1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

CDE Centre for Development and Environment (CDE Centre for Development and Environment) - Suisse

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

NCCR North-South (NCCR North-South) - Kirghizistan

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

CARITAS (Switzerland) - Suisse

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Quand les données ont-elles été compilées (sur le terrain)?

09/08/2012

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

Conversion of wheat monocropping into an Alfalfa plot with the aim to establish an orchard

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

In 2009 the farmer changed his wheat plot into an Alfalfa plot where he also planted fruit tree seedlings in between to establish an orchard. One hectare is used for the perennial cropping of Alfalfa. Alfalfa cropping supplements beneficial soil functions which are crucial for the establishment of an orchard. The plot lies on a narrow plateau next to other wheat crops. The plot is mainly bordered by fruit and nut orchards on a gentle slope, and by a steep slope of the riverbed. A solid fence prevents boars from entering the area through the nut orchard. The plot is not accessible by the steep slope. Two fences are built from the side of the neighboring wheat plots. One fence works like an entrance gate to all the plots on that plateau. A second fence indicates the boundaries between the farmers' Alfalfa crop and the wheat plots belonging to other farmers. The whole family is working on the farm land, consisting of several plots which are distributed over the valley. The children are mainly guarding the cropland.

Purpose of the Technology: In order to establish an orchard, first the farmer planted Alfalfa, which maintains more moisture in the soil and hence creates favorable conditions for tree growth. The wheat cropping was drying out the soil. Therefore during heavy rainfall events water infiltration was limited, and the strong runoff washed away the wheat crop. It was the farmer’s initiative to change the crop management, but Caritas Switzerland supported him with a financial grant. Alfalfa can be harvested several times a year, which he can use as fodder for the livestock or as cash crop.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The first year after the crop rotation there was no benefit, as the Alfalfa did not give any harvest yet. According to the farmer, Alfalfa seeds were relatively cheap (15 TJS per kg) and result in a good harvest. Currently he is harvesting Alfalfa three times a year, wheat could only be harvested once a year. The whole family was involved in the establishment of the alfalfa crop and tree planting, by ploughing, sawing Alfalfa, planting the seedlings and constructing the fence. Despite the fence, the crop is often guarded by the farmer or his children because boars enter his property. After the first year some seedlings dried out which he had to replace. Presently, little maintenance is required, only guarding and cutting Alfalfa.

Natural / human environment: The farmer’s plot is situated on a plateau on the other side of the riverbed, from where the village of Momandion is located. It takes some 15 minutes to get from their house to the plot. One of his neighbors adopted the technology of sowing Alfalfa and planting fruit tree seedlings.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

• il y a moins de 10 ans (récemment)

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• grâce à l'innovation d'exploitants des terres

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

Farmers idea, one third was payed by himself, the rest was supported by Caritas

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• améliorer la production

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Commentaires:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Soil erosion, poor nutrient and moisture availability in the soil, high runoff

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Soil erosion, poor soil moisture availability, high runoff, declining yields

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Mixed: Mf: Agroforestry

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: Fruits of growing orchard will be food and probably cash crop in future

Si l'utilisation des terres a changé en raison de la mise en œuvre de la Technologie, indiquez l'utilisation des terres avant la mise en œuvre de la Technologie:

Cropland: Ca: Annual cropping

3.3 Informations complémentaires sur l'utilisation des terres

Approvisionnement en eau des terres sur lesquelles est appliquée la Technologie:

• pluvial

Nombre de période de croissance par an: :

• 1

Précisez:

Longest growing period in days: 180Longest growing period from month to month: April-Sept/Oct

3.4 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• amélioration des variétés végétales, des races animales

3.5 Diffusion de la Technologie

Spécifiez la diffusion de la Technologie:

• répartie uniformément sur une zone

Si la Technologie est uniformément répartie sur une zone, indiquez la superficie couverte approximative:

• < 0,1 km2 (10 ha)

Commentaires:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.01 m2.

Total crop size is around 1.5 ha, lucerne crop is around 1 ha. The remaining area is a small wheat plot and meadow with some sparse walnut trees. A fruit and nut tree orchard is above the fenced crop.

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main measures: management measures

Secondary measures: agronomic measures

Type of agronomic measures: cover cropping

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -contour

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wo: offsite degradation effects, Bc: reduction of vegetation cover

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Pk: sealing and crusting

Main causes of degradation: crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub), poverty / wealth (Fear of food insecurity pushed farmer to plant wheat, year by year)

Secondary causes of degradation: education, access to knowledge and support services (No knowledge about alternative and beneficial land management)

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• restaurer/ réhabiliter des terres sévèrement dégradées

Commentaires:

Main goals: rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

4.2 Spécification/ explications techniques du dessin technique

The farmer’s property is located on a plateau, surrounded by an upper orchard on a slope (in the top right corner on the figure) and delimited by a steep embankment (on the left on the figure). The Lucerne plot is protected by a fence and the embankment to hinder intrusions of boars. There is a well locked entrance to get to the crop. A second fence protects the adjacent wheat crops and the Lucerne plot. Around 600 fruit trees are planted in the crop leaving a buffer strip of Lucerne.

