1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du projet qui a facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

The Transboundary Agro-ecosystem Management Project for the Kagera River Basin (GEF-FAO / Kagera TAMP )

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) - Italie

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Quand les données ont-elles été compilées (sur le terrain)?

05/12/2013

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

1.5 Référence au(x) questionnaire(s) sur les Approches de GDT

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

Ficus natalensis based agroforestry system protects crops on windy hill slopes facing Lake Victoria and reduce runoff towards the meandering Kagera River Valley.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

Ficus natalensis is traditionally scattered in crop fields as a land management practice in central and south-western Uganda. The improved technology designed through community participation involves planting lines of Ficus natalensis along the contour at an interval that enables the tree to provide shade to young crops without depriving them of sunshine. When planted together with coffee trees or in banana plantations, the tall Ficus tree forms the top storey that protects the crop from the hot sun.

Purpose of the Technology: The main purpose of Ficus based agroforestry is to protect the soil from erosion. Within 3 to 5 years the Ficus tree forms a deep root system that stabilizes the soil. In addition, it drops leaves which quickly decay to provide both soil cover and manure thereby increasing the fertility of the soil. The trees provide firewood, fodder for livestock and bark cloth which can be used domestically or sold to supplement household income. They also act as wind breaks.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Ficus Natalensis is propagated using cuttings from young branches which are planted vertically 6 m apart along a contour. Propagation material is readily available and cheap, making the technology inexpensive to establish. Any annual or perennial crop can be inter-cropped with Ficus spp. provided the tree canopy is managed well. The tree is quite robust and can attain heights of over 20m, with a very extensive canopy if left to grow. Pruning raises its canopy to the desired height above the ground. In its early stages, fencing is required to protect the tree from damage by livestock. Within 12 to 18 months, however, the tree is established enough to withstand browsing. Only simple tools like hoes and garden forks for digging holes/pits are essential for establishment of the technology. The implementation of the technology on steep slopes (> 50%) is not possible without other supportive SLM interventions, in Rakai these include construction of stone lines and mulch application.

Natural / human environment: The pruned branches of Ficus natalensis are used as fuel wood when dry. Therefore scarcity of fuel wood may lead to over-harvesting of branches and destroying the canopy. Nonetheless, the tree regenerates quickly with the coming of the rains. Ficus tree can live for a hundred years.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

• il y a moins de 10 ans (récemment)

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• par le biais de projets/ d'interventions extérieures

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

Agroforestry is a traditional practice but was reintroduced in a better structured, systematic form by organizations like VI-Agroforestry and Kagera TAMP.

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• réduire, prévenir, restaurer les terres dégradées
• créer un impact économique positif

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Commentaires:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Severe deforestation as trees were cut down for firewood, charcoal, timber and for agricultural use;
Overgrazing

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Prolonged dry weather, destructive rainstorms and declining soil fertility

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: Agro-forestry is used in combination with banana and coffee growing.

3.3 Informations complémentaires sur l'utilisation des terres

Approvisionnement en eau des terres sur lesquelles est appliquée la Technologie:

• pluvial

Nombre de période de croissance par an: :

• 2

Précisez:

Longest growing period in days: 120 Longest growing period from month to month: February to May Second longest growing period in days: 120 Second longest growing period from month to month: September to December

3.4 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• agroforesterie

3.5 Diffusion de la Technologie

Commentaires:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.06 m2.

The technology is becoming dominant in Kijonjo parish and other parts of Rakai district especially due to climatic changes that have led to shorter rainy seasons. However, farmers also recognize its potential for soil conservation.

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main measures: vegetative measures

Specification of other agronomic measures: mulching (supp.

Specification of other structural measures: stone lines (supp.

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -contour

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Bc: reduction of vegetation cover, Bq: quantity / biomass decline

Main causes of degradation: soil management (Lack of conservation measures), crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (Over cultivation), deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Cutting trees for timber and opening up more agricultural land), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (Cutting trees for fuel wood and charcoal), poverty / wealth, education, access to knowledge and support services

Secondary causes of degradation: other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (Steep and very steep slopes)

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• réduire la dégradation des terres

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

4.2 Spécification/ explications techniques du dessin technique

A diagram showing Ficus spp. trees planted to provide shade to coffee trees.

