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Restoration of game migrations across Namib Desert [Namibie]

Création : 26 nov. 2017 16:19
Mise à jour : 12 jan. 2018 15:27
Compilateur : Ibo Zimmermann
Rédacteur : –
Examinateur : Rima Mekdaschi Studer

NamibRand Nature Reserve

approaches_3286 - Namibie

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État complet : 92%

1. Informations générales

2. Description de l'Approche de GDT

2.1 Courte description de l'Approche

Seventeen former sheep farms were joined into the world’s largest private nature reserve aimed at regenerating biodiversity that supports high-quality low-impact tourism, environmental education and research. All farm owners are members of the association which elects its directors to manage the reserve according to an agreed strategy. Not only the fences within the reserve were removed but also those with the neighbouring farms to reinstate former migrations.

2.2 Description détaillée de l'Approche

Description détaillée de l'Approche:

The NamibRand Nature Reserve is a not-for-profit organization in south-western Namibia. It was founded in 1984 through the initiative of one farm owner, Albi Brueckner, who arranged with 16 neighbouring farms to jointly manage their 215,000 ha of land for nature conservation supported by tourism. Its aims are:
 To conserve biodiversity for the benefit of future generations and protect the sensitive and fragile environment.
 To create a nature reserve with a healthy and functioning ecosystem, providing a sanctuary for flora and fauna and to facilitate seasonal migratory routes in partnership with neighbours.
 To promote sustainable utilization – through ecologically sustainable and high-quality tourism products and other projects.
 To achieve a commercially viable operation to ensure continuance and financial independence.
The NamibRand Nature Reserve’s contributions to biodiversity conservation, in accordance with the environmental management plan, include the following:
• Removal of over 2,000 km of fencing to reinstate migrations of wild animals.
• Re-introduction of giraffe and cheetah.
• Bolstering numbers of red hartebeest and plains zebra.
• Removal of alien invasive vegetation such as Prosopis species and replacing these with indigenous Acacia species.
• Zonation according to land-use areas, including the setting aside of 15% of the reserve as a wilderness area.
• Limiting overnight visitors to an average of one bed per 1,000 ha and 25 beds per location.
• Conducting annual game counts, of which the results appear on the website www.namibrand.org
• Monitoring of endemic Hartmann’s mountain zebra through the use of camera traps. Results are at: http://www.nnf.org.na/project/mountain-zebra-project/13/1/12.html
• Continuous monitoring of drivers and determinants of environmental change to guide implementation of the management plan. Results such as rainfall data are posted online at: http://www.landscapesnamibia.org/sossusvlei-namib/rainfall-monitoring
• Hosting researchers and conducting research into former game migrations as they reinstate. Results of wildlife monitoring, through the use of GPS collars are at: http://www.landscapesnamibia.org/sossusvlei-namib/research
• Hosting the Namib Desert Environmental Education Trust (NaDEET), which aims to empower and educate Namibian schoolchildren for a sustainable future.It operates an environmental education and sustainable living centre. Its website appears at: www.nadeet.org
• Implementation of a lighting management plan to qualify as an international dark sky reserve that avoids negative consequences of light pollution on biodiversity, such as interfering with animal navigation, reducing the hunting success of predators and preventing moths from pollinating plants. See http://www.darksky.org/idsp/reserves/namibrand/
• Implementation of a water management plan, including the monitoring of the impact of a water hole on the surrounding vegetation.
• Implementation of tourism and land use zonation plans.
• Capture and sale of live game for wildlife population management purposes,
• There are also plans to develop a horticultural project to grow indigenous medicinal plants for commercial production, creating local jobs and earning funds for conservation.
Rangeland management is achieved largely through the constant monitoring and control of animal populations, and the balance between functional groups of their species, and turning off the water supply in portions of the reserve where grasses are in need of rest to recover their root reserves. Local outreach efforts focus mainly on predator-livestock management on neighboring farms.
Stakeholders comprise mainly the land owners, who had to agree upon joint management, and the tourism concessionaires who operate in the reserve under contract. The reserve employs only 12 people who are responsible for the management and day-to-day maintenance. This is possible, because biodiversity- and land-management are funded from daily, per person, park fees collected by tourism concessionaires from visiting tourists who stay at their accommodation establishments. This small management team is possible, because tourism concessionaires offer scenic- and game-drives across the reserve, which provide extra eyes and ears out in the landscape to inform managers if their action is required. For example, guides who accompany tourists on drives report issues such as leaking water pipes, unusual wildlife sighting, injured animals, trespassers etc. to reserve managers, who can then react with appropriate action.
Land owners who have joined their land to the reserve and are members of the NamibRand Nature Reserve Association have the option of serving as director on the association, with joint decision making powers. Those who choose not to can still contribute to the strategic mission of the reserve at annual general meetings.

