1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) - Italie

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Quand les données ont-elles été compilées (sur le terrain)?

02/06/2011

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

Stone faced terraces are commonly constructed on cultivated lands. These are structural measural measures placed along the contour to control soil erosion and trap runoff.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

Stone-faced soil bund is constructed during the dry period when the field is free from crops (after crop harvest). Soils in the woreda are light and are easily eroded. A contour line is marked on the ground first and a foundation placing stones is dug. The stone wall is placed in the foundation and the wall is raised until it attains a height of 0.50m at minimum. Then earth is dug on the upslope side by removing soil from it and make an embankment of soil on the upper side to support the stone wall. In the same way the stone is supported by the soil from the upper side. The embanked soil is lightly compacted to avoid collapse. The objective is to control concentrated runoff from causing soil erosion and to retain as much rainwater as possible in the soil for mazimizing crop production. Livestock are not let on the terraced land. Most land users feed their animals tethered. The bund is then stablized by planting grass. The most commonly used grasses for stablizing bunds in the area are phalaris and elephant grass. The purpose is to control runoff and soil erosion from cultivated lands. Grass is planted to stablize the bund and also help in providing fodder for animals. Some land users stablize the stone-faced bunds by planting fruit trees. Fruit trees are often planted at the homesteads for better management and protection. The income obtaoned from fruit trees is high. Sorghum fields are predominantly treated by stone-faced bunds while chat and coffee fields are treated by ridges and basins. Frequent maintenance and upgrading is required until bench is formed. Currently most of the fields in the woreda have a properly stablized terraces and as a result loss of soil and water by erosion is decreasing. Maintenance is done continuously until the structure stablizes well and inparticular after heavy rains, every time after tillage and cropping. The technology is suitable in areas where stones are avialable and soils are light.

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

• il y a moins de 10 ans (récemment)

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• par le biais de projets/ d'interventions extérieures

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

The technology was initially introduced by the extension implementation project of the Ministry of Agriculture and modified in the process of implementing the National Soil and Water Conservation Program in the country in the various phases of the land rehabilitation and afforestation project of the MERETproject (MOARD/WFP)

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• améliorer la production
• réduire, prévenir, restaurer les terres dégradées

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Commentaires:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Land use problem is the result mainly of high population growth, improper land use and poor farming practices. Land not suitable for cultivation is put under use. Steepslopes on hillsides and mountain escarpments are cultivated. These have resulted in high runoff and sediment movment from the upper catchments which are dominantly devoid of vegetation and no conservation measures practiced.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): land shortage, loss of fertility and soil erosion on lands with no conservation measures.

Cut-and-carry/ zero grazing: grazing land is seriously shriniking owing

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: sorghum-beans or chat - sorghum, maize-beans

3.3 Informations complémentaires sur l'utilisation des terres

Approvisionnement en eau des terres sur lesquelles est appliquée la Technologie:

• pluvial

Nombre de période de croissance par an: :

• 2

Précisez:

Longest growing period in days: 240 Longest growing period from month to month: Apr - NovSecond longest growing period in days: 150Second longest growing period from month to month: Feb - Jun

3.4 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• mesures en travers de la pente

3.5 Diffusion de la Technologie

Spécifiez la diffusion de la Technologie:

• répartie uniformément sur une zone

Si la Technologie est uniformément répartie sur une zone, indiquez la superficie couverte approximative:

• 100-1 000 km2

Commentaires:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 80 km2.

Information obtaned from annual activities and achievements reports. But at present the total technology area is more than the amount shown here and estimate is indicated as follows:

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• prévenir la dégradation des terres
• réduire la dégradation des terres

Commentaires:

Main goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation

4.2 Spécification/ explications techniques du dessin technique

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: reduction of slope length

Secondary technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap, reduction of slope angle, increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil

Early planting
Material/ species: sorghum, maize, chat
Remarks: on contour and row planting

Mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: maize-haricot beans, chat-beans
Remarks: row planting and broadcasting

Contour planting / strip cropping
Material/ species: land tillage and cultivation
Remarks: contour cultivation

Legume inter-planting
Remarks: contour

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: animal dung and crop residue farming
Quantity/ density: 30-40 t/ha
Remarks: applied in between rows

Mineral (inorganic) fertilizers
Material/ species: chemical fertilizers (DAP and Urea)
Remarks: broadcasting

Contour tillage
Remarks: along the contour and made by oxen plough

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, F : fruit trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 400-500
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 10 m
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 3 x 3