Location: Momandion, Obishur watershed. Muminabad, Kathlon, Tajikistan

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: improvement of ground cover, increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), increase / maintain water stored in soil, spatial arrangement and diversification of land use

Secondary technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap, improvement of surface structure (crusting, sealing), improvement of topsoil structure (compaction), increase of infiltration

Cover cropping
Material/ species: Alfalfa to recover soil for orchard

Aligned: -contour
Number of plants per (ha): 400
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 3
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 2

Change of land use type: Conversion from wheat to fenced Alfalfa crop and orchard
Alfalfa crop has a twofold function, as a crop which is harvested several times a year and as cover crop to reestablish soil properties

4.3 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

Indiquez la monnaie utilisée pour le calcul des coûts:

• dollars US

4.4 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier
1.	Buying and planting 600 trees: 10 Min/ tree for digging	Végétale	once
2.	After first year: 100 trees dried out	Végétale	once
3.	Fencing 400 m, by 6-7 pers, 10-11 days (8 h a day)	Modes de gestion	once (spring)

4.5 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Planting trees	Persons/day	12,5	12,4	155,0	37,0
Main d'œuvre	Planting trees for replacment	Persons/day	2,1	12,4	26,04	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Plowing labour	Persons/day	1,0	12,4	12,4
Main d'œuvre	Sowing	Persons/day	0,27	12,4	3,35
Equipements	Plowing machine	days	1,0	103,5	103,5	37,0
Equipements	Petrol	litres	120,0	1,1383333	136,6	37,0
Matériel végétal	Buying trees	trees	600,0	0,62116666	372,7	37,0
Matériel végétal	Buying tree replacments	trees	100,0	1,035	103,5	100,0
Matériel végétal	Seeds	kg	20,0	3,1	62,0	37,0
Matériaux de construction	Fence	area	1,0	1490,7	1490,7	37,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					2465,79

Si le coût n'est pas pris en charge à 100% par l'exploitant des terres, indiquez qui a financé le coût restant:

Caritas

Commentaires:

Duration of establishment phase: 1 month(s)

4.6 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	Harvesting/Cutting Alfalfa 3 times and seeds 1 time, 8 Pers one week (first cut)	Agronomique	4 times a year
2.	Soil loosening around 600 trees	Végétale	spring/ once
3.	Looking after the orchard, 2 or 5 hours per day	Végétale	every day
4.	Pruning after 5 years (in future), one month	Végétale	spring/ once every five years

4.7 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Soil loosening	Persons/day	9,375	12,4	116,25	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Looking after orchard	days	365,0			100,0
Main d'œuvre	Pruning after 5 years	Persons/day	25,0	12,4	310,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Harvesting/Cutting Alfalfa	Persons/day	192,0	12,4	2380,8	100,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					2807,05

Commentaires:

2.5.4.2 Harvesting and cutting labour input is estimated proportinally to the expected yield. The first cut has a max. yield, the second yield amounts up to 70%, the third some 50% of the initial yield. Labour input for harvest might be to high as it was not indicated by hours, but by days. The farmer paid only a part of the initial costs, which amount some 37% of the total costs.

4.8 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

Fencing is very expensive due to high material costs. It is a very laborious and time consuming work.

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la topographie:

Landforms hill slopes: Nut and fruit orchard right above the crop

Landforms foot slopes: Plateau

Slopes on average: 12-16%

5.3 Sols

Si disponible, joignez une description complète du sol ou précisez les informations disponibles, par ex., type de sol, pH/ acidité du sol, capacité d'échange cationique, azote, salinité, etc.

Soil fertility: High

Soil drainage / infiltration: Medium

Soil water storage capacity: High

5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la qualité et la quantité d'eau:

Availability of surface water medium: Winter and spring season with frequent rainfalls (700mm)

Availability of surface water poor/none: no rainfall from July to August

5.5 Biodiversité

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Population density: 100-200 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 1% - 2%

Level of mechanization manual labour: Everything except plowing

Level of mechanization mechanised: Plowing

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres détenues ou louées par les exploitants appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• état

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• loué

Droits d’utilisation de l’eau:

• communautaire (organisé)

Commentaires:

Land ownership is based on the land user certificate conferred by the government.

5.9 Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

Revenus et coûts

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Cycle de l'eau/ ruissellement

Sols

Biodiversité: végétale, animale

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Changements climatiques progressifs

Changements climatiques progressifs

	Saison	Type de changements/ extrêmes climatiques	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
températures annuelles		augmente	pas connu

Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)

Catastrophes météorologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
pluie torrentielle locale	bien
tempête de vent locale	pas connu

Catastrophes climatiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
sécheresse	bien

Catastrophes hydrologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
inondation générale (rivière)	pas bien

Autres conséquences liées au climat

Autres conséquences liées au climat

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
réduction de la période de croissance	pas bien

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Commentaires:

Alfalfa seeds are more expensive than other seeds (e.g. wheat) and in the first year just one cut can be done. In the second year already several cuts are possible and assure a high yield. It is expensive to establish an orchard and in the first 5 years there is no harvest.

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

• cas isolés/ expérimentaux

Parmi tous ceux qui ont adopté la Technologie, combien d'entre eux l'ont fait spontanément, à savoir sans recevoir aucune incitation matérielle ou aucun paiement?

• 0-10%

Commentaires:

1 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

1 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: Neighboring farmer adopted Technology on one of his plots (even though less technical), other is interested.

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
After one time sowing, several cuts are possible from the second year on. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Spread the experience of the farmer.
Perennial crops are beneficial to soil and increases the income of the farmer. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Spread technology through demonstrations, work shops etc.

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
Alfalfa gives good yield and is a good conservation measure for soil and water. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Workshops or institutional incentives for farmers to promote perennial crops.

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
First year might result in more input than output because just one cut is possible and an orchard must grow at least 5 years to give fruits.	Raise awareness about long-term benefits or give incentives in the establishment phase.