1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Quand les données ont-elles été compilées (sur le terrain)?

02/11/2012

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

The technology is a combination of agricultural (e.g. intercropping, manure/compost/mulching), vegetative (e.g. Napier grass strips, trees planting) and structural (e.g. ditches) measures which aim to maximise the overall land yield in a sustainable manner (e.g. reducing soil erosion and increasing soil quality).

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

The Agroforestry system combines trees plantation (Bananas, Grevillea and Avocados) for fruits and timber collection with cereal crop, maize (Zea mays). Indeed, in order to increase yields, strip intercropping is practiced: cereal crop (maize) is grown in association with pulse (food legumes): beans. Instead of using expensive commercial fertilizers, beans could facilitate maize growth due to the possible transfer of N during growth or after incorporation of the legume biomass, during the growth period of the cereal (Sangakkara et al., 2003). Furthermore, soil quality (e.g. soil structure) is improved because of the increased amount of humus and organic matter and a better soil cover helps in preventing splash erosion and increase soil moisture content and therefore fertility. Indeed, beans have a beneficial impact for weed control (probably due to the shadow effects) and soil moisture content (Worfswinkel, undated; Odhiambo and Ariga, 2001). Planting different crops helps to diversify production and family food supply. Concerning SWC, hillside ditches have been created at the top of each 'terrace' and trees are also planted nearby and Cassava (a drought resistant plant) at the bottom. Manure/compost and organic fertilizers are supplied regularly both on maize/grass (twice a year) and Bananas (once), as good soil management practice. A higher level of organic matter in the soil indicates reduced bulk density, improved soil structure, aeration and higher water holding capacity (Olabode et al., 2007), which altogether improve the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil (Haering and Evanylo, 2005). Bananas are planted in lines in the upper part of the land. The ditches, large 1m are excavated along the contour; they break slope into shorter segments 11 m long to intercept surface runoff. Ditches also help to prevent soil erosion and to avoid that nutrients and organic matter flow easily downwards into the river, instead they fall into the ditch. A live barrier of Napier grass is present above and below the edge of the five ditches, in two lines, to capture sediments and stabilize the structure, thus it is adequately protected. To conclude, a small area of the land is used to plant Napier grass only for fodder for grazing

Purpose of the Technology: Maize and beans are cultivated for home consumption while Avocados and Bananas are planted for economic (commercial) purposes. Fruits are sold out to the middle-men directly from the house (not at the market), to reduce costs (e.g. transport) and time. Avocados are sold at about 2.5/3 Ksh and Bananas at 200 Ksh. Grevillea trees are considered as saving, and sold out for timber production when the farmer is in need of cash, earning between 800 up to 1500 Ksh, depending on the size-lenght of the tree and the costs for cutting-transportation (e.g. machine operator). In general the selling of timber occurs per feet (running feet). ‘Whole” or standing tree is the preferred mode of selling trees from farms. Negotiation on sales is per tree ‘standing on farm’, with no processing or conversion. Buyers cut and cross cut, and carry timber from farms. Branches and slabs resulting from timber recoveries are left with the farmer depending on price negotiation; if the buyer carries these products then the price of the tree is adjusted upwards (Carsan and Holding , 2006; Holding et al., undated). Furthermore, the farmer underlined how 'bad prunings' at the top of the trees cause holes inside the trunks and thus a higher risk of fungi attacks and other diseases. The majority of the trees are planted along the boundaries of the land, for demarcation and only few are 'dispersed' on the cropland, to avoid excess of shadow to the cereal crop

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: High initial input to construct ditches and planting crop; manure also requires regular work: feeding cows and collect droppings and distribute them twice during the year, also over Napier grass. Dry planting is the preferred practice and the seeds are soaked the night before planting; this practice is advisable especially when the growing period is very short (Schmidt et al., 1983); organic fertilizers are applied over maize after 1 week and during the growing period (after about 18 days). Further maintenance is necessary after every rainy season to remove the sediments accumulated into the ditch and for pruning Grevillea, every three seasons. As mentioned above, pruning requires skills and knowledge to avoid plant diseases and labour is expensive because it is high risk work. The farmer trees plantation account for: 15 Avocados (from 4 seedlings), 100 Bananas (from cutting new suckers) and 50 Grevillea trees