2.3 Photos de l'approche

Galerie Médias

2.4 Vidéos de l'Approche

Commentaire, brève description:

Short introduction to the reserve
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QVQgJlBXn78

Date:

01/04/2015

Lieu:

NamibRand Nature Reserve

Nom du vidéaste:

IUCN-PAPACO

Commentaire, brève description:

View of landscapes in the reserve
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8LZI2ZtPhbg

Date:

15/09/2014

Lieu:

NamibRand Nature Reserve

Nom du vidéaste:

Christine Guillot, Etendues Sauvages

Commentaire, brève description:

Organic garden at lodge in the reserve
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U7RVKfeQ-0M

Date:

05/04/2016

Lieu:

NamibRand nature Reserve

Nom du vidéaste:

Ticket2Utopia – Dr. Paul Goddard

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où l'Approche a été appliquée

Pays:

Namibie

Région/ Etat/ Province:

Southwestern Namibia in the Namib Desert.

2.6 Dates de début et de fin de l'Approche

Indiquez l'année de démarrage:

1984

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez approximativement quand l'Approche a démarré:

il y a entre 10-50 ans

Commentaires:

The first property was purchased in 1984. The reserve was registered as a Game Reserve in 1992 and registered as the NamibRand Nature Reserve, an Association Not for Gain, in 2002

2.7 Type d'Approche

initiative/ innovation récente locale

2.8 Principaux objectifs de l'Approche

The approach aims through participatory land use planning to restore ecosystem functioning in the reserve and its surroundings to support high-quality-low-impact tourism that provides the means to in turn support environmental education and other conservation projects.
The overall Strategic Vision of the NamibRand Nature Reserve is to manage the Pro-Namib area, alongside the Namib Desert, for the enhanced conservation of landscape and biodiversity.

2.9 Conditions favorisant ou entravant la mise en œuvre de la(des) Technologie(s) appliquée(s) sous l'Approche

normes et valeurs sociales/ culturelles/ religieuses

favorise

The area was historically visited by migrant San people and more recently by Nama people, who have settled permanently elsewhere. Since no people were living permanently in this hyper-arid ecosystem, the use of the area for exclusive nature conservation remains uncontested.

disponibilité/ accès aux ressources et services financiers

favorise

The establishment of the reserve was initially possible through the ample financial resources of wealthy, altruistic and philanthropic investors.

entrave

The properties that make up the NamibRand Nature Reserve are located in a hyper-arid ecosystem. Farmers who attempted livestock farming there in the past almost all failed to establish economically viable farms and most of them overextended themselves financially, resulting in the ultimate foreclosure of their farms. For this reason, the area became known as the “Bankruptcy Belt”. Banks were in the past extremely reluctant to extend loans to landowners in this area, due to the low value and low agricultural potential of those farms. In recent years, the successes of conservation and tourism have changed this situation and banks are now prepared to accept farms with such land use as collateral for extending loans.

cadre institutionnel

favorise

Progressive government company laws, such as the possibly to register a Section 21 company (Association Not for Gain) allow financial resources to be re-invested in conservation so as to further the objectives of the non-profit. Section 21 companies also do not have to pay company taxes to the government.

collaboration/ coordination des acteurs

favorise

Articles of Association and management plan allows for the creation of a management team that effectively coordinates all activities on the reserve.

cadre juridique (régime foncier, droits d'utilisation des terres et de l'eau)

favorise

Rights and therefore the possibility to benefit from wildlife are enshrined in the Nature Conservation Ordinance of 1975.

entrave

The current Nature Conservation Ordinance of 1975 does not allow for the registration of private nature reserves. The status of the land with the government thus remains as agricultural land and law enforcement has to rely on common law such as trespassing on private property.

