1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de l'Approche

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de l'Approche (si pertinent)

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH (GIZ) - Allemagne

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Quand les données ont-elles été compilées (sur le terrain)?

01/06/2015

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

1.4 Références au(x) questionnaire(s) sur les Technologies de GDT

2.1 Courte description de l'Approche

Public and private stakeholders in Namibia cooperate in the implementation of a national Bush Control and Biomass Utilisation programme. The programme consists of the three components (1) Creation of an enabling framework, (2) Advisory Services and (3) Value Chain Development.

2.2 Description détaillée de l'Approche

Description détaillée de l'Approche:

Public and private stakeholders in Namibia cooperate in the implementation of a national Bush Control and Biomass Utilisation programme. It is a response to the immense challenge of bush encroachment in the country.

Namibia is affected by bush encroachment on a massive scale. The phenomenon currently affects some 45 million hectares of farmland in 9 of the country’s 14 regions. Bush encroachment has lowered the livestock capacity of rangeland by up to two thirds. It further results in severely reduced biodiversity and limits the recharge of groundwater.

Various factors contribute to the accelerating rate of bush encroachment in Namibia. A primary cause of bush encroachment of savannas is overgrazing by livestock. When overgrazed, the grass layer loses its competitive advantage and its ability to utilise nutrients and water efficiently. Higher infiltration of water and nutrients into the sub-soil results, which in turn benefits bush and tree species, allowing them to dominate.

Another important theory is the state-and-transition model, which states that savanna ecosystems are event-driven, where rainfall and its variability impact on vegetation growth and its composition. This model implies that bush encroachment is not a permanent phenomenon and that a savanna can be changed to its grass-dominated state by favourable management or environmental conditions. Woody plants establish themselves after dry periods followed by a few wet years, and then maintain themselves by utilising most of the water. Rather than a gradual annual increase in numbers, the general rule is that woody plants establish in large numbers during certain years and at varying intervals.

Other factors contributing to bush encroachment are the reduction in the frequency of wildfires as well as the absence of browsers (e.g. through fencing of farms and replacing the natural composition of wildlife by cattle or smallstock).

Bush encroachment is accompanied by a change in the dominant grasses: perennial grasses are often lost, being replaced by annual species often of inferior quality for livestock. Annual grasses are generally less productive than perennial grasses. Thus, animal production on an annual grass sward is very precarious and less sustainable.

Despite the negative impacts, the encroacher bush has developed into a huge biomass resource, estimated at about 200 to 300 million tonnes. Measures used to combat bush encroachment create positive opportunities for the Namibian economy, such as the use of the resource for electricity generation and value chain development in other sectors. Bush harvesting therefore offers the potential to increase agricultural productivity, economic growth, employment and energy security, without competing with food production.

In line with the national development plans, the approach aims to strengthen the restoration of productive rangeland in Namibia. It identifies value chain opportunities to trigger large-scale bush thinning activities. Its focus is closely aligned to the National Industrial Policy of 2012 and the Growth at Home Strategy, which promote domestic value addition for local resources. The project will foster institutional development in the biomass sector and provide support to improve the legal and regulatory framework for large-scale bush control.

The programme consists of the following three components:
(1) Creation of an enabling framework: harmonisation of sector policies and improvement of relevant regulations; strengthening of institutional capacities.
(2) Advisory Services: strengthening of existing farmer outreach services and knowledge dissemination to farmers, businesses and public sector decision makers.
(3) Value Chain Development: identification and piloting of relevant value chains for encroacher bush as a trigger for bush control.

The programme is implemented in collaboration of various public and private sector stakeholders. Its coordination is ensured through a cross-sector steering committee, which includes the line ministries of the following sectors: national planning, agriculture, environment, energy, industrialisation.

Key outputs of the programme include:

Enabling Environment:
- Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)
- Introduction of Harvesting Authorisations Guidelines
- Development of dedicated financial products (loan subsidy schemes).

Institutions:
- Introduction of the De-bushing Advisory Service (DAS)
- Introduction of the Namibia Biomass Industry Group (N-BiG).

Knowledge:
- Compilation of baseline data on bush encroachment and bush control
- Technical know how on technologies
- Compilation of relevant regulations and environmental principles.

