1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Ngara District Council (Ngara District Council) - Tanzanie

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

This is a practice of fish farming whereby farmers excavate ponds ,fill in fresh water,stock-in fish fingerings and manage them to mature or marketable size

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

Select a suitable area/site with permanent water source or alongside the flowing river/stream preferably with a clay soil and excavate a suitable sized pond(30mx20m)and a depth of 1,5-2m at the upper and lower side respectively. A crib of 4 m2 for application of manure is constructed using short tree poles at the shallow portion of the pond before filling in water and introducing fish fingerings

Purpose of the Technology: The crib provides an area where Farm yard manure or compost is put to decompose and thereby stimulate the growth of fish foods (phytoplanktons).

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: ESTABLISHMENT
-Selection of suitable area and pegging to required size/area
-Excavations to suitable depth
-Dig inlet canal from the water source through the shallow side and outlet canal from the deeper portion of the pond back to the main stream (Alternatively use small metal pipes,bamboo or plastic pipes for inlets and outlets)
-Compact the embankment and stabilize soil by planting suitable grass species such as vetiva spp etc
-Cut 2.5m long strong poles and construct a crib for manure application
-Spread manure at the bottom of the pond and wait for weeds growth (normally 2 weeks)
-Fill in water and stock in fingerings( 1 fingering per sq meter)
-Protect the pond by fencing preferably planting around live fence trees such as Dovyalis caffra,Pthecelobium dulce etc
MAINTANANCE
-Regular cleaning of the pond,and weeding the sorounding environment
-Feeeding with extra foods such as rice/maize brun,rice husks,chopped vegetables,pumpkins and potatoes etc
-Weekly application of farm yard manure or compost(1 tin 15-20 kg) by putting and tying by hanging a sac full in a crib.
-Shaking once daily the hanging sac while in water to release nutrients

Natural / human environment: The pond site should be easily accesible and where possible near homesteads for security purpose
-Harvesting may done by draining the water from the pond, using a seine net,and catch the desired size of fish while returning the young fish to continue growing
In good pond management/feeding farmers are able to harvest every after six months

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

• il y a entre 10-50 ans

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• par le biais de projets/ d'interventions extérieures

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

fish farming in Ngara has been supported since the 1980s by UNICEF,DRDPS and recently by DANIDA through NGOs(REDESO and TCRS)

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• améliorer la production
• créer un impact économique positif

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Commentaires:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): -less utilisation of wetlands resources to contribute in improving (livelihood) nutrition and groups/huosehold income
-some fish species (larvifish)may be stocked in ponds to feed on diseases vectors such as mosquitoe larva and reduce malaria incidences

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): To obtain fish for food and surplus harvest for income

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: farmers cultivate small plots of vegetables,sweet potatoes in valleys near fish ponds and chop them to supplement fish meals

3.3 Informations complémentaires sur l'utilisation des terres

Nombre de période de croissance par an: :

• 2

Précisez:

Longest growing period in days: 120; Longest growing period from month to month: October to January; Second longest growing period in days: 90; Second longest growing period from month to month: March to May

3.4 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• apiculture, aquaculture, élevage de volailles, de lapins, du ver à soie, etc.

3.5 Diffusion de la Technologie

Spécifiez la diffusion de la Technologie:

• répartie uniformément sur une zone

Si la Technologie est uniformément répartie sur une zone, indiquez la superficie couverte approximative:

• < 0,1 km2 (10 ha)

Commentaires:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.06 ha.