cadre politique

favorise

Progressive, enabling policies by the Ministry of Environment and Tourism, such as the tourism policy and the parks and neighbours policy ensure meaningful collaborations between the public and the private sector. See http://www.met.gov.na

gouvernance foncière (prise de décisions, mise en œuvre et application des décisions)

favorise

Good governance is achieved through the adoption of Articles of Association and management plans. These guide decision making and enable implementation. A set of rules, called the Vade Mecum, enable enforcement.

connaissances sur la GDT, accès aux supports techniques

favorise

Good networking, membership to various professional bodies and collaboration with universities and researchers ensure good knowledge about sustainable land management and technical support.

marchés (pour acheter les intrants, vendre les produits) et prix

favorise

A well-established tourism market to Namibia ensures a steady stream of visitors to the NamibRand Nature Reserve, enabling the collection of park fees and thus ensuring income for the reserve.

entrave

The remoteness of the reserve, 150km for the nearest town, results in expensive transport charges for goods and inflated prices for professional services.

charge de travail, disponibilité de la main-d'œuvre

favorise

Guides from tourism concessions on the reserve allow for sharing of workloads. Availability of manpower in the region is good.

3. Participation et rôles des parties prenantes impliquées dans l'Approche

3.1 Parties prenantes impliquées dans l'Approche et rôles

exploitants locaux des terres / communautés locales

17 former livestock farms owned by 12 companies, now converted to tourism enterprises

Some of them serve as directors of the NamibRand Nature Reserve Association, for joint decision making

Spécialistes de la GDT/ conseillers agricoles

12 reserve management staff

To manage the reserve

chercheurs

Visiting researchers from various academic institutions

To conduct research to help with applied research for management and "interest research" such as on fairy circles, which can be seen in the cover photo. There is a Wildlife monitoring programme partnership with Namibia university of Science and Technology and the Greater Sossusvlei Landscape Association

enseignants/ élèves/ étudiants

4 full-time teachers at NADEET and 10 instructors at hospitality training centre.

To expose about 1000 visiting learners per year to environmental education and to provide vocational training to about 100 trainees per year.

Cheetah Conservation Fund and Giraffe Conservation Fund.

To reintroduce predators and wild herbivore species.

secteur privé

Neighbouring farms

Co-management of the larger landscape with like-minded neighbours, as indicated at: http://www.landscapesnamibia.org/sossusvlei-namib/

gouvernement national (planificateurs, décideurs)

Ministry of Environment and Tourism

To assist with law enforcement and wildlife monitoring

organisation internationale

Member of IUCN

For advocacy and knowledge sharing

3.2 Participation des exploitants locaux des terres/ communautés locales aux différentes phases de l'Approche

	Participation des exploitants locaux des terres/ communautés locales	Spécifiez qui était impliqué et décrivez les activités
initiation/ motivation	auto-mobilisation	The founding farm owner approached philanthropic donors to buy neighbouring farms and invest in tourism facilities and environmental education centre
planification	soutien extérieur	On 5-8/9/1991, external experts provided advice for planning of the reserve. Influential persons involved included Chris Brown, Hugh Berry and Haino Rumpf of the Ministry of Environment and Mary Seely of the Desert Research Foundation,
mise en œuvre	auto-mobilisation	Management staff were appointed in 1991, paid for from the conservation levy raised from use of tourism facilities in the reserve.
suivi/ évaluation	auto-mobilisation	Reserve management staff do the monitoring, paid for by the conservation levy
research	soutien extérieur	Research institutions conduct research after paying a small service fee.

3.4 Prises de décision pour la sélection de la Technologie/ des Technologies

Indiquez qui a décidé de la sélection de la Technologie/ des Technologies à mettre en œuvre:

principalement les exploitants des terres soutenus par des spécialistes de la GDT

Expliquez:

The Reserve's vision and mission were set up by its directors, who comprise farm owners willing to serve in this decision making role, at the Initiation workshop in 1991. Management actions were then Implemented under the guidance of various specialists.