Value Chain Development:
- Piloting of various value chains, including modernised charcoal production, bush based animal feed and household cooking fuel.

2.3 Photos de l'approche

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où l'Approche a été appliquée

2.6 Dates de début et de fin de l'Approche

2.7 Type d'Approche

• fondé sur un projet/ programme

2.8 Principaux objectifs de l'Approche

Develop, test and upscale the implementation of bush control technologies in Namibia.

2.9 Conditions favorisant ou entravant la mise en œuvre de la(des) Technologie(s) appliquée(s) sous l'Approche

3.1 Parties prenantes impliquées dans l'Approche et rôles

3.2 Participation des exploitants locaux des terres/ communautés locales aux différentes phases de l'Approche

	Participation des exploitants locaux des terres/ communautés locales	Spécifiez qui était impliqué et décrivez les activités
initiation/ motivation	auto-mobilisation	High awareness and mobilisation within the farming community
planification	interactive	Good participation in public workshops and conferences
mise en œuvre	auto-mobilisation	Implementation of bush control by individual farmers
suivi/ évaluation	passive	Very limited monitoring and evaluation through individual land owners

3.3 Diagramme/ organigramme (si disponible)

3.4 Prises de décision pour la sélection de la Technologie/ des Technologies

Indiquez qui a décidé de la sélection de la Technologie/ des Technologies à mettre en œuvre:

• tous les acteurs concernés dans le cadre d'une approche participative

Spécifiez sur quelle base ont été prises les décisions:

• l'évaluation de connaissances bien documentées en matière de GDT (prises de décision fondées sur des preuves tangibles)?
• les résultats de recherches?
• expériences et opinions personnelles (non documentées)

4.1 Renforcement des capacités/ formation

Une formation a-t-elle été dispensée aux exploitants des terres/ autres parties prenantes?

Oui

Spécifiez qui a été formé:

• personnels/ conseillers de terrain

Formats de la formation:

• sur le tas
• zones de démonstration
• réunions publiques

Thèmes abordés:

- Environmental and forestry policy and policy emplementation (training for government officials from regional offices)
- Implementation of bush control and biomass processing (training for farmers and SMEs)

4.2 Service de conseils

Les exploitants des terres ont-ils accès à un service de conseils?

Oui

Spécifiez si le service de conseils est fourni:

• dans des centres permanents

Décrivez/ commentez:

Advisory services through the De-bushing Advisory Service (DAS, www.dasnamibia.org)

4.3 Renforcement des institutions (développement organisationnel)

Des institutions ont elles été mises en place ou renforcées par le biais de l'Approche?

• oui, beaucoup

Spécifiez à quel(s) niveau(x), ces institutions ont été renforcées ou mises en place:

• national

Décrivez l'institution, ses rôles et responsabilités, ses membres, etc.

Launch of
- De-bushing Advisory Service (DAS)
- Namibia Biomass Industry Group (N-BiG)

Re-organisation of
- Namibia Charcoal Association (NCA)

Précisez le type de soutien:

• financier
• renforcement des capacités/ formation
• équipement

• Institutional Development

Donnez plus de détails:

Three sector institutions have been supported in order to achieve increased coordination of efforts. The Namibia Biomass Industry Group (N-BiG) is a non-profit association, representing the interest of bush harvesting and processing companies. The De-bushing Advisory Service (DAS) is a national platform for the dissemination of knowledge on the topics of bush encroachment, bush control and biomass utilisation.

The Namibia Charcoal Association (NCA) represents the already well established charcoal production sector. Through a re-organisation process, the association has been strengthended and turned into a fully functioning sector representation.

Thre three organisations are planned to merge in the near future in order to achieve a better alignment of their mandates and synergies of activities.

4.4 Suivi et évaluation

Le suivi et l'évaluation font ils partie de l'Approche? :

Oui

Commentaires:

National Bush Information System
- Scope of bush encroachment
- Scope of bush control activities
- Success rate of bush control methodologies, incl. secondary impacts (employment)

Si oui, ce document est-il destiné à être utilisé pour le suivi et l'évaluation?

Non

4.5 Recherche

La recherche a-t-elle fait partie intégrante de l’Approche?

