1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Kathmandu University (KU) - Népal

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

District Agriculture Development Office, Sindhuli (DADO) - Népal

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

Oyster Mushroom Farming Technology is the cultivation of oyster mushrooms as a food source, economic source, and as primary compost, to increase the quality of soil and help upgrade living standards of local farmers.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

The technology is carried out in Kamalamai Municipality, Sindhuli District, Janakpur, Nepal. The Pennsylvania Department Of Environmental Protection (DEP), other regulator agencies and the community are at charge. Oyster were identified as being both economically viable and suited for local cultivation. Nepal Agriculture Research Council (NARC) and a few private organizations are the major resources centers for supplying the quality spawn to the farmer/growers.

Purpose of the Technology: The main purpose of this document is to provide uniform instructions and operating procedures for the use or disposal of mushroom compost (as soil amendment or conditioner). Another basic purpose is use of mushroom as food and income source for local farmers.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Best Practices for Environmental Protection in the Mushroom Farm
Community (1997) was developed as a result of realization among authorities of Pennsylvania DEP, to help people to understand that farms are operating according to the highest environmental standards, and will help improve coexistence with nearby residents, through environmental regulation. This implemented a mushroom farm development for specific operations with the natural resource conservation. The member co-ordination, knowledge, and experiences are critical in establishing the practices as workable and rational means to meet the goal of environmental protection and agricultural operation.

Natural / human environment: Mushroom Farm Environmental Management Plan (MFEMP) is designed to prevent pollution or danger of ground or surface water on common health, by helping in maintaining/improving the condition of soil, and prevent the pollution of surface water, groundwater and air, as well, at little or no cost. This technology helps local farmers to increase soil fertility and act as a good income source in small scale.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

This practice was performed by American mushroom institutions in 1997 and earlier 1984.

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• améliorer la production
• créer un impact économique positif

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Commentaires:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Low productivity of land, soil erosion, water scarcity, cultivation of land slopes, tillage resulting in soil loss.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Infertility of land, having to use fertilizers and pesticides, scarcity of water for irrigation, having to plow farm seasonally and repeatedly.

Constraints of recreation: Dark and moist environment is necessary.

3.3 Informations complémentaires sur l'utilisation des terres

Précisez:

Longest growing period in days: 75; Longest growing period from month to month: January-March

3.4 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• gestion intégrée de la fertilité des sols

3.5 Diffusion de la Technologie

Commentaires:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 12*18 inch.

The straw and spawn (mushroom) should be packed in plastic bags. Two or three inches of straw are packed into the plastic bag and the spawn is lightly sprinkled on top. This should be repeated until the bag is almost filled, the top of the plastic should be closed and holes should be poked in the bag.

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

Commentaires:

Type of agronomic measures: cover cropping, mulching, manure / compost / residues, zero tillage / no-till

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main causes of degradation: soil management (soil erosion, low productivity of land, tillage), overgrazing (Fodder for domestic animals such as cow, buffalo, goat etc.), change in temperature (Uneven rainfall, long dry or cold seasons)

Secondary causes of degradation: crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (terrace farming problems), deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Use of timber for burning), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (Only required vegetation was used), poverty / wealth (Medium to large scale production costly for local farmers)

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• prévenir la dégradation des terres
• réduire la dégradation des terres

Commentaires:

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

4.2 Spécification/ explications techniques du dessin technique

It is kept in a room with temperature 22-28 degree.

Location: Room. Sindhuli

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate (Knowledge on preparing substrate, incubation period and harvesting of mushroom and proper use of mushroom compost.)

Technical knowledge required for land users: low (Since land usage is very less.)

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, increase of surface roughness, improvement of topsoil structure (compaction), improvement of subsoil structure (hardpan), increase in organic matter, increase of infiltration, water spreading, improvement of water quality, buffering / filtering water, increase of biomass (quantity)

Secondary technical functions: stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), increase / maintain water stored in soil, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting

Mulching
Material/ species: straw and spawn
Quantity/ density: 2:1

Construction material (earth): mud in cement

Construction material (stone): stone

Construction material (wood): wood plants

4.3 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

autre/ monnaie nationale (précisez):

Rupees

Indiquer le taux de change du dollars en monnaie locale (si pertinent): 1 USD= :

90,0

4.5 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Matériaux de construction	Straw	unit	1,0	15,0	15,0	100,0
Matériaux de construction	Container	unit	1,0	990,0	990,0
Matériaux de construction	Fuel	unit	1,0	125,0	125,0
Matériaux de construction	Stove	unit	1,0	770,0	770,0
Matériaux de construction	Plastic	unit	1,0	10,0	10,0
Matériaux de construction	Cutting Machine	unit	1,0	300,0	300,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					2210,0

4.6 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	Method of cutting straw	Agronomique	dry season
2.	Warming the straw	Agronomique	dry season
3.	Harvesting the mushroom	Agronomique	dry season
4.	Maintainance of mushroom	Agronomique	dry season

4.7 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Method of cutting straw	persons/day	1,0	150,0	150,0	100,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					150,0

Commentaires:

Machinery/ tools: plastic bag,water storage tank.