Spécifiez sur quelle base ont été prises les décisions:

l'évaluation de connaissances bien documentées en matière de GDT (prises de décision fondées sur des preuves tangibles)?
les résultats de recherches?
expériences et opinions personnelles (non documentées)

4. Soutien technique, renforcement des capacités et gestion des connaissances

4.1 Renforcement des capacités/ formation

Une formation a-t-elle été dispensée aux exploitants des terres/ autres parties prenantes?

Oui

Spécifiez qui a été formé:

exploitants des terres
personnels/ conseillers de terrain

Tourism concessionaires

Formats de la formation:

sur le tas
zones de démonstration
réunions publiques

Formats de la formation:

Exchange visits

Thèmes abordés:

Biodiversity conservation, financial management, tourism best practices, principles of co-management, human-wildlife conflict resolution, rehabilitation

4.2 Service de conseils

Les exploitants des terres ont-ils accès à un service de conseils?

Oui

Spécifiez si le service de conseils est fourni:

dans les champs des exploitants?
dans des centres permanents

Décrivez/ commentez:

Advice is provided by the Namibia Chamber of Environment, the Namibia Nature Foundation, the Ministry of Environment and Tourism Resource Centre, the Namibia University of Science and Technology, the Giraffe Conservation Fund and other wildlife biologists on issues such as determination of wildlife carrying capacities.

4.3 Renforcement des institutions (développement organisationnel)

Des institutions ont elles été mises en place ou renforcées par le biais de l'Approche?

oui, beaucoup

Spécifiez à quel(s) niveau(x), ces institutions ont été renforcées ou mises en place:

local

Décrivez l'institution, ses rôles et responsabilités, ses membres, etc.

NamibRand Nature Reserve Association. All land owners are members, who elect the directors. They manage the reserve according to an agreed strategy.

Précisez le type de soutien:

financier

Donnez plus de détails:

Hiring of lawyers and auditors/accountants to establish the association.

4.4 Suivi et évaluation

Le suivi et l'évaluation font ils partie de l'Approche? :

Oui

Commentaires:

Impacts are monitored to feed back into management.

Si oui, ce document est-il destiné à être utilisé pour le suivi et l'évaluation?

Non

4.5 Recherche

La recherche a-t-elle fait partie intégrante de l’Approche?

Oui

Spécifiez les thèmes:

écologie

Donnez plus de détails et indiquez qui a mené ces recherches:

Determination of wildlife carrying capacities by wildlife biologists.

5. Financement et soutien matériel externe

6. Analyses d'impact et conclusions

6.1 Impacts de l'Approche

Est-ce que l'Approche a autonomisé les exploitants locaux des terres, amélioré la participation des parties prenantes?

Non
Oui, un peu
Oui, modérément
Oui, beaucoup

Interest in owning land has greatly increased. Land prices have risen and more tourism establishments were built.

Est-ce que l'Approche a permis la prise de décisions fondées sur des données probantes?

Non
Oui, un peu
Oui, modérément
Oui, beaucoup

Through monitoring, to determine wildlife carrying capacity.

Est-ce que l'Approche a aidé les exploitants des terres à mettre en œuvre et entretenir les Technologies de GDT?

Non
Oui, un peu
Oui, modérément
Oui, beaucoup

Research and expert advice drives appropriate management for the ecology. There are no more sheep and associated weeds, while wildlife numbers increased.

Est-ce que l'Approche a amélioré la coordination et la mise en œuvre de la GDT selon un bon rapport coût-efficacité?

Non
Oui, un peu
Oui, modérément
Oui, beaucoup

By applying economies of scale. Managed holistically by a small, effective team.

Est-ce que l'Approche a mobilisé/ amélioré l'accès aux ressources financières pour la mise en œuvre de la GDT?

Non
Oui, un peu
Oui, modérément
Oui, beaucoup

Through awarding of tourism concessions and collection of park fees.

Est-ce que l'Approche a amélioré les connaissances et les capacités des exploitants des terres pour mettre en œuvre la GDT?

Non
Oui, un peu
Oui, modérément
Oui, beaucoup

Through various training and research activities.

Est-ce que l'Approche a amélioré les connaissances et les capacités des autres parties prenantes?

Non
Oui, un peu
Oui, modérément
Oui, beaucoup

Through accessing information and gaining knowledge from research.

Est-ce que l'Approche a construit/ renforcé les institutions, la collaboration entre parties prenantes?