Oui

Spécifiez les thèmes:

• économie/ marketing
• écologie
• technologie

Donnez plus de détails et indiquez qui a mené ces recherches:

Collaboration with scientific institutions and networks on:
- Identification and development of suitable technology
- Correlation with ecosystem services, e.g. grounwater recharge and biodiversity
- Identification of market for bush based products

5.1 Budget annuel de la composante GDT de l'Approche

Si le budget annuel précis n'est pas connu, indiquez une fourchette:

• > 1 000 000

Commentez (par ex. principales sources de financement/ principaux bailleurs de fonds):

Pooling of resources between national government, international donors and private sector

5.2 Soutiens financiers/ matériels fournis aux exploitants des terres

Les exploitants des terres ont-ils reçu un soutien financier/ matériel pour la mise en œuvre de la Technologie/ des Technologies?

Non

5.3 Subventions pour des intrants spécifiques (incluant la main d'œuvre)

• aucun

Si la main d'œuvre fournie par les exploitants des terres était un intrant substantiel, elle était:

• volontaire

5.4 Crédits

Des crédits ont-ils été alloués à travers l'Approche pour les activités de GDT?

Oui

Spécifiez les conditions (taux d'intérêts, remboursements, etc.):

Commercial loans with grace period of up to 3 years and interest rate of 7-8%

Spécifiez les fournisseurs du crédit:

Commercial banks: First National Bank (FNB), Agribank
Development Bank of Namibia (DBN)
Environmental Investment Fund (EIF)

Spécifiez les destinataires du crédit:

- Individual households/farmers
- Service providers/business

5.5 Autres incitations ou instruments

D'autres incitations ou instruments ont-ils été utilisés pour promouvoir la mise en œuvre des Technologies de GDT?

Oui

Si oui, spécifiez:

Development of authorisations guidelines and review of regulations with regard to Environmental Management Plans (EMPs) and Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs).

6.1 Impacts de l'Approche

6.2 Principale motivation des exploitants des terres pour mettre en œuvre la GDT

6.3 Durabilité des activités de l'Approche

Les exploitants des terres peuvent-ils poursuivre ce qui a été mis en œuvre par le biais de l'Approche (sans soutien extérieur)?

• oui

Si oui, décrivez de quelle manière:

Land users have the capacity to implement bush control, either with own means (mainly manual and semi-mechanised bush harvesting) or through the involvement of service providers (mainly fully mechanised bush harvesting for the supply of large-scale off-takers).

6.4 Points forts/ avantages de l'Approche

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
Financial viability of bush control through the introduction of value chains (as compared to mere removal of the biomass)
Improved access to information and know how
Improved advocacy/ communication with government authorities

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
Mindshift among public and decision makers from focus on the challenge (bush encroachment) to the opportunities (value addition).
Cross-sector cooperation through steering committee
Involvement of private sector as driving force for implementation

6.5 Faiblesses/ inconvénients de l'Approche et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Limited direct (financial) support	Introdution of incentive schemes
Limited opportunities in remote areas, i.e. when distance to biomass off-takers is too large	Further development of on-farm solutions (e.g. bush-to-feed)

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé

Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?

Complex programme steering requirements, due to multi-sector relevance. The national programme for Bush control and Biomass Utilisation is currently anchored in the Directorate of Forestry (DoF) of the Ministry of Agriculture. This adequately accounts for the fact that the bush resource is part of the national forestry/biomass resource and its utilisation must be regulated as such. However, this anchoring does not allow for an effective promotion of biomass utilisation (e.g. SME promotion, industrialisation concepts, development of logistics hubs) and innovative end-uses (e.g. development of biomass power plants). For this purpose other line ministries, such as Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) as well as Ministry of Industrialisation and SME Development (MITSMED) are part of the programme's steering committee.

Establishment of national coordinating body to formalise the current steering committee

7.1 Méthodes/ sources d'information

7.2 Références des publications disponibles

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Baseline Assessment for De-bushing Programme in Namibia (2014)

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

GIZ Support to De-bushing Project, www.dasnamibia.org/downloads

7.3 Liens vers les informations pertinentes disponibles en ligne

Titre/ description:

De-bushing Advisory Service (DAS) Namibia, Resource Section

URL:

www.dasnamibia.org/downloads

Titre/ description:

Namibia Biomass Industry Group (N-BiG)

URL:

www.n-big.org