Location: Kijonjo B. village. Rakai

Date: 2013-12-05

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate (Knowledge of which trees will do well with the crops to be cultivated)

Technical knowledge required for land users: low (Land user dedication and a little guidance is enough for the implementation of the technology.)

Main technical functions: control of raindrop splash, control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, improvement of ground cover, stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), reduction in wind speed, spatial arrangement and diversification of land use

Secondary technical functions: increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting, increase of biomass (quantity)

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 250
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 20m
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 2m
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 2m
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 20m

Trees/ shrubs species: Ficus natalensis (also serves as perennial fodder), planted in the field using stem cuttings

Perennial crops species: Robusta coffee planted using seedlings bought from specialized nurseries

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 35%

4.3 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

autre/ monnaie nationale (précisez):

Ushs

Indiquer le taux de change du dollars en monnaie locale (si pertinent): 1 USD= :

2500,0

4.4 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier
1.	Sourcing planting materials	Végétale	Beginning of rains
2.	Making pits	Végétale	Beginning of rains
3.	Planting cuttings	Végétale	Wet season
4.	Spot weeding	Végétale	Wet season

4.5 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Sourcing planting materials	ha	1,0	30,0	30,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Making pits	ha	1,0	30,0	30,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Planting cuttings	ha	1,0	8,0	8,0
Main d'œuvre	Spot weeding	ha	1,0	8,0	8,0
Equipements	2 panga	ha	1,0	8,0	8,0	100,0
Equipements	2 hoes	ha	1,0	8,0	8,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	Cuttings (500 stern cuttings)	ha	1,0	30,0	30,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					122,0

Commentaires:

Duration of establishment phase: 2 month(s)

4.6 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	Spot weeding	Végétale	twice a year
2.	Pruning	Végétale	Wet season
3.	Removing and processing the bark into bark cloth	Végétale	Once in 2 years

4.7 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Spot weeding	ha	1,0	8,0	8,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Pruning	ha	1,0	8,0	8,0
Main d'œuvre	Removing and processing the bark into bark cloth	ha	1,0	14,0	14,0
Equipements	1 panga	ha	1,0	4,0	4,0	100,0
Equipements	1 hoe	ha	1,0	4,0	4,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					38,0

Commentaires:

Machinery/ tools: The technology only requires simple tools like hoes and pangas.

The costs were calculated for wind breaks and optimum canopy after establishment. Calculations were done in December 2013, considering activities of the previous (September-November) wet season.

4.8 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

The most important factor affecting cost is labor to transport the bulky stem cuttings to the site. However, Ficus Natalensis is easy to establish and is durable (over 100 years) depending on management. It is extremely hardy and when it grows to 50cm to 100cm stem diameter it can be used for timber or to make dugout canoes. Establishment costs are easily recovered.

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

Indiquez si la Technologie est spécifiquement appliquée dans des:

• situations convexes

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la topographie:

Altitudinal zone: 1001-1500 m a.s.l (1269-1310m a.s.l.)
Slopes on average: Steep (ranked 1, while technology is good for all kind of slope, the description given here is for a steep slope) and hilly (ranked 2)

5.3 Sols

Si disponible, joignez une description complète du sol ou précisez les informations disponibles, par ex., type de sol, pH/ acidité du sol, capacité d'échange cationique, azote, salinité, etc.

Soil depth on average: Shallow (ranked 1) and very shallow (ranked 2). The technology has also adopted to moderate to deep soils to support root development of trees.
Soil texture: Coarse/light (ranked 1, 70% of the soil in the area is sandy) and medium (ranked 2, 20% of the soil is loamy)
Soil fertility: Medium
Topsoil organic matter: Medium (the organic matter is medium but has improved with agroforestry)
Soil drainage/infiltration: Good (soils are manly sandy)
Soil water storage capacity: Low (soils are predominantly sandy)

5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la qualité et la quantité d'eau:

Ground water table: 5-50 m (The technology does best in soils with ground table of 5-50m to enable root developement)
Availability of surface water: Poor/none (ranked 1, there is no surface water in dry season) and medium (ranked 2, some, in the wet season)
Water quality (untreated): Poor drinking water (treatement required, from unprotected source in swamps)

5.5 Biodiversité

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la biodiversité:

While the surrounding valleys below are swampy and very rich in biodiversity, only a fraction remains at the slopes due to destruction of habitats.

