Restoration of game migration routes across the Namib Desert [Namibie]
- Création :
- Mise à jour :
- Compilateur : Ibo Zimmermann
- Rédacteur : –
- Examinateur : Rima Mekdaschi Studer
NamibRand Nature Reserve
approaches_3286 - Namibie
- Résumé complet en PDF
- Résumé complet en PDF pour impression
- Résumé complet dans le navigateur
- Résumé complet (non formaté)
- Restauration des voies de migration de la faune sauvage dans le désert du Namib: 2 novembre 2021 (public)
- Restauration des voies de migration de la faune sauvage dans le désert du Namib: 6 octobre 2018 (inactive)
- Restauration des routes de migration du gibier à travers le désert du Namib: 13 avril 2018 (inactive)
- Restoration of game migration routes across the Namib Desert : 23 février 2018 (inactive)
- Restoration of game migrations across Namib Desert: 12 janvier 2018 (inactive)
Voir les sections
Développer tout Réduire tout1. Informations générales
1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de l'Approche
Nom du projet qui a facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de l'Approche (si pertinent)
NamibRand Nature ReserveNom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de l'Approche (si pertinent)
Namibia University of Science and Technology ( NUST) - Namibie1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées
Quand les données ont-elles été compilées (sur le terrain)?
01/11/2017
Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:
Oui
2. Description de l'Approche de GDT
2.1 Courte description de l'Approche
Seventeen former sheep farms have been joined to form the world’s largest private nature reserve aimed at regenerating biodiversity to support high-quality low-impact tourism, environmental education and research. All farm owners are members of the management association.
2.2 Description détaillée de l'Approche
Description détaillée de l'Approche:
The NamibRand Nature Reserve is a not-for-profit organisation in south-western Namibia. It was founded in 1984 through the initiative of one farm owner, Albi Brueckner, who agreed, with 16 neighbouring farmers, to jointly manage their 215,000 ha for nature conservation and tourism. Its aims are:
To conserve biodiversity for the benefit of future generations and protect the sensitive and fragile environment.
To create a nature reserve with a healthy and functioning ecosystem, providing a sanctuary for flora and fauna, and to facilitate seasonal migratory routes in partnership with neighbours.
To promote sustainable utilisation – through ecologically sustainable and high-quality tourism and other projects.
To achieve a commercially viable operation to ensure continuity and financial independence.
The NamibRand Nature Reserve’s contributions to biodiversity conservation, in accordance with the environmental management plan, include the following:
• Removal of over 2,000 km of fencing to reinstate wildlife migration routes.
• Re-introduction of giraffe and cheetah.
• Bolstering numbers of red hartebeest and plains zebra.
• Removal of alien invasive vegetation such as Prosopis species and replacing these with indigenous Acacias.
• Zonation according to land use areas, including the setting aside 15% of the reserve as a wilderness area.
• Limiting overnight visitors to an average of one bed per 1,000 ha, and 25 beds per location.
• Conducting annual game counts, with results posted on the website www.namibrand.org
• Monitoring the endemic Hartmann’s mountain zebra through the use of camera traps. Results are at: http://www.nnf.org.na/project/mountain-zebra-project/13/1/12.html
• Continuous monitoring of drivers and determinants of environmental change to guide the management plan. Results are posted online at: http://www.landscapesnamibia.org/sossusvlei-namib/rainfall-monitoring
• Hosting researchers to study game migration routes. Results of wildlife monitoring, through the use of GPS collars are at: http://www.landscapesnamibia.org/sossusvlei-namib/research
• Hosting the Namib Desert Environmental Education Trust (NaDEET), to empower and educate schoolchildren for a sustainable future. It operates an environmental education and sustainable living centre (www.nadeet.org).
• A lighting management plan to qualify as an international dark sky reserve that avoids negative consequences of light pollution on biodiversity – which can interfere with animal navigation, reduce the hunting success of predators and prevent moths from pollinating (http://www.darksky.org/idsp/reserves/namibrand)
• A water management plan, including monitoring of the impact of a water hole on the surrounding vegetation.
• Implementation of tourism and land use zonation plans.
• Capture and sale of live game for wildlife population management purposes.
• Plans to develop a horticultural project to grow indigenous medicinal plants for commercial production, creating local jobs and income for conservation.
Rangeland management is achieved largely through continual monitoring and control of animal populations, and the balance between functional groups of their species, and turning off the water supply where grasses are in need of rest. Local outreach efforts focus mainly on predator-livestock management on neighbouring farms.