The group owns a fish pond of size 30mx20m in a wetland located in Kasulo village and is stocked with Tilapia spp fingerings

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

Commentaires:

Secondary measures: management measures

Specification of other agronomic measures: water storage for fish culture

Type of agronomic measures: manure / compost / residues

Type of vegetative measures: scattered / dispersed

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

Commentaires:

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Bh: loss of habitats

Main causes of degradation: other human induced causes (specify) (over exploitation of fish in natural water bodies)

Secondary causes of degradation: Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (Causing siltation,flooding of already constructed fish ponds), other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (blocking of water channels, ponds due to mud)

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• prévenir la dégradation des terres

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

4.2 Spécification/ explications techniques du dessin technique

Fish pond fertilization with manure using a crib

Location: yyy village. Ngara District Council/Tanzania

Date: 15 May 2012

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate (Once the fishpond is established,the extension kit requires regular monitoring for improvement of fish feeds and outbreak of diseases which are relatively few compared to other livestocks such as pok)

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate (Following the fish pond manual developed by the district is simple with regard to pond management and feeding regimes)

Main technical functions: increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…)

Secondary technical functions: increase in organic matter, promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: cowdung
Quantity/ density: 50 kgs
Remarks: applied in crib once weekly per pond

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: G : grass
Number of plants per (ha): 300
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): seedlings
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.1
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.1

Grass species: vetiva planted to stablise pond embarkments

Dam/ pan/ pond
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 1.5
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 20
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 30

Reshaping surface
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 2

Construction material (earth): The pond has the deeper side 1.5m and shallower side 1.0m,with the top earth compacted 2m wide

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

Change of land use practices / intensity level: Wetlands were marginally used only for dry season agriculture and some vegatable growing-now aquaculture intergration adding productive value to it

Control / change of species composition: Most farmers preferered Tilapia nilotica for stocking in fishponds,phytoplanktons growth promoted

4.3 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

Spécifiez la manière dont les coûts et les intrants ont été calculés:

• par entité de la Technologie

autre/ monnaie nationale (précisez):

Tanzania shilling

Indiquer le taux de change du dollars en monnaie locale (si pertinent): 1 USD= :

1600,0

4.4 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier
1.	Buying of vetiva	Végétale	during the rains
2.	Planting of vetiva on embarkments	Végétale	during rains
3.	Allignment and layout of pond	Structurel	before rains
4.	Excavation of the pond	Structurel	before rains
5.	Raising embarkments,compaction construction inlets and outlets	Structurel	before rains
6.	Collect cow dung	Agronomique
7.	Purchase fish fingerings	Agronomique
8.	Purchase tools	Agronomique

Commentaires:

Lifespan of dung, fish fingerings and tools: 3 years

4.5 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Planting of vetiva on embarkments	persons/day	2,0	1,25	2,5	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Allignment and layout of pond	persons/day	2,0	1,25	2,5	50,0
Main d'œuvre	Excavation of the pond	persons/day	120,0	1,88	225,6	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Raising embarkments,compaction construction inlets and outlets	persons/day	3,0	1,25	3,75	100,0
Equipements	Fish fingerings	pieces	1000,0	0,06	60,0	20,0
Equipements	Tools	pieces	4,0	12,5	50,0	20,0
Equipements	Vetiva	pieces	300,0	0,16666	50,0	100,0
Engrais et biocides	Cowdung	kg	50,0	1,25	62,5	100,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					456,85

Commentaires:

Duration of establishment phase: 4 month(s)

4.6 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	Application of cowdung	Agronomique	weekly
2.	Application of extra feeds	Agronomique	fortnight
3.	Clean weeding	Agronomique	monthly
4.	Trimming the live fence,weeding and monitoring	Végétale	dry seson
5.	Repairing of walls	Structurel	after heavy storms
6.	Management of fingerings -monitoring of growth,control of overpopulation	Modes de gestion	monthly
7.	Cowdung application and manipulation for nutrients release	Modes de gestion	weekly

4.7 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Clean weeding	persons/day	2,0	1,25	2,5	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Trimming the live fence,weeding and monitoring	persons/day	2,0	1,25	2,5	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Repairing of walls	persons/day	2,0	1,25	2,5	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Management of fingerings	persons/day	4,0	1,6	6,4	100,0
Equipements	Extra feeds (maize and ricebran)	kg	10,0	1,88	18,8	100,0
Engrais et biocides	Cowdung	kg	50,0	1,25	62,5	100,0
Autre	Labour: Cowdung application and manipulation for nutrients release	persons/day	1,0	1,25	1,25	100,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					96,45

Commentaires:

the costs are calculated per fish pond of size 20m width,30m length and depth 1.5m

4.8 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

labour especially during excavations(establishment phase)
cowdung when the land user buys instead of obtaining from the homestead/kraal

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

Indiquez si la Technologie est spécifiquement appliquée dans des:

• situations concaves

5.3 Sols

Si disponible, joignez une description complète du sol ou précisez les informations disponibles, par ex., type de sol, pH/ acidité du sol, capacité d'échange cationique, azote, salinité, etc.