Natural / human environment: The area is characterized by rolling-hilly slope and highly exposed to erosion and land degradation: planting trees protect the soil from nutrients leaching and create a litter which reduces evaporation during dry seasons. Concerning the variety of the trees, (e.g. Avocado) the farmer by grafting with better quality branches, improve the quality of the stock trees with certified variesties: out of 4 seedlings of Avocado (10 Ksh each), he has now 15 seedlings of the better (certified) variety called HASS, which performs well at 800-2100 m asl with well distributed annual rainfall of 1000-1200 mm (Youth Agro-environmental initiative website)

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

• il y a moins de 10 ans (récemment)

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• grâce à l'innovation d'exploitants des terres

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

Since the year 2000 the farmer adopted SWC practices in respond to the prolonged degraded situation of the land and its low yields.

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Commentaires:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Sheet erosion with consequent nutrient leaching which could drain into the river.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Loss of soil fertility.

Grazingland comments: Fig. 10 Annex 3

Plantation forestry: Yes

Type of grazing system comments: Fig. 10 Annex 3

3.3 Informations complémentaires sur l'utilisation des terres

Approvisionnement en eau des terres sur lesquelles est appliquée la Technologie:

• pluvial

Nombre de période de croissance par an: :

• 2

Précisez:

Longest growing period in days: 122Longest growing period from month to month: from about March to JuneSecond longest growing period in days: 61Second longest growing period from month to month: from about October to November

Densité d'élevage/ chargement (si pertinent):

< 1 LU/km2

3.5 Diffusion de la Technologie

Commentaires:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.008 m2.

GATWAMIKWA village

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main measures: vegetative measures, structural measures

Secondary measures: agronomic measures

Type of agronomic measures: mulching, legume inter-planting, manure / compost / residues

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -graded strips *³

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main causes of degradation: soil management (Poor soil management practices.), deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Poor vegetation cover, mainly herbaceous), disturbance of water cycle (infiltration / runoff) (Steep area (runoff)), Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (Especially during wet seasons: March-June and October-November), education, access to knowledge and support services (Limited knowledge and training on SWC practices), governance / institutional (Limited or not adequate support)

Secondary causes of degradation: other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (From gentle to hilly slope), land tenure (Previous poor management SWC measures, especially in the upper areas)

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• prévenir la dégradation des terres
• réduire la dégradation des terres

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

4.2 Spécification/ explications techniques du dessin technique

Agroforestry system, which covers an area of 2 acre. The plot is bordered by Euphorbia tirucalli (Kariaria, milk bush) and Grevillea trees. The ditches are characterized by barriers of Napier grass. Intercropping of maize and beans: the distance from one line of maize and the other is of 1m.

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, reduction of slope angle, reduction of slope length, improvement of ground cover, increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil, water harvesting / increase water supply, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting

Secondary technical functions: improvement of topsoil structure (compaction), stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), improvement of water quality, buffering / filtering water, increase of biomass (quantity)

Mulching
Material/ species: Organic residues around Banana trees
Quantity/ density: undefined

Legume inter-planting
Quantity/ density: 4 kg

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: Leftovers and manure from two cows
Quantity/ density: 8 tonnes
Remarks: (for 1 year). The mix of organic material is left decomposed in a big hole.

Agronomic measure: organic fertilizers
Material/ species: Acid humic and N, P, K, microelements (Biodeposit Elixir: small bags (sachets) of 12 ml)
Remarks: 5 bags (1×12 litre), applied only on maize

Aligned: -graded strips
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, F : fruit trees / shrubs, G : grass
Number of plants per (ha): 100 a strip
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): few cm
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.25
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 1

Trees/ shrubs species: Grevillea (Grevillea robusta)

Fruit trees / shrubs species: Avocados (Persea americana- Mũkorobia), Bananas (Musa sapientum- Irigũ)

Grass species: Pennisetum pyramidalis (Napier grass or elephant grass)

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 10%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 15%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 5-8%

Diversion ditch/ drainage
Spacing between structures (m): 1
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 40/50
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.6/1

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 5-8%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 15-20%

4.3 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

autre/ monnaie nationale (précisez):

Kenyan Schellings

Indiquer le taux de change du dollars en monnaie locale (si pertinent): 1 USD= :