Stakeholders comprise the land owners, who agree on joint management, and the tourism concessionaires who operate in the reserve under contract. The reserve employs 12 people who are responsible for day-to-day management and maintenance. Biodiversity and land management are funded from park fees collected by the concessionaires from tourists who stay at their establishments. This small management team is possible, because tourism concessionaires offer scenic game drives across the reserve, while on the lookout for required action. For example, guides report issues such as leaking water pipes, unusual wildlife sightings, injured animals, and trespassers (etc.) to reserve managers, who can then react.
Land owners who have connected their land to the reserve and are members of the NamibRand Nature Reserve Association have the option of serving as directors of the association, with joint decision making powers. Those who choose not can still contribute to the strategic mission of the reserve at annual general meetings.
2.3 Photos de l'approche
2.4 Vidéos de l'Approche
Commentaire, brève description:
Short introduction to the reserve
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QVQgJlBXn78
Date:
01/04/2015
Lieu:
NamibRand Nature Reserve
Nom du vidéaste:
IUCN-PAPACO
Commentaire, brève description:
View of landscapes in the reserve
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8LZI2ZtPhbg
Date:
15/09/2014
Lieu:
NamibRand Nature Reserve
Nom du vidéaste:
Christine Guillot, Etendues Sauvages
Commentaire, brève description:
Organic garden at lodge in the reserve
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U7RVKfeQ-0M
Date:
05/04/2016
Lieu:
NamibRand nature Reserve
Nom du vidéaste:
Ticket2Utopia – Dr. Paul Goddard
2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où l'Approche a été appliquée
Pays:
Namibie
Région/ Etat/ Province:
Southwestern Namibia in the Namib Desert.
Map
×2.6 Dates de début et de fin de l'Approche
Indiquez l'année de démarrage:
1984
Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez approximativement quand l'Approche a démarré:
il y a entre 10-50 ans
Commentaires:
The first property was purchased in 1984. The reserve was registered as a Game Reserve in 1992 and registered as the NamibRand Nature Reserve, an Association Not for Gain, in 2002
2.7 Type d'Approche
- initiative/ innovation récente locale
2.8 Principaux objectifs de l'Approche
The approach aims, through participatory land use planning, to restore ecosystem function in the reserve and its surroundings to support high-quality, low-impact tourism that provides the means to support environmental education and other conservation projects.
The overall Strategic Vision of the NamibRand Nature Reserve is to manage the Pro-Namib area, alongside the Namib Desert, for the enhanced conservation of the landscape and its biodiversity.
2.9 Conditions favorisant ou entravant la mise en œuvre de la(des) Technologie(s) appliquée(s) sous l'Approche
normes et valeurs sociales/ culturelles/ religieuses
- favorise
The area was historically visited by migrant San people and more recently by Nama people, who have settled permanently elsewhere. Since no people were living permanently in this hyper-arid ecosystem, the use of the area exclusively for nature conservation remains uncontested.
disponibilité/ accès aux ressources et services financiers
- favorise
The establishment of the reserve was initially possible through the ample financial resources of wealthy, altruistic and philanthropic investors.
- entrave
The properties that make up the NamibRand Nature Reserve are located in a hyper-arid ecosystem. Farmers who attempted livestock farming there in the past almost all failed to establish economically viable farms, and most of them overextended themselves financially, resulting in the foreclosure of their farms. For this reason, the area became known as the “Bankruptcy Belt”. Banks were, in the past, extremely reluctant to extend loans to landowners in this area, due to the low value and low agricultural potential. In recent years, the successes of conservation and tourism have changed this situation and banks are now prepared to accept farms with such land use as collateral for extending loans.
cadre institutionnel
- favorise
Progressive government company laws, such as the possibilit y to register a Section 21 company (“Association Not for Gain”) allow financial resources to be re-invested in conservation so as to further the objectives of the non-profit association. Section 21 companies also do not have to pay company taxes to the government.
collaboration/ coordination des acteurs
- favorise
Articles of Association and the management plan allow for the creation of a management team that effectively coordinates all activities on the reserve.
cadre juridique (régime foncier, droits d'utilisation des terres et de l'eau)
- favorise
Rights and therefore the possibility to benefit from wildlife are enshrined in the Nature Conservation Ordinance of 1975.
