRAD), Kolkata, India

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

ISFR (2009). India State of Forest Report 2009 – Haryana. Forest Survey of India. Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India Retrieved from <http://www.fsi.nic.in/sfr_2009/haryana.pdf> on June 21 2011

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Kanetkar, R.S., Varalakshmi, V. (1994). Women in Godam - Haryana: A gender and caste based study on conservation of forest resources. Joint forest management series no. 13. Haryana forest department and Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI), New Delhi

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Kaul, O.N., Dwivedi, B.N., Shah, V. (1995 a). Ecological revival of Haryana Siwaliks through community participation. Joint Forest Management series no. 17. Haryana forest department and Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI), New Delhi