Soil depth on average: Shallow (ranked 1, loamy to heavy clayey basement) and moderately deep (ranked 2)
Soil fertility: Medium (ranked 1), low (ranked 2) and high (ranked 3)
Topsoil organic matter is medium (ranked 1) and high (ranked 2)
Soil drainage / infiltration is poor and retains water in pond permanently, but medium in severe dry spell and water level decrease to half pond depth.
Soil water storage capacity is high near wetlands and permanent streams. Sometimes also very high

5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la qualité et la quantité d'eau:

Availability of surface water: Good (ranked 1) and excess (ranked 2, the site of the pond is located such that at maximum flooding it shoul d not be reached by flood water to prevent fish escape/overflow)
Water quality (untreated): For agricultural use only: Wetlands used for dry season farming and small horticultural gardens. Farmers fetch water in the streams due to unavailability of safe water points

5.5 Biodiversité

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la biodiversité:

Decreasing rapidly due to pollution of water sources, deforeatstion and overexploiation of natural fish stocks

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Difference in the involvement of women and men: Excavations usually by men labour but for maintanance activitiies women play increasing roles

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2

60% of the land users are average wealthy.
20% of the land users are poor.

Off-farm income specification: Most of the farmers with ponds have livestock and apply cow dung instaed of compost

Market orientation of production system: Mixed (farmers sell some surplus fish although productivity still below avarage)

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres détenues ou louées par les exploitants appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• communauté/ village
• groupe

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• communautaire (organisé)

Droits d’utilisation de l’eau:

• accès libre (non organisé)

Commentaires:

water use is free for use by all community members especially for agricultural activities

5.9 Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Revenus et coûts

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Sols

Biodiversité: végétale, animale

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Changements climatiques progressifs

Changements climatiques progressifs

	Saison	Type de changements/ extrêmes climatiques	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
températures annuelles		augmente	pas bien

Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)

Catastrophes climatiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
sécheresse	pas bien

Catastrophes hydrologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
inondation générale (rivière)	pas bien

Commentaires:

The productivity of the fish pond is determined by many factors including the selected species of fish,the feeding levels and the temperature of water. Most tropical fish species grows well when the temperature of the pond water remains warm

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Commentaires:

Initial establishment capital high
Cow dung may be obtained free from kraal or altenative use compost
manure

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

• cas isolés/ expérimentaux

Si disponible, quantifiez (nombre de ménages et/ou superficie couverte):

3 households

Parmi tous ceux qui ont adopté la Technologie, combien d'entre eux l'ont fait spontanément, à savoir sans recevoir aucune incitation matérielle ou aucun paiement?

• 0-10%

Commentaires:

3 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: The fish ponds project attracted many families to engage in the activities,the constraints were high capital investments and poor pond managent

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: especially for well off farmers with land holdings near wetlands and streams

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
Availability of permanent water sources especially streams How can they be sustained / enhanced? Conservation bylaws enforced on bufferzones

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
Availability of permanent water sources especially streams How can they be sustained / enhanced? Conservation bylaws enforced on bufferzones
Farmers owns cattle/shorts How can they be sustained / enhanced? Enhance crop and livestock intergration
Wetlands are owned comunally and by village governments How can they be sustained / enhanced? Bylaws enforcement to prevent encroachment and pollution

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
High capital investments	Family oriented groups have some success ,to think of some subsidies throgh government or simple credit schemes

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
High capital investments	Group approach used -although many groups fail to sustain the ponds