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users
Difference in the involvement of women and men: n/a
Population density: 100-200 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 1% - 2%
21% of the land users are rich and own 57% of the land (Business men.).
63% of the land users are average wealthy and own 34% of the land (Teachers).
16% of the land users are poor and own 9% of the land (orphans and widows.).
Off-farm income specification: There is a difference in income levels between those who have implemented the technology and those who have not.
Level of mechanization: Manual work (only manual labour is used-casual labourers)
Market orientation: Subsistence (ranked 1, most produce is for home consumption only surplus is sold) and mixed (ranked 2)

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres détenues ou louées par les exploitants appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• individu, sans titre de propriété
• individu, avec titre de propriété

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• individuel

Droits d’utilisation de l’eau:

• accès libre (non organisé)

Commentaires:

Most land users have access to untittled land and have open access to water.

5.9 Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Revenus et coûts

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Cycle de l'eau/ ruissellement

Sols

Biodiversité: végétale, animale

Réduction des risques de catastrophe et des risques climatiques

Autres impacts écologiques

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Changements climatiques progressifs

Changements climatiques progressifs

	Saison	Type de changements/ extrêmes climatiques	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
températures annuelles		augmente	bien

Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)

Catastrophes météorologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
pluie torrentielle locale	pas connu
tempête de vent locale	bien

Catastrophes climatiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
sécheresse	bien

Catastrophes hydrologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
inondation générale (rivière)	pas connu

Autres conséquences liées au climat

Autres conséquences liées au climat

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
réduction de la période de croissance	bien

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Commentaires:

The costs for both establishment and maintenance are a small fraction of the benefits accruing from the technology.

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

Si disponible, quantifiez (nombre de ménages et/ou superficie couverte):

8

Parmi tous ceux qui ont adopté la Technologie, combien d'entre eux l'ont fait spontanément, à savoir sans recevoir aucune incitation matérielle ou aucun paiement?

• 90-100%

Commentaires:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

8 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: There is spontaneous adoption of the technology as it builds on traditional farming practices in the area.

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: High demand for shade-grown coffee and bananas in addition to the highly valued bark cloth used in art and crafts has increased farmer appreciation.

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
Ficus is used to provide backcloth that is sold for the making of Art and crafts and for cultural functions. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Management to accelerate healing of the bark within a shorter period should be investigated
Trees shield crops from dangerous storms /rains and intense sunshine. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Encourage the spread of the canopy
Ficus is good and attractive to birds and insects How can they be sustained / enhanced? Provision of material support in form of seedlings, farm tools for accelerated multiplication
Ficus natalensis leaves are cut and fed to livestock like goats. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Encourage indeginous trees and growing fodder crops such as calliandra and nappier grass

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
Demand for wood fuel is high How can they be sustained / enhanced? Local bye laws should be enacted to control deforestation and encourage tree growing
It improves soil fertility-Ficus natalensis sheds leaves once every year, adding to soil humus. How can they be sustained / enhanced? More guidance should be given to the farmers for sustained spontaneous adoption of the technology
It checks the speed of wind thereby protecting crops. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Other agricultural, ecological and social benefits could be explored in this scenic area facing the Kagera River where it enters Lake Victoria
Stakes made from the Ficus branches can be used to grow climbing plants eg. passion fruits, yams as well as climbing beans How can they be sustained / enhanced? More tree planting should be encouraged
Prevents soil erosion by checking raindrop splash, speed and amount of surface runoff and stabilizes the soil. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Because the ficus tree takes time to establish, other technologies such as trenches and grass strips could be used to reinforce it

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
The trees can hinder crops from light if canopy is dense	Prune periodically to enable other crops access to light
Some trees can fall especially during heavy and stormy rains, damaging plants and animals.	cutting excessive branches to reduce the load borne by trees.
Trees can attract lightening ,which destroys plants and animals.	Avoid putting animals under tall trees.

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Some tree species especially with short roots , compete with crops for nutrients.	Planting tree species with deep roots to avoid competition for nutrients.
It is a home for weaver birds and caterpillars.	Use scarecrows and biological control.

7.2 Références des publications disponibles

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Kagera TAMP project website

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

http://www.fao.org/nr/kagera/en/