85,9

4.4 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier
1.	Digging holes (1 feet ×1 feet) and planting trees (e.g. Grevillea trees along the boundaries and in line below the bunds of the ditches)	Végétale	March (before rains), 1 year
2.	Establishment of the ditches(digging ditch and creating soil bunds donward) and terracing. For 1 (in tot. are 5) : 2 p.d. * 1 day at 200 Ksh a day each.	Structurel	2 times per year

4.5 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	labour		1,0	7,0	7,0	100,0
Equipements	Machine to grill/mill maize leftovers (chap cutter)		1,0	1164,0	1164,0	100,0
Equipements	Generator		1,0	582,0	582,0	100,0
Autre	cows 2		1,0	349,0	349,0	100,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					2102,0

Commentaires:

Duration of establishment phase: 6 month(s)

4.6 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	Prepare and apply fertilizers (organic) (See Annex 3, Fig. 9&comments)	Agronomique	Ferlizer application: after 1 week and 18 days, on maize only
2.	Prepare manure+compost/mulch (Summary 2.1.2 QT4): Labour (to grill/mill leftovers - 300 Ksh for fuel- leftovers to prepare food for cows-3 person days) rest, the farmer by himself feed cows on daily basis (3 times in a day). Fuel: 1litre×1 day (×3 days)	Agronomique	compost/manure: 2 times/year in the field+grass; once on Bananas (where also added mulch)
3.	Harvesting maize/beans (around Feb/March and Ag/Sept)	Agronomique	2 times
4.	Apply manure, mulch and compost (during March/April-long rains+Sept) just before the rains, when nutrients infiltrate into the soil with rainwater) (Summary 2.1.2 QT4)	Agronomique	Compost/manure: 2 times/year in the field+grass; once on Bananas (where also added mulch)
5.	Tilling-soil (digging holes to plant maize/beans: 7 inches deep (17cm), spaced 1 feet (0.30 m) in contours: dry planting (before rains starts)	Agronomique	Twice a year, before rainy season (around March/Sept)
6.	Digging planting holes and planting grass (2 persons × 3 days: 200 Ksh)	Végétale	Every season (March/April and Sept/Oct)
7.	Maintenance (weed control and cutting Napier grass and collecting fodder) (Fig. 11 Annex 3)	Végétale	Every season (March/Sept); cutting Napier: 3/4 times in a season
8.	Pruning branches and let them dry for firewood	Végétale	Every 3 seasons (and when shortage of firewood)
9.	Clearing the tree for selling timber (the price depends also of the use of the chainsaw (or saw) or not	Végétale	When in need of cash (not regularly), not less than 5 years after planting
10.	Repairing the ditches and remove excess of soil/leaves accumulated during the rainy season	Structurel	After rains (every season)

4.7 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Labour		1,0	183,0	183,0
Equipements	fuel		1,0	7,0	7,0
Matériel végétal	seeds		1,0	39,0	39,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	fertilizer		1,0	23,0	23,0	100,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					252,0

Commentaires:

Machinery/ tools: the farmer prefers to use fork djembe then just the normal djembe (because it removes better the soil); panga and hoes., shovel, fork djembe, panga, saw, shovels, fork djembe

The costs has been computed during the period of the field visit and it include all the costs for the different structures: agronomic, vegetative and structural measures for 2 acre of land and summarized for 1 year period.

4.8 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

The main environmental constrain is water, in particular during dry season; An important cost is labour required to maintain all the SWC measures.

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

5.3 Sols

5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

5.5 Biodiversité

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

Off-farm income specification: The farmer is rich because he owns 3 acre of land and livestock, assets (electricity) which are above the average standards of the community. The farmer is retired from an accountancy service position several years ago.

Market orientation of production system: subsistence (self-supply), subsistence (self-supply), commercial/ market

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres détenues ou louées par les exploitants appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• individu, avec titre de propriété

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• individuel

Droits d’utilisation de l’eau:

• accès libre (non organisé)

Commentaires:

Water use rights depend on the use: open access for drinking and domestic uses.

