1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Water and Land Resource Centre (WLRC) - Ethiopie

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Quand les données ont-elles été compilées (sur le terrain)?

28/01/2014

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

Teff row planting is an agronomic practice used to place Teff seeds (very small size) in rows of about 20cm apart and at predetermined depth with sufficient cover of firm soil.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

Teff is a staple crop in Ethiopia and used to make 'Injera'. Teff is commonly planted in broadcast technique with a seed rate of 25-30 kg per hectare. This practice results in high competition for nutrient and water, lodging and low productivity (on average 1 ton/ha). Teff row planting is a newly adopted planting method applied for small size seeds of Teff grain. The row planting technique reduces the seed rate from 25kg/ha to 5-8 kg per hectare, ease the weed management, reduce lodging problem, and lessen plant density and then competition for sunlight, nutrient and water. It is practiced on Teff growing soils except on heavy clay soils or Vertisols where it is difficult to prepare defined rows due to the extreme swelling nature of the soil under near saturation moisture condition. However, under optimum soil moisture (45-50%) it is possible to place seeds in row using manual seed drill in black soils with clay texture. The technique is not perfectly working on stony fields. Seed application is possible using locally available plastic bottles with needle size opening to drop seeds, and newly manufactured seed drill pulled by one person.

Purpose of the Technology: The main purpose to practice Teff row planting is to reduce plant density or population per unit area and thereby increase productivity. It also aim to reduce the lodging problem. Additional advantage of row planting for small grain crop, there is some extent of labor reduction for weeding to some extent.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Teff row planting technique applies on fine seed bed after 3-5 tillage frequency using local ard plough called maresha pulled by pair of oxen. Once the seed bed is finely prepared, first using local adopted application tools like plastic bottles or hand metering the farmer prepares seed rate of 5-8 kg per hectare mixed with proportional sand (approximately seed to sand ratio of 1:3) - it is difficult to manage uniform application and even distribution by applying the seed alone. He applies along the row and step on to cover the seed and compact it. Similarly, fertilizer is applied in the same way. Second option, after the preparation of fine seed bed, seed application is facilitated using drum type manual seed drill (of weight 21 kg) manufactured by Bahir Dar Agricultural Mechanization and Food Science Research Center (BAMFSRC) having 3 rows of 20cm apart, average depth and width of planting furrow equals to 3.6 cm and 6.4 cm and operating at field capacity of 0.06ha/hr. The drill can apply 3-6 kg/ha seed rate and pulled by one person. At tillering stage urea is top dressed. The technique requires 50-60 person days per hectare to apply seed and fertilizer using hand metering/bottles compared to 2-4 person days per hectare using drum type seed drill. Labor requirement for weeding is also reduced by using row planting than broadcast method.

Natural / human environment: Teff grows on wider environment of altitude range 1800-2600 m above sea level. It performs well with annual rainfall of 750-850 mm and temperature of 10-27 degree Celsius. In fact, there are varieties with short growing period adapted under low rainfall conditions. The row planting technique applies commonly on red clay soils having high water holding capacity. The technique potentially applies on slopes ranging from 0-10% with low stone cover.

Teff row planting using manual seed application or hand metering technique can easily be practiced by households having large family labor. Farm households who used the manual seed drill of drum type should have the capacity to afford the seed drill and able to buy fertilizer. Teff is produced for food and market. It has a good price for sale.

Although teff has high market price in country as well as an emerging export market potential, it is produced annually by subsistence farmers. The land holding is small to meet their family food demands. Their wealth condition ranges poor to average characterized with low agricultural advisory, market and water supply services and inadequate infrastructures. Energy supply is relied on biomass energy. Rural education and health services are improved. Rural unemployment and landless populations are at high rates. In general, the well being of the rural people is under poor condition.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

• il y a moins de 10 ans (récemment)

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• au cours d'expérimentations / de recherches

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

Teff row planting technique was started in research stations 10 to20 years ago. The technique is extended to large number of farmers' field since 2011 through the scale up program of the Ministry of Agriculture. For instance, in 2013 the Amhara region planned to cover 20-30% of teff growing fields.

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Commentaires:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Major land use problems are soil erosion by water, soil nutrient depletion, gully erosion, steep slope cultivation, land fragmentation, and inappropriate runoff drainage practices like drainage ditches on cultivated fields.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Land users commonly specify soil erosion by water, shallow soil depth or soil depletion, low productivity of the soil, scarcity of water, and shortage of grazing land or pasture.

3.3 Informations complémentaires sur l'utilisation des terres

Approvisionnement en eau des terres sur lesquelles est appliquée la Technologie:

• mixte: pluvial-irrigué

Nombre de période de croissance par an: :

• 1

Précisez:

Longest growing period in days: 180Longest growing period from month to month: July to December

3.5 Diffusion de la Technologie

Spécifiez la diffusion de la Technologie:

• répartie uniformément sur une zone

Si la Technologie est uniformément répartie sur une zone, indiquez la superficie couverte approximative:

• 0,1-1 km2

Commentaires:

The area covered with Teff row planting referred in this database only considers the area of the pre-scale up activities in the WLRC learning watersheds. The practice is steadily growing over years in teff growing areas of the country in general and Amhara region in particular.