- entrave
The current Nature Conservation Ordinance of 1975 does not allow for the registration of private nature reserves. The status of the land with the government thus remains as agricultural land, and law enforcement has to rely on common law such as trespassing on private property.
cadre politique
- favorise
Progressive, enabling policies of the Ministry of Environment and Tourism, such as the tourism policy and the parks and neighbours policy ensure meaningful collaborations between the public and the private sector. See http://www.met.gov.na
gouvernance foncière (prise de décisions, mise en œuvre et application des décisions)
- favorise
Good governance is achieved through the adoption of Articles of Association and management plans. These guide decision-making and enable implementation. A set of rules, called the Vade Mecum, enable enforcement.
connaissances sur la GDT, accès aux supports techniques
- favorise
Good networking, membership to various professional bodies and collaboration with universities and researchers ensure good knowledge about sustainable land management and technical support.
marchés (pour acheter les intrants, vendre les produits) et prix
- favorise
A well-established tourism market to Namibia ensures a steady stream of visitors to the NamibRand Nature Reserve, enabling the collection of park fees and thus ensuring income for the reserve.
- entrave
The remoteness of the reserve, 150km from the nearest town, results in expensive transport charges for goods and inflated prices for professional services.
charge de travail, disponibilité de la main-d'œuvre
- favorise
Guides from tourism concessions on the reserve allow for sharing of workloads. Availability of human resources in the region is ample.
3. Participation et rôles des parties prenantes impliquées dans l'Approche
3.1 Parties prenantes impliquées dans l'Approche et rôles
- exploitants locaux des terres / communautés locales
17 former livestock farms owned by 12 companies, now converted to tourism enterprises
Some of them serve as directors of the NamibRand Nature Reserve Association, for joint decision making
- Spécialistes de la GDT/ conseillers agricoles
12 reserve management staff
To manage the reserve
- chercheurs
Visiting researchers from various academic institutions
To conduct research to help with applied research for management and "interest research" such as on “fairy circles”, which can be seen in the cover photo. The origin of these circles of bare soil surrounded by grass is still being disputed among scientists (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2VNyo9AoA8I). There is a Wildlife monitoring programme partnership with Namibia University of Science and Technology and the Greater Sossusvlei Landscape Association
- enseignants/ élèves/ étudiants
4 full-time teachers at NADEET and 10 instructors at hospitality training centre.
To expose about 1000 visiting students per year to environmental education and to provide vocational training to about 100 trainees per year.
- ONG
Cheetah Conservation Fund and Giraffe Conservation Fund.
To reintroduce predators and wild herbivore species.
- secteur privé
Neighbouring farms
Co-management of the larger landscape with like-minded neighbours, as indicated at: http://www.landscapesnamibia.org/sossusvlei-namib/
- gouvernement national (planificateurs, décideurs)
Ministry of Environment and Tourism.
To assist with law enforcement and wildlife monitoring.
- organisation internationale
Member of IUCN
For advocacy and knowledge sharing.
3.2 Participation des exploitants locaux des terres/ communautés locales aux différentes phases de l'Approche
Participation des exploitants locaux des terres/ communautés locales | Spécifiez qui était impliqué et décrivez les activités | |
---|---|---|
initiation/ motivation | auto-mobilisation | The founding farm owner approached philanthropic donors to buy neighbouring farms and invest in tourism facilities and environmental education centre. |
planification | soutien extérieur | In 1991, external experts provided advice for planning of the reserve. Influential persons involved included Chris Brown, Hugh Berry and Haino Rumpf of the Ministry of Environment, and Mary Seely of the Desert Research Foundation. |
mise en œuvre | auto-mobilisation | Management staff were appointed in 1991, and paid for from the conservation levy raised from use of tourism facilities in the reserve. |
suivi/ évaluation | auto-mobilisation | Reserve management staff do the monitoring, paid for by the conservation levy. |
research | soutien extérieur | Research institutions conduct research after paying a small service fee. |
3.4 Prises de décision pour la sélection de la Technologie/ des Technologies
Indiquez qui a décidé de la sélection de la Technologie/ des Technologies à mettre en œuvre:
- principalement les exploitants des terres soutenus par des spécialistes de la GDT
Expliquez:
The Reserve's vision and mission were set up by its directors, who comprise farm owners willing to serve in this decision making role, at the Initiation workshop in 1991. Management actions were then Implemented under the guidance of various specialists.
Spécifiez sur quelle base ont été prises les décisions:
- l'évaluation de connaissances bien documentées en matière de GDT (prises de décision fondées sur des preuves tangibles)?
- les résultats de recherches?
- expériences et opinions personnelles (non documentées)
4. Soutien technique, renforcement des capacités et gestion des connaissances
4.1 Renforcement des capacités/ formation
Une formation a-t-elle été dispensée aux exploitants des terres/ autres parties prenantes?