5.9 Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Revenus et coûts

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Cycle de l'eau/ ruissellement

Sols

Biodiversité: végétale, animale

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Changements climatiques progressifs

Changements climatiques progressifs

	Saison	Type de changements/ extrêmes climatiques	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
températures annuelles		augmente	pas connu

Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)

Catastrophes météorologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
pluie torrentielle locale	bien
tempête de vent locale	bien

Catastrophes climatiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
sécheresse	pas bien

Catastrophes hydrologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
inondation générale (rivière)	bien

Autres conséquences liées au climat

Autres conséquences liées au climat

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
réduction de la période de croissance	pas connu

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

Commentaires:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
Better yields thanks to the intercropping measures taken.

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
Intercropping is a commonly known practice which improves the overall conditions of the soil and provide better yields. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Besides 'companion planting' there are plants which can be grown as forerunner plants (Storey, 2002). Depending also on the type of soil, attention could be given to some sps. which accumulate concentration of e.g. mineral accumulators, phosporus, potassium, calcium, silica and sulphur . Another way to perhaps enhance the yields is relay intercropping. It is undersowing the next crop into the present crop, so that the present crop is a nurse crop and time and water is saved in the establishment of the following crop (Storey, 2002) Green manure as a way to add organic nutrients and combine more than one green manure and rotate, both legume (e.g. cowpeas, soybeans, annual sweet clover, vetch, sesbania, and velvet beans ) and not legume (e.g. sudangrass, millet, sorghum, and buckwheat).
Agroforestry (Dispersed trees on cropland): The technology is simple to adopt and improves a sustainable land management as well as diversification of income sources and food supply. How can they be sustained / enhanced? It could be implemented by increasing the number of trees planted (e.g. along the boundaries) and with sps. characterised by deeper root systems, to avoid further water competition. More Avocadoe trees could increase the opportunities for the farmer to be part of a CBO (Community Based Organization) addressed to marketing of Avocadoes for oil production. This could help the farmer to earn more money and invest more in SWC implementation and new methods, in the long run. The option of alley cropping (hedgerow Intercropping) with leguminous plants e.g. Sesbanian sesban (Ramachandran Nair-ICRAF, 1993) could be considered as another option.
Napier grass has very good properties in holding soil; also for ditch stabilization and fodder production How can they be sustained / enhanced? Other herbaceous vegetation could be also planted in the field: e.g. Tithonia diversifolia (Mexican sunflower), an excellent (high quality-N, P, K concentration) green manure /nutrient release and medicinal plant, or could be also used as a major component of compost manure. It is an annual weed that can be used for several purposes: fodders, poultry feed, fuel, compost, land demarcation, soil erosion, building materials, shelter for poultry. It is characterized by adaptability to different environment, rapid growth, fast rate of decomposition. Nevertheless, there is the need to ascertain the extent to which this weed sps. could be used for soil improvement and to determine the best mode of application of the weed sps., (Olabode et al., 2007, Olubukola et al., 2013) and the fact that is a invasive weed (with an aggressive growth) it requires a good knowledge in the land management and weed control.
The attention to certified varieties give also more value to the production itself and at market level: an increase of the bargaining power creates more opportunities for better income and chances to explore new and bigger markets, (e.g. Avocados for oil production ).

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
The technologies in place require maintenance and monitoring, especially during rainy seasons	Eventually subsides or be part of a CBO's (Community Based Organizations) or SHG (Self Help Groups); Still the measures already in place could be improved: diversification of trees (e.g. indigenous) and trainings (e.g. pruning etc) could help the farmer in avoiding tree diseases and allocate more efficiently resources.
The amount of work required to carry out all the activities is too much.

7.2 Références des publications disponibles

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Holding C., Carsan S., Njuguna P., 2004. Smallholder Timber Marketing: A Kenyan Experience. FAO/ICRAF/GoK multi-stakeholder programme. International Workshop on small holder timber production.

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Odhiambo G.D. and Ariga E. S., 2001. Effect of intercropping maize and beans on Striga incidence and grain yield. Seventh Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Maize Conference. 11th -15 th February, 2001. pp. 183-186.

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Olabode O.S., Sola O., Akanbi W.B., Adesina G.O., Babajide P.A., 2007. Evaluation of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A Gray for Soil Improvement. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences 3 (4): 503-507.

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

http://www.idosi.org/wjas/wjas3(4)/15.pdf

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Olubukola S. A., Aderemi Ojo Ezekiel-Adewoyin O., Dorcas Tinuke D., Akintoye Henry, 2010. Comparing the use of Tithonia diversifolia and Compost as soil amendments for growth and yield of Celosia argentea. New York Science Journal 3 (6).