4.8 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

Labour should be managed properly.

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la topographie:

Landforms: Flat surface is needed.

5.3 Sols

Si disponible, joignez une description complète du sol ou précisez les informations disponibles, par ex., type de sol, pH/ acidité du sol, capacité d'échange cationique, azote, salinité, etc.

Soil water storage capacity is medium: Mushroom need water daily two times.

5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la qualité et la quantité d'eau:

Availability of surface water: May face scarcity of drinking water in dry seasons.

5.5 Biodiversité

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la biodiversité:

Found mostly in eastern region, and almost in the western parts as well.

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: There is no difference in involvement of men and women in this technology, both can be involved.

Population density: > 500 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 3% - 4%

15% of the land users are rich and own 20% of the land.

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres détenues ou louées par les exploitants appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• communauté/ village

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• accès libre (non organisé)
• individuel

Commentaires:

It is found that this technique is used even by people with little amount of land.

5.9 Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

Revenus et coûts

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Sols

Biodiversité: végétale, animale

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Changements climatiques progressifs

Changements climatiques progressifs

	Saison	Type de changements/ extrêmes climatiques	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
températures annuelles		augmente	bien

Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)

Catastrophes météorologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
pluie torrentielle locale	pas connu
tempête de vent locale	pas connu

Catastrophes climatiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
sécheresse	pas bien

Catastrophes hydrologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
inondation générale (rivière)	pas connu

Autres conséquences liées au climat

Autres conséquences liées au climat

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
réduction de la période de croissance	pas connu

Commentaires:

The technology could be made more tolerant by keeping the room dark and warm (22-28 degrees), and carry out cultivation in almost all seasons (except winter).

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Commentaires:

Yes,this technology can give both short-term returns and long-term returns.Positive result because it is the best type of production for the environment and economic resources.

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

• cas isolés/ expérimentaux

Si disponible, quantifiez (nombre de ménages et/ou superficie couverte):

3 households covering 32 percent of stated area

Parmi tous ceux qui ont adopté la Technologie, combien d'entre eux l'ont fait spontanément, à savoir sans recevoir aucune incitation matérielle ou aucun paiement?

• 10-50%

Commentaires:

2 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: By government point of view almost all members of a village and city, both can cultivate this technology.

1 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: Without external support also this technology can be carried out.

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Best Practices for Environmental Protection in the Mushroom Farm
Community

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
It is used as vegetable. How can they be sustained / enhanced? It gives nutrients.
Waste water management How can they be sustained / enhanced? Waste water can be used as part of this farming.
It is used as manure How can they be sustained / enhanced? High productivity
Good income source How can they be sustained / enhanced? Requires less space and materials. Easily cultivated in favorable season. Can be sold commercially because of its food value.

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
Erosion and sedimentation control How can they be sustained / enhanced? This section looks at the soil, geology, ground cover and other natural feature site, by providing nutrients to the soil as a conditioner.
Surface water and stormwater management How can they be sustained / enhanced? At most mushroom farm operation stormwater run off can be divide into uncontaminated and contaminated water.
Economic purpose How can they be sustained / enhanced? Constructed to increase income source with little initiation cost. Substrate can be used as compost, so no need for chemical fertilizers.
Nutrient management for substrate utilization How can they be sustained / enhanced? The season methods and amount of nutrient used to maintain the technology.
Integrated pest management How can they be sustained / enhanced? Pest control may be accompained by using non-chemical or alternative controls.

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Place for growing	All locals do not have spare rooms or sheds for mushroom cultivation. This proves to be a huge disadvantage as they require dark room and moist conditions.

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Less theoritical knowledge	Locals should be made aware about growing technologies that can help increase their quality of life.
Place for growing	Rooms or shed may not always be available. Providing darkness during can be a problem.
Seasonal problem	Room temperature required is 20-30 degree Celsius.