Non
Oui, un peu
Oui, modérément
Oui, beaucoup

Through establishment of the association, appointment of the management team and information sharing.

Est-ce que l'Approche a atténué les conflits?

Non
Oui, un peu
Oui, modérément
Oui, beaucoup

Through implantation of a joint management plan and shared vision.

Est-ce que l'Approche a autonomisé les groupes socialement et économiquement défavorisés?

Non
Oui, un peu
Oui, modérément
Oui, beaucoup

There are no local communities living within the area, but children from all over the country visit the environmental education centre.

Est-ce que l'Approche a amélioré l'égalité entre hommes et femmes et autonomisé les femmes et les filles?

Non
Oui, un peu
Oui, modérément
Oui, beaucoup

Through policies prohibiting gender discrimination, implemented by tourism enterprises.

Est-ce que l'Approche a encouragé les jeunes/ la prochaine génération d'exploitants des terres à s'engager dans la GDT?

Non
Oui, un peu
Oui, modérément
Oui, beaucoup

Through the environmental education and vocational training centres.

Est-ce que l'Approche a amélioré les questions foncières et des droits d'utilisation qui entravent la mise en œuvre des Technologies?

Non
Oui, un peu
Oui, modérément
Oui, beaucoup

Through establishment of the Association for joint management and guidelines that are followed in the management plan.

Est-ce que l'Approche a conduit à améliorer la sécurité alimentaire et/ou la nutrition?

Non
Oui, un peu
Oui, modérément
Oui, beaucoup

Through the organic garden of 1 ha irrigated with borehole water and featuring in one of the Youtube videos, the improved financial status of the area and access to meat of culled animals for reserve workers and tourists.

Est-ce que l'Approche a amélioré l'accès aux marchés?

Non
Oui, un peu
Oui, modérément
Oui, beaucoup

Due to serving tourism needs.

Est-ce que l'Approche a conduit à améliorer l'accès à l'eau et l'assainissement?

Non
Oui, un peu
Oui, modérément
Oui, beaucoup

Workers have access to borehole water pumped for tourism.

Est-ce que l'Approche a conduit à l'utilisation/ sources d'énergie plus durables?

Non
Oui, un peu
Oui, modérément
Oui, beaucoup

Solar power is used to generate electricity and heat water.

Est-ce que l'Approche a amélioré la capacité des exploitants des terres à s'adapter aux changements/ extrêmes climatiques et a atténué les catastrophes liées au climat?

Non
Oui, un peu
Oui, modérément
Oui, beaucoup

Based on naturally adapted species that are able to migrate.

Est-ce que l'Approche a conduit à des emplois, des opportunités de revenus?

Non
Oui, un peu
Oui, modérément
Oui, beaucoup

The current land use based on tourism supports times more employees per unit area compared with former sheep farming.

National economy:

Non
Oui, un peu
Oui, modérément
Oui, beaucoup

Contribution to national income through higher wages in the tourism industry.

6.2 Principale motivation des exploitants des terres pour mettre en œuvre la GDT

augmenter la rentabilité/ bénéfice, rapport coûts-bénéfices

Through tourism, compared with former sheep farming.

réduire la dégradation des terres

Reliance on more appropriate land use.

réduire les risques de catastrophe

Nature takes better care of itself and is more resilient to drought than sheep farming was.

réduire la charge de travail

Sheep herders are no longer needed and there is a small, efficient management team, assisted by information provided through tour guides when their attention is required.

prestige, pression sociale/ cohésion sociale

Through membership of the association.

conscience environnementale

Forms the vision of the association.

améliorer les connaissances et compétences en GDT

Improved resource management due to expert knowledge.

améliorer l'esthétique

There are rules to prevent unsightly buildings and maintain the clear night sky, free from light pollution.

atténuer les conflits

Through the association constitution and discussions at planning meetings working towards the common goal

Philantropic

Wanting to do good and contribute to conservation.

6.3 Durabilité des activités de l'Approche

Les exploitants des terres peuvent-ils poursuivre ce qui a été mis en œuvre par le biais de l'Approche (sans soutien extérieur)?

Si oui, décrivez de quelle manière:

Through income largely derived from tourism and partly from sale of live captured game animals in accordance with the environmental management plan.