Oui
Spécifiez qui a été formé:
- exploitants des terres
- personnels/ conseillers de terrain
- Tourism concessionaires
Formats de la formation:
- sur le tas
- zones de démonstration
- réunions publiques
Formats de la formation:
- Exchange visits
Thèmes abordés:
Biodiversity conservation, financial management, tourism best practices, principles of co-management, human-wildlife conflict resolution, rehabilitation.
4.2 Service de conseils
Les exploitants des terres ont-ils accès à un service de conseils?
Oui
Spécifiez si le service de conseils est fourni:
- dans les champs des exploitants?
- dans des centres permanents
Décrivez/ commentez:
Advice is provided by the Namibia Chamber of Environment, the Namibia Nature Foundation, the Ministry of Environment and Tourism Resource Centre, the Namibia University of Science and Technology, the Giraffe Conservation Fund and other wildlife biologists on issues such as determination of wildlife carrying capacities.
4.3 Renforcement des institutions (développement organisationnel)
Des institutions ont elles été mises en place ou renforcées par le biais de l'Approche?
- oui, beaucoup
Spécifiez à quel(s) niveau(x), ces institutions ont été renforcées ou mises en place:
- local
Décrivez l'institution, ses rôles et responsabilités, ses membres, etc.
NamibRand Nature Reserve Association. All land owners are members, who elect the directors. They manage the reserve according to an agreed strategy.
Précisez le type de soutien:
- financier
Donnez plus de détails:
Hiring of lawyers and auditors/accountants to establish the association.
4.4 Suivi et évaluation
Le suivi et l'évaluation font ils partie de l'Approche? :
Oui
Commentaires:
Impacts are monitored to feed back into management.
Si oui, ce document est-il destiné à être utilisé pour le suivi et l'évaluation?
Non
4.5 Recherche
La recherche a-t-elle fait partie intégrante de l’Approche?
Oui
Spécifiez les thèmes:
- écologie
Donnez plus de détails et indiquez qui a mené ces recherches:
Determination of wildlife carrying capacities by wildlife biologists.
5. Financement et soutien matériel externe
5.1 Budget annuel de la composante GDT de l'Approche
Si le budget annuel précis n'est pas connu, indiquez une fourchette:
- 100 000-1 000 000
Commentez (par ex. principales sources de financement/ principaux bailleurs de fonds):
Self funded from conservation levy collected from tourism income.
5.2 Soutiens financiers/ matériels fournis aux exploitants des terres
Les exploitants des terres ont-ils reçu un soutien financier/ matériel pour la mise en œuvre de la Technologie/ des Technologies?
Non
5.4 Crédits
Des crédits ont-ils été alloués à travers l'Approche pour les activités de GDT?
Non
5.5 Autres incitations ou instruments
D'autres incitations ou instruments ont-ils été utilisés pour promouvoir la mise en œuvre des Technologies de GDT?
Non
6. Analyses d'impact et conclusions
6.1 Impacts de l'Approche
Est-ce que l'Approche a autonomisé les exploitants locaux des terres, amélioré la participation des parties prenantes?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
Interest in owning land has greatly increased. Land prices have risen and more tourism establishments were built.
Est-ce que l'Approche a permis la prise de décisions fondées sur des données probantes?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
Through monitoring, to determine wildlife carrying capacity.
Est-ce que l'Approche a aidé les exploitants des terres à mettre en œuvre et entretenir les Technologies de GDT?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
Research and expert advice drives appropriate management for the ecology. There are no more sheep and associated weeds, while wildlife numbers increased.
Est-ce que l'Approche a amélioré la coordination et la mise en œuvre de la GDT selon un bon rapport coût-efficacité?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
By applying economies of scale. Managed holistically by a small, effective team.
Est-ce que l'Approche a mobilisé/ amélioré l'accès aux ressources financières pour la mise en œuvre de la GDT?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
Through awarding of tourism concessions and collection of park fees.
Est-ce que l'Approche a amélioré les connaissances et les capacités des exploitants des terres pour mettre en œuvre la GDT?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
Through various training and research activities.
Est-ce que l'Approche a amélioré les connaissances et les capacités des autres parties prenantes?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
Through accessing information and gaining knowledge from research.
Est-ce que l'Approche a construit/ renforcé les institutions, la collaboration entre parties prenantes?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
Through establishment of the association, appointment of the management team and information sharing.
Est-ce que l'Approche a atténué les conflits?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
Through implantation of a joint management plan and shared vision.
Est-ce que l'Approche a autonomisé les groupes socialement et économiquement défavorisés?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
There are no local communities living within the area, but children from all over the country visit the environmental education centre.