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

Commentaires:

Type of agronomic measures: mineral (inorganic) fertilizers

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main causes of degradation: soil management (Teff fields are tilled 4-5 times and heavily trampled/compacted by livestock before sowing)

Secondary causes of degradation: Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (Heavy rainfall cause high runoff and then erosion. It also create sealing effect on the soil surface)

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• prévenir la dégradation des terres
• réduire la dégradation des terres

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

4.2 Spécification/ explications techniques du dessin technique

A sketch describing Teff row planting

Location: Aba Gerima, Debre Mewi, Debre Yacob, Gosh Learning. West Gojam/ Amhara Region

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high (Because of its small seed size, the method requires knowledge of the soil where it performs well and at what depth the seed is placed so that there is high germination and minimizing lodging problem)

Technical knowledge required for land users: high (The land user has to develop capacity and skills on the specific soil and slope conditions where row planting performs well, spacing of rows, depth of furrow and seed quantity per unit area.)

Main technical functions: improvement of surface structure (crusting, sealing), increase of biomass (quantity), Reduction of plant population and competition effect

Secondary technical functions: improvement of topsoil structure (compaction)

Agronomic measure: Row planting
Material/ species: Teff seeds
Quantity/ density: 3-6kg/ha
Remarks: Spacing between rows is 20cm

Mineral (inorganic) fertilizers
Material/ species: Urea and DAP
Quantity/ density: 100 kg/ha
Remarks: for each type of fertilizer

4.3 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

autre/ monnaie nationale (précisez):

ETH BIRR

Indiquer le taux de change du dollars en monnaie locale (si pertinent): 1 USD= :

20,0

4.4 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier
1.	Drum type row teff seeder (with 3 rows)	Modes de gestion

4.5 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Equipements	machine use	pc	1,0	71,0	71,0	100,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					71,0

4.6 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	Tillage	Agronomique	Annually after onset of rain, 4-5 times
2.	Seeding	Agronomique	After the soil gets sufficient moisture annually
3.	Weeding	Agronomique	2-3 times per season
4.	Harvesting	Agronomique	Annually at maturity period (Nov-Dec)
5.	Threshing	Agronomique	Annually during slack period (Dce-Jan)
6.	Transporting and storing grain and straw	Agronomique	Annually during slack period

4.7 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	labour		1,0	318,0	318,0	100,0
Equipements	animal traction		1,0	266,0	266,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	seeds		1,0	4,5	4,5	100,0
Matériel végétal	fertilizer		1,0	150,0	150,0	100,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					738,5

Commentaires:

Machinery/ tools: Seed drill, local plough, sickle, hoe

The costs are calculated on hectare basis covered by row planting method. The costs apply for February/March 2014

4.8 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

The implementation costs are subject to change due to fluctuation in seasonal labor demand, price of fertilizer, price of iron to construct seed drill, and inflation

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

5.3 Sols

5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

5.5 Biodiversité

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Difference in the involvement of women and men: Women play a role of applying seeds either using locally made plastic bottles or using the manual drum type seed drill to pull. However, men are involved in both in tillage and seeding practices.

Population density: 100-200 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres détenues ou louées par les exploitants appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• état
• individu, avec titre de propriété

Droits d’utilisation de l’eau:

• accès libre (non organisé)

5.9 Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Revenus et coûts

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Cycle de l'eau/ ruissellement

Sols

Biodiversité: végétale, animale

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)

Catastrophes météorologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
pluie torrentielle locale	pas bien

Catastrophes climatiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
sécheresse	pas bien

Autres conséquences liées au climat

Autres conséquences liées au climat

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
réduction de la période de croissance	pas bien

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Commentaires:

Since the new technology (Teff row planting) requires high human labor while placing seeds using hand metering or plastic bottles (locally adopted) to apply the seeds, the land users perceived that the cost of labor is high and can not be affordable using family labor alone. Until they developed experience the return may be considered as slightly positive. However, if the land users adopt to use the manual drum type seed drill the return is very positive and positive as compared to the establishment and recurrent costs, respectively.

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

Commentaires:

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: The adoption is growing with extensive technical guidance and push from the research and extension services.

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
There is yield advantage both grain and straw How can they be sustained / enhanced? The technique needs an improved tool to reduce labor demand. It has to be supported with improved varieties and agronomic practices
It requires small amount of seed
According to some farmers it avoids the usual practice called trampling of seed bed by livestock after sowing the seed

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
Teff row planting can bring 30-50% yield advantage compared to the broadcasting method of planting How can they be sustained / enhanced? The yield advantage can be sustained by using an integrated or package of Teff production technologies such as improved teff varieties, recommended fertilizer, pesticides and weeding
It reduces three to four times the amount of seed required using the broadcasting method How can they be sustained / enhanced? This advantage can be enhanced or continue to sustain by using an improved low cost seed drills
The technology eases the weeding practice without damaging the plants How can they be sustained / enhanced? Appropriate low cost weeders or herbicides can be used to further enhance the technique
The technology reduces damage due to lodging problem along with the use of selected Teff varieties having strong stem How can they be sustained / enhanced? This can be sustained if supported with further research in the depth of seed placement and genetic improvement

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
The implement has relatively low stability to make straight rows.	Improving the workmanship will solve the problem
Non uniform seed application if pulling speed not constant	Proper seed bed preparation and removal of stones will solve the problem

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Uniform application and distribution of small amount of seed (as low as 5kg) in rows of 20cm apart become challenging compared to the broadcasting technique	This can be overcome by continuous skill development through practice and training
The small number of plant populations or vigorous growth of teff plants favor the shoot fly damage.	Application of chemicals will control shootfly

7.2 Références des publications disponibles

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

(Unpublished Report, 2013): Technical Evaluation and Selection of Suitable Teff Seed Drill in Amhara Region, by team of Researchers in ARARI, Bahir Dar Mechanization and Food Science research Center and Lecturers from Bahir Dar University

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Dereje Gorfu and Eshetu Ahmed (unpublished). Crops and Agro-ecological Zones of Ethiopia. Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

http://www.worldbank.org/html/cgiar/newsletter/Sept97/10tef.html