6.4 Points forts/ avantages de l'Approche

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
The reserve is centrally and holistically managed by a team.
Resilience attained by the large unfenced ecosystem.
Land users coming together to sign and form a legally recognised body that is more robust.
Tourism is more profitable and sustainable than agriculture for such a hyper arid region.

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
Resilience to climate change through natural resources, using the competitive advantage of nature.
Private property excludes communal demands and allows fast and easy decision making on land use.

6.5 Faiblesses/ inconvénients de l'Approche et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
There is currently no legislative support from government for protection of private land.	The new wildlife bill being drafted, makes provision for privately protected areas.
In the eyes of the Ministry of Lands, there are only two types of land, either urban and gazetted (e.g. parks) or agricultural (subject to land tax).	Include a third category of land for protected areas, such as the desert margin being non-agricultural.

Voir les sections

1. Informations générales

1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de l'Approche

Personne(s) ressource(s) clé(s)

Spécialiste GDT:

Nom du projet qui a facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de l'Approche (si pertinent)

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de l'Approche (si pertinent)

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Quand les données ont-elles été compilées (sur le terrain)?

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

2. Description de l'Approche de GDT

2.1 Courte description de l'Approche

2.2 Description détaillée de l'Approche

Description détaillée de l'Approche:

2.3 Photos de l'approche

Galerie Médias

2.4 Vidéos de l'Approche

Commentaire, brève description:

Date:

Lieu:

Nom du vidéaste:

Commentaire, brève description:

Date:

Lieu:

Nom du vidéaste:

Commentaire, brève description:

Date:

Lieu:

Nom du vidéaste:

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où l'Approche a été appliquée

Pays:

Région/ Etat/ Province:

2.6 Dates de début et de fin de l'Approche

Indiquez l'année de démarrage:

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez approximativement quand l'Approche a démarré:

Commentaires:

2.7 Type d'Approche

2.8 Principaux objectifs de l'Approche

2.9 Conditions favorisant ou entravant la mise en œuvre de la(des) Technologie(s) appliquée(s) sous l'Approche

normes et valeurs sociales/ culturelles/ religieuses

disponibilité/ accès aux ressources et services financiers

cadre institutionnel

collaboration/ coordination des acteurs

cadre juridique (régime foncier, droits d'utilisation des terres et de l'eau)

cadre politique

gouvernance foncière (prise de décisions, mise en œuvre et application des décisions)

connaissances sur la GDT, accès aux supports techniques

marchés (pour acheter les intrants, vendre les produits) et prix

charge de travail, disponibilité de la main-d'œuvre

3. Participation et rôles des parties prenantes impliquées dans l'Approche

3.1 Parties prenantes impliquées dans l'Approche et rôles

3.2 Participation des exploitants locaux des terres/ communautés locales aux différentes phases de l'Approche

3.4 Prises de décision pour la sélection de la Technologie/ des Technologies

Indiquez qui a décidé de la sélection de la Technologie/ des Technologies à mettre en œuvre:

Expliquez:

Spécifiez sur quelle base ont été prises les décisions:

4. Soutien technique, renforcement des capacités et gestion des connaissances

4.1 Renforcement des capacités/ formation

Une formation a-t-elle été dispensée aux exploitants des terres/ autres parties prenantes?

Spécifiez qui a été formé:

Formats de la formation:

Formats de la formation:

Thèmes abordés:

4.2 Service de conseils

Les exploitants des terres ont-ils accès à un service de conseils?

Spécifiez si le service de conseils est fourni:

Décrivez/ commentez:

4.3 Renforcement des institutions (développement organisationnel)

Des institutions ont elles été mises en place ou renforcées par le biais de l'Approche?

Spécifiez à quel(s) niveau(x), ces institutions ont été renforcées ou mises en place:

Décrivez l'institution, ses rôles et responsabilités, ses membres, etc.

Précisez le type de soutien:

Donnez plus de détails:

4.4 Suivi et évaluation

Le suivi et l'évaluation font ils partie de l'Approche? :

Commentaires:

Si oui, ce document est-il destiné à être utilisé pour le suivi et l'évaluation?

4.5 Recherche

La recherche a-t-elle fait partie intégrante de l’Approche?

Spécifiez les thèmes: