1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

CARITAS (Switzerland) - Suisse

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

CDE Centre for Development and Environment (CDE Centre for Development and Environment) - Suisse

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Quand les données ont-elles été compilées (sur le terrain)?

11/09/2012

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

Crop rotation with current Esparcet production

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

An Esparcet plot of one hectare is located on a hillslope in the Chukurak watershed. The owner lives in the valley far away from the plot. During the harvest, he is staying in the hills a whole week, because a daily journey to his house would take too much time. For the last three years, the farmer is cultivating Esparcet with the main aim to feed his cows. In two years, he will switch to a wheat or chickpea plot. In total, the farmer owns19 hectares of cropland, out of which the Esparcet plot accounts for 20% of his income. Next to the Esparcet plot, other farmers cultivate wheat and chickpea. In contrast to Esparcet, those plots must be protected from boars. Even though irrigation is impossible and the water point is situated far away, Esparcet grows very well because of the straight and spread-out roots. Esparcet is beneficial for the state of soil fertility and soil stabilization. Their seeds are more expensive than wheat seeds, but also result in a higher harvest. Esparcet can be harvested up to three times a year depending on water availability.

Purpose of the Technology: The main purpose of Esparcet cultivation is fodder production for the cows. The farmer owns other plots where he cultivates wheat. Moreover, it’s a good location for an Esparcet plot: Even though water is not available Esparcet maintains the soil moisture and nutrients while reducing soil erosion. Thanks to the crop rotation, the soil is in a healthy state. Yield quantity and quality are very satisfying for the farmer.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The farmer stresses that good knowledge is needed to know where, what and how to cultivate. He learned from other farmers. Before establishing the perennial crop, he first planted a nurse crop of fodder grain in spring. Nurse crops strengthen soil stability while minimizing weed and overly sunlight. Plowing, sowing and cutting are initial as well as recurrent activities. No fertilizer and no plot guarding are needed. Initial costs when growing Esparcet are higher than for wheat, because Esparcet seeds are more expensive. Additionally, seeds of the nurse crop are needed.
Not to neglect is the long way from the farmers’ house to the plot which takes time and fuel, but the farmers of that hillslope often give a lift to each other. Also during harvest the neighboring farmers are helping out.

Natural / human environment: The plot on the hillslope is located far away from the farmer’s’ village Sarmaydon 2. It’s situated at around 2000m asl below the hill peaks, where boars are entering. On three sides, the plot is delimited naturally by incised riverbeds which make accessibility more difficult. Due to the high altitude, there are low temperatures and high moisture. Above the Esparcet cultivation, wheat and chickpea plots are cultivated leading to off-site effects on the Esparcet plot. In the Esparcet plot, a deep rill developed originating from the wheat plot situated upslope.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

• il y a moins de 10 ans (récemment)

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• grâce à l'innovation d'exploitants des terres

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• améliorer la production

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Commentaires:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): The Esparcet plot is quite beneficial for soil and water properties. It is hence a good initial cultivation for future crop types. Soil stability is crucial as the plot is delimited by a riverbed on both sides. A wheat plot is located just above the Esparcet production. A rill developed in the upper plot, so that off-site effects like rill formation and sediment deposition are affecting the Esparcet plot.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Esparcet is maintaining soil stability and moisture which prevents major degradation. Several km2 got affected by washed soil form the upper part. No irrigation is possible.

3.3 Informations complémentaires sur l'utilisation des terres

Approvisionnement en eau des terres sur lesquelles est appliquée la Technologie:

• pluvial

Nombre de période de croissance par an: :

• 1

Précisez:

Longest growing period in days: 160Longest growing period from month to month: April-Sept

3.4 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• pastoralisme et gestion des pâturages
• amélioration des variétés végétales, des races animales

3.5 Diffusion de la Technologie

Spécifiez la diffusion de la Technologie:

• répartie uniformément sur une zone

Si la Technologie est uniformément répartie sur une zone, indiquez la superficie couverte approximative:

• < 0,1 km2 (10 ha)

Commentaires:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.01 m2.

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main measures: agronomic measures

Type of agronomic measures: rotations / fallows

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Wo: offsite degradation effects

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Pc: compaction

Main causes of degradation: crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub), inputs and infrastructure: (roads, markets, distribution of water points, other, …) (Bad accessibility to settlement, market etc. Water point is far away)

Secondary causes of degradation: soil management

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• prévenir la dégradation des terres

Commentaires:

Main goals: prevention of land degradation

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

4.2 Spécification/ explications techniques du dessin technique

The Esparcet plot is located on a hillslope and is laterally delimited by embankments. The density of the vegetation cover varies within the plot. A rill building was observed in the upper part of the plot, originating in the wheat cultivation with very low vegetation cover located upslope.

Location: Chukurak watershed. Muminabad, Khatlon, Tajikistan

Date: 14.02.2013

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low (Basic agricultural knowledge is required. If technical knowledge about cultivation is available Esparcet cropping is not especially challenging. Nurse crop may be possibly applied.)

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap, control of concentrated runoff: impede / retard, control of concentrated runoff: drain / divert, improvement of ground cover, improvement of topsoil structure (compaction), stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), increase / maintain water stored in soil

Secondary technical functions: increase of surface roughness, improvement of surface structure (crusting, sealing), improvement of subsoil structure (hardpan), increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), increase of infiltration, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting

Rotations / fallows
Material/ species: Esparcet
Quantity/ density: 3.75t/ha
Remarks: with fodder grain as nurse crop

4.3 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

Indiquez la monnaie utilisée pour le calcul des coûts:

• dollars US

4.4 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier
1.	Plowing- lab. light: 1.5 hours, 1 person	Agronomique
2.	Plowing - tractor rent	Agronomique
3.	Plowing - petrol	Agronomique
4.	Fodder grain seeds	Agronomique
5.	Esparcet seeds	Agronomique
6.	Sowing Grain and Esparcet - lab.light: 1.5 hours, 1 person	Agronomique

4.5 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Plowing	Person/day	0,2	15,5	3,1	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Sowing	Esparcet seeds	0,2	15,5	3,1	100,0
Equipements	Tractor rent	hours	3,0	6,9	20,7	100,0
Equipements	Petrol for plowing	litres	40,0	1,14	45,6	100,0
Matériel végétal	Fodder Grain seeds	kg	70,0	0,414285	29,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	Esparcet seeds	kg	20,0	6,21	124,2	100,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					225,7

Commentaires:

Duration of establishment phase: 0.033 month(s)

4.6 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	Cutting Esparcet	Agronomique	2 times a year (1. cut and 2. cut)

4.7 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Cutting Esparcet	Person/day	94,5	12,43	1174,63	100,0
Main d'œuvre	machine use to cut	hours	2,0	31,1	62,2	100,0
Equipements	Petrol	litres	40,0	1,14	45,6	100,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					1282,43

Commentaires:

Second labor input for harvesting Esparcet was calculated proportionally to the yield: 100% first harvest and 50% for second harvest.

4.8 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

The most determinate factor is theoretically the cost to harvest the Esparcet. Labour input is not based on money, but on mutual support among the farmers. So the farmer will have to work on plots of other farmers to compensate the support he gets. Besides, seeds and tractor renting are the most expensive aspects of Esparcet cultivation.

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la topographie:

Altitudinal zone is just around 2000m a.s.l. and might belong already to upper part of Watershed system

Slopes on average are 17-25%

5.3 Sols

Si disponible, joignez une description complète du sol ou précisez les informations disponibles, par ex., type de sol, pH/ acidité du sol, capacité d'échange cationique, azote, salinité, etc.

Soil fertility is medium

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium

Soil water storage capacity is high

5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la qualité et la quantité d'eau:

Availability of surface water (medium): Autumn - spring

Availability of surface water (poor/none): July - September

5.5 Biodiversité

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Population density: 100-200 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 1% - 2%

Off-farm income specification: 20% of income of the lucerne plot, rest from other cropland of totally 19 ha and 5 ha of pasture

Level of mechanization: Mechanized/motorized mostly for plowing and harvesting, whereby sowing is manual work.

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres détenues ou louées par les exploitants appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• état

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• loué

Droits d’utilisation de l’eau:

• communautaire (organisé)

Commentaires:

Land ownership is based on the land user certificate conferred by the government

5.9 Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Revenus et coûts

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Cycle de l'eau/ ruissellement

Sols

Biodiversité: végétale, animale

Autres impacts écologiques

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Changements climatiques progressifs

Changements climatiques progressifs

	Saison	Type de changements/ extrêmes climatiques	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
températures annuelles		augmente	bien

Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)

Catastrophes météorologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
pluie torrentielle locale	pas bien
tempête de vent locale	pas connu

Catastrophes climatiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
sécheresse	bien

Catastrophes hydrologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
inondation générale (rivière)	pas connu

Autres conséquences liées au climat

Autres conséquences liées au climat

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
réduction de la période de croissance	pas connu

Commentaires:

High vegetation cover, improvement through more uniform sowing. Sowing manually causes an irregular soil cover and might be less tolerant to heavy rainfalls and drought.

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Commentaires:

Yield is lower in the first year of the establishment but more cuts are possible in the next years. In the longer term, it is more beneficial for soil properties: Good soil nutrient and soil moisture availability, soil stabilization and reduced soil erosion and off-site effects.

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

• cas isolés/ expérimentaux

Si disponible, quantifiez (nombre de ménages et/ou superficie couverte):

1 Household

Parmi tous ceux qui ont adopté la Technologie, combien d'entre eux l'ont fait spontanément, à savoir sans recevoir aucune incitation matérielle ou aucun paiement?

• 90-100%

Commentaires:

1 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: There is no other perennial crop in the Chukurak watershed, but neighbors of the farmer with the Esparcet plot may change in future into Esparcet production for rotation.

There is no trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: No adoption is done, but farmers might think about it.

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
Good yield, if you sell it you can buy comparatively a good quantity of wheat
Guaranteed fodder availability for livestock

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
Several harvests per year (up to three harvests) possible especially in the hills where precipitation is high
Esparcet has many beneficial on- and off-site effects concerning soil quality, reduced soil erosion etc. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Knowledge transfer to other farmers
Moderate work load (no guarding of the plot from boar) How can they be sustained / enhanced? Promote perennial crops among local farmers

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
First year only one cut is possible, and thus the farmer has to accept a lower yield compared to the cultivation of wheat

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Farmers need to cultivate food crops. A small scale farmer would only produce Esparcet if he already has a wheat crop somewhere, even if the latter is less profitable	Knowledge transfer