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork/ny0306/20_2680_ny0306_133_138.pdf

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Ramachandran Nair P. K., 1993. An Introduction to Agroforestry- ICRAF.

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

http://www.worldagroforestry.org/units/library/books/PDFs/32_An_introduction_to_agroforestry.pdf?n=161

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Sanchez M. A., 2012. Food vs wood: dynamic choices for Kenyan smallholders. A plan B research paper. Master of Science. Michigan State University.

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/134024/2/PeraltaSanchezPlanB.pdf

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Sangakkara U.R., Richner W., Schneider M. K., Stamp P., 2003. Impact of intercropping beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and sunhemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) on growth yields and Nitrogen uptake of maize (Zea mays L.) grown in the humid tropics during the minor rainy season. Maydica 48: 233-238

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

http://www.maydica.org/articles/48_233.pdf

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Schmidt H., Swoboda R., Ralph Jätzold R., 1983. Farm Management Handbook of Kenya. Natural Conditions and Farm Management Information. Vol. 2.Part B: Central Kenya

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

http://www2.gtz.de/dokumente/bib/07-1284.pdf

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Smith D. M., Jackson N. A., Roberts J.M. and Ong C.K., 1999. Root distributions in a Grevillea robusta-maize agroforestry system in semi-arid Kenya. Plant and Soil 211: 191–205, 1999.

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Storey P. J., 2002. The conservation and improvement of sloping land. Volume 1: Practical understanding. Chapter 5: Improving the soil management.

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Worfswinkel van M., undated. Intercropping of Annual Foodcrops, Agrobrief (Agromisa), N.4

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

http://www.allindiary.org/pool/resources/intercropping.pdf

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Carsan S., Holding C., 2006. Growing farm timber: practices, market and policies. The Meru timber marketing pilot programme case studies and reviews. World Agroforestry Centre.

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

http://www.worldagroforestry.org/downloads/publications/PDFs/b14639.pdf

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Chia-Chun Wu, 1998. Effective conservation practices for the cultivation of slopelands, Extension Bulletin (ASPAC/FFTC), No. 449, 7 p.

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

http://www.fao.org/prods/gap/database/gap/files/1272_CONSERVATION_ON_SLOPES.PDF

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Crozier C., 1986. Soil Conservation Techniques for Hillside Farms. A Guide for Peace Corps Volunteers. Appropriate Technologies for Development. Peace Corps Information Collection & Exchange Reprint Series No. R-62. Peace Corps Institution.

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

(The Humanity Development Library website: http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?a=p&p=home&l=en&w=utf-8)

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

CSIRO (Baldock J.) Soil carbon: the basics. website (http://www.csiro.au/en/Outcomes/Environment/Australian-Landscapes/soil-carbon.aspx) . Also in: Carbon Farming Fact Sheet: Store carbon for healthy soils and better yields.

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

http://www.grdc.com.au/uploads/documents/GRDC_CarbonFarming_4pp.pdf

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Elemans A., 2011. Thesis report (unpublished): Green water credits program in Saba Saba sub-catchment in the Upper Tana, Kenya.

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Gutteridge R. C. and Sheltong H. M., 1998.eridge R. C. and Shelton H. M., 1998. Forage tree legumes in tropical agriculture. (http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/PUBLICAT/Gutt-shel/x5556e00.htm Chapter 5.2

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Publicat/Gutt-shel/x5556e0q.htm

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

HDRA , undated. Agroforestry in the Tropics.

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

http://www.thenrgroup.net/member/MRO/AER/AER-560.htm

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Haering, K., Evanylo G., 2005. Composting and Compost Use for Water Quality. In Composting resource directory. Mid-Atlantic Reg. Water Program.

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

http://infohouse.p2ric.org/ref/41/40137.pdf

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Holding C., Carsan S., Njuguna P., undated. Smallholder timber and firewood marketing in the coffee and cotton/tobacco zones of eastern Mount Kenya. In: Small-scale forestry and rural development: The intersection of ecosystems, economics and society.

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

http://www.coford.ie/media/coford/content/publications/projectreports/small-scaleforestryconference/Holding.pdf