Est-ce que l'Approche a amélioré l'égalité entre hommes et femmes et autonomisé les femmes et les filles?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
Through policies prohibiting gender discrimination, implemented by tourism enterprises.
Est-ce que l'Approche a encouragé les jeunes/ la prochaine génération d'exploitants des terres à s'engager dans la GDT?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
Through the environmental education and vocational training centres.
Est-ce que l'Approche a amélioré les questions foncières et des droits d'utilisation qui entravent la mise en œuvre des Technologies?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
Through establishment of the Association for joint management and guidelines that are followed in the management plan.
Est-ce que l'Approche a conduit à améliorer la sécurité alimentaire et/ou la nutrition?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
Through the organic garden of 1 ha irrigated with borehole water and featuring in one of the Youtube videos, the improved financial status of the area and access to meat of culled animals for reserve workers and tourists.
Est-ce que l'Approche a amélioré l'accès aux marchés?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
Due to serving tourism needs.
Est-ce que l'Approche a conduit à améliorer l'accès à l'eau et l'assainissement?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
Workers have access to borehole water pumped for tourism.
Est-ce que l'Approche a conduit à l'utilisation/ sources d'énergie plus durables?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
Solar power is used to generate electricity and heat water.
Est-ce que l'Approche a amélioré la capacité des exploitants des terres à s'adapter aux changements/ extrêmes climatiques et a atténué les catastrophes liées au climat?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
Based on naturally adapted species that are able to migrate.
Est-ce que l'Approche a conduit à des emplois, des opportunités de revenus?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
The current land use based on tourism supports times more employees per unit area compared with former sheep farming.
National economy:
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
Contribution to national income through higher wages in the tourism industry.
6.2 Principale motivation des exploitants des terres pour mettre en œuvre la GDT
- augmenter la rentabilité/ bénéfice, rapport coûts-bénéfices
Through tourism, compared with former sheep farming.
- réduire la dégradation des terres
Reliance on more appropriate land use.
- réduire les risques de catastrophe
Nature takes better care of itself and is more resilient to drought than sheep farming was.
- réduire la charge de travail
Sheep herders are no longer needed and there is a small, efficient management team, assisted by information provided through tour guides when their attention is required.
- prestige, pression sociale/ cohésion sociale
Through membership of the association.
- conscience environnementale
Forms the vision of the association.
- améliorer les connaissances et compétences en GDT
Improved resource management due to expert knowledge.
- améliorer l'esthétique
There are rules to prevent unsightly buildings and maintain the clear night sky, free from light pollution.
- atténuer les conflits
Through the association constitution and discussions at planning meetings working towards the common goal
- Philantropic
Wanting to do good and contribute to conservation.
6.3 Durabilité des activités de l'Approche
Les exploitants des terres peuvent-ils poursuivre ce qui a été mis en œuvre par le biais de l'Approche (sans soutien extérieur)?
- oui
Si oui, décrivez de quelle manière:
Through income largely derived from tourism and partly from sale of captured game animals in accordance with the environmental management plan.
6.4 Points forts/ avantages de l'Approche
Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres |
---|
The reserve is centrally and holistically managed by a team. |
Resilience attained by the large unfenced ecosystem. |
Land users coming together to sign and form a legally recognised body that is more robust. |
Tourism is more profitable and sustainable than agriculture for such a hyper arid region. |
Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé |
---|
Resilience to climate change through natural resources, using the competitive advantage of nature. |
Private property excludes communal demands and allows fast and easy decision making on land use. |
6.5 Faiblesses/ inconvénients de l'Approche et moyens de les surmonter
Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres | Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés? |
---|---|
There is currently no legislative support from government for protection of private land. | The new wildlife bill being drafted makes provision for privately protected areas. |
In the eyes of the Ministry of Lands, there are only two types of land, either urban and gazetted (e.g. parks) or agricultural (subject to land tax). | Include a third category of land for protected areas, such as the desert margin being non-agricultural. |
7. Références et liens
7.1 Méthodes/ sources d'information
- interviews/entretiens avec les exploitants des terres
Chief Executive Officer of the NamibRand Nature Reserve
7.2 Références des publications disponibles
Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:
A Guidebook to the NamibRand Nature Reserve, 2017, ISBN 978-99945-85-14-4
Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?
Local bookshops for approximately USD25
7.3 Liens vers les informations pertinentes disponibles en ligne
Titre/ description:
Website of NamibRand Nature Reserve
URL:
www.namibrand.org
Titre/ description:
Website of Namib Desert Environmental Education Trust
URL:
www.nadeet.org
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