Vegetative measure: aligned: contour
Vegetative material: G : grass
Number of plants per (ha): 5000
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 110 m
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.3 x 0.3

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: G : grass

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: G : grass

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: G : grass

Trees/ shrubs species: grevillea, cordia

Fruit trees / shrubs species: guava, avocado

Grass species: elephant, phalaris

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 10.00%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 3.00%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 0.00%

4.4 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier
1.	seed collection	Végétale	dry season
2.	seedling production	Végétale	dry season
3.	seedling planting	Végétale	during rains
4.	weeding and cultivation	Végétale	during rains

4.5 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Labour	ha	1,0	125,0	125,0
Equipements	Animal traction	ha	1,0	46,6	46,6
Equipements	Tools	ha	1,0	5,5	5,5
Matériel végétal	Seeds	ha	1,0	2,8	2,8
Matériel végétal	Seedlings	ha	1,0	30,0	30,0
Engrais et biocides	Fetilizer	ha	1,0	33,3	33,3
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					243,2

Commentaires:

Duration of establishment phase: 60 month(s)

4.6 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	primary tillage	Agronomique	onset of rains
2.	secondary tillage and seed bed preparation	Agronomique	in the middle of early rains and main rains
3.	weeding and cultivation	Agronomique	after germination
4.	thinning	Végétale	after rains

4.7 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Labour	ha	1,0	12,5	12,5
Equipements	Tools	ha	1,0	0,5	0,5
Matériel végétal	Seedlings	ha	1,0	3,0	3,0
Engrais et biocides	Fertilizer	ha	1,0	33,3	33,3
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					49,3

Commentaires:

length of stone faced bunds and the number of trees planted

4.8 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

Slope: In steep slopes terraces get closer and the length of terrace per unit area /hectar/ increases and this increases the cost of construction. On soils of shallow soils digging becomes tough and this leads to increased costs

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la topographie:

Altitudinal zone: 1501-2000 m a.s.l. (dominant elevation, ranked 1) and 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l. (very small area, ranked 2)
Landforms: Mountain slopes (the dominant landform, ranked 1), foot slopes (dominanatly cultivated lands, ranked 2) and valley floor (mostly cultivated, ranked 2)
Slopes on average: Hilly (planted forestsand shrublands with degraded natural forests, ranekd 1), Rolling ( cultivated lands with perennial crops, ranked 2), moderate (cultivated lands with cereals (sorghum and maize) ranked 3), getnle (cultivated with teff and sweet potato, ranked 3)

5.3 Sols

Si disponible, joignez une description complète du sol ou précisez les informations disponibles, par ex., type de sol, pH/ acidité du sol, capacité d'échange cationique, azote, salinité, etc.

Soil depth on average: Shallow (soils on mountain slopes , ranked 1), moderately deep (soils on foot slopes, ranked 2), deep ( soils on valley floors, ranked 3) and very deep (soils around homesteads, ranked 3)
Soil texture: Coarse/light (mountain slopes and foot slopes, ranked 1), medium (foot slopes, ranked 2) and fine/heavy (valley floor, ranked 3)
Soil fertility is low (mountain slopes, ranked 1), medium (foot slopes, ranked 2) and high (valley floor, ranked 3)
Topsoil organic matter is medium (impressions: on valley floors of cultivated lands, ranked 1) and low ( impressions:mountain slopes, ranked 2)
Soil drainage/infiltration is good (most of the mountain slopes and foot slopes, ranked 1) and medium (on valley floors, ranked 2)
Soil water storage capacity is low (on mountain slopes because of shallow soils, ranked 1) and medium (on foot slopes and valley floors, ranked 2)

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Population density: 200-500 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 2% - 3%
(The rich hire labour).
(could get orgainzed in groups for labour sahring).
Off-farm income specification: The rich and average land users get engaged in other non farm activities because they have financial means
Level of mechanization: Animal traction (cereal crop fields are ploughed and cultivated by oxen plough, ranked 1) and manual work (chat and coffee plants are manually cultivated by hoe, ranked 2)
Market orientation of grazing land: Subsistence (self-supply). Animals are predominanatly kept for draft power requiremen and milk production.

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres détenues ou louées par les exploitants appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• état

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• accès libre (non organisé)
• individuel

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Revenus et coûts

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Cycle de l'eau/ ruissellement

Sols

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

Commentaires:

90 % of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

1150 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: estimates

10% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: estimates