1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du projet qui a facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

The Transboundary Agro-ecosystem Management Project for the Kagera River Basin (GEF-FAO / Kagera TAMP )

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Missenyi District Council (Missenyi District Council) - Tanzanie

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Bukoba district council (Bukoba district council) - Tanzanie

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Kyerwa District Council - Tanzanie

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Quand les données ont-elles été compilées (sur le terrain)?

25/07/2014

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

1.4 Déclaration sur la durabilité de la Technologie décrite

Est-ce que la Technologie décrite ici pose problème par rapport à la dégradation des terres, de telle sorte qu'elle ne peut pas être déclarée comme étant une technologie de gestion durable des terres?

Non

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

Restoring banana production through temporal crop substitution and the use of SLM and recommended husbandry practices in controlling the deadly BXW disease.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

This conservation measure is used in BXW epidemically affected areas. Land users in affected areas are trained on the principle behind the diseases and means and ways to overcome it. Banana plants in seriously affected farms are uprooted and destroyed and non disease host crops usually maize and common beans are grown for starvation and destruction of BXW pathogen. The land is not used for banana production for a period of 6 months and instead substitute crops ensures food and income security to land users. Leguminous cover crops (beans) and crop residual management skills applied on the farm revitalize the soil health in terms of biomass, moisture and nutrient recycling. After 6 months, banana production is resumed where production is based on recommended husbandry practices combined with SLM conservation measures. The use of certified banana cultivars, optimal plant geometry and disease control cultural practices are some of the basic recommendation. Certified banana cultivars are planted at a space of 3m x 3m. The size of a hole used to plant banana is 0.9x0.9 m wide and 0.6 deep. During digging top soil is separated from subsoil. 2 -3 tins of manure are mixed with the top soil and the mixture is put in the bottom of the hole. The holes are left for microbial decay to take place and banana planting is done after 1 or 2 months. The tied Fanya chini water retention ditches are water harvesting and conserving structures constructed by digging trenches along the contour where dug soil is thrown to the lower side to form an embankment that prevents soil from falling back in. A-FRAME method is used to mark a contour line and on the other hand ARM OUTSTRETCHED LEVEL method determines how far apart the Fanya chini retention ditch should be. Unlike other retention ditches, the dug ditches are not continuous but instead are tied at regular interval with small cross–ties of 0.4-0.6m length. Ties intercept the ditch at right angle to form a series of narrow rectangular segments of infiltration ditches each of 5 meters long, 0.6m wide and 0.6m deep arranged in series within a contour line. Ties helps to prevent irregular flow of runoff and to ensure an evenly distribution of captured water. Fanya chini embankments are stabilized by planting crops on them the common crops are pigeon pea (space used between plant is stand is 1m x 1m), lemon grass (30cm x 30cm) or pineapples (60cm x 60cm). Mulching is done using grasses. The dominant grass species used is Hyperrenia rufa where a mulching depth of 15 cm is used.

Purpose of the Technology: PURPOSE: Improved food and fodder productivity, soil moisture and water holding capacity, nutrient recycling, and organic matter content, biomass cycle, crop tolerance to drought, income and food security, poverty reduction and health. Prevent unproductive evaporation of green water, combating soil erosion by water runoff and biological degradation due the deadly BXW disease.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: ESTABLISHMENT: procurement and mobilization of working tools, uprooting and destruction of infected plants in affected fields, land tilling and harrowing, planting of alternative crops or creation of a productive disease free buffer zone, temporal harvesting of maize and beans, land preparation/ demarcation and spacing of holes for resumed banana planting, digging holes, manure application before planting, banana planting, demarcation of contour line for construction of Fanyachini contours with ties, digging and construction of Fanya chini contours with ties, vegetative stabilization of Fanya chini bunds (using lemon grass, pineapples or pigeon pea), random planting of castor oil plants for future anchoring support of plants with heavy bunches and mulching application. MAINTENANCE: hand weeding to control noxious weeds combined with other pest and disease control (control of nematodes and weevils), de-suckering to leave the mother plant and two baby plants, de-trashing or trimming of unproductive leaves, regular removal/de-bud of inflorescence (male bud) using a forked wooden pole once the bunch is completed to prevent BXW transition through insect vector , recurrent manure application, removal of sediments and maintenance of Fanyachini bunds, harvest of bananas, maize, pineapples and pigeon pea. INPUTS USED: largely includes labour (strenuously varying from light, medium and heavy), tools (hand hoe, forked hole, machetes, sickles, spade, mattock and A-frame), seedlings; improved or certified banana varieties, pineapples suckers, lemon grass and castor oil, seeds (beans, maize and pigeon pea), farm yard manure and mulching materials (preferably Hyperennial spps).

Natural / human environment: NATURAL ENV: The land use type is cropland with annual, perennial and some fruit tree crops. The technology involves a combination of agronomic, vegetative, structural and management conservation measures. Management measure involves all activities related to temporal shift to alternative crops for making the farm disease hot free and for staving and destroying the disease pathogen. Climatic zone is sub-humid with an average of 210 days of growing period (LGP). Average slope category is gentle lying between 2-5%. A soil texture class is sandy loam with medium depth categories. HUMAN ENV: the level of mechanization is hand tools. Production system is mixed (both subsistence and market or commercial oriented). The average costs of inputs required is 3015.68 USD. Land ownership is largely individual not titled and partly communal.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

• il y a plus de 50 ans (technologie traditionnelle)

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• par le biais de projets/ d'interventions extérieures

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

This is one of the technologies tested and demonstrated under the support of the Trans Boundary Agro Ecosystem Management Project. Analysis and documentation of this technology is based on perspectives and experiences of field SLM specialist and FFS group members.

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• améliorer la production
• réduire, prévenir, restaurer les terres dégradées
• créer un impact économique positif

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Commentaires:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Major land problems without land conservation are BXW disease, poor soil fertility, and moisture stress and soil erosion.
Major land use problems (land users’ perception): BXW disease.
Type of cropping system and major crops comments: Banana is the major food crop but in the recent years the crop was substituted by maize and beans due the out break of BXW.

3.3 Informations complémentaires sur l'utilisation des terres

Approvisionnement en eau des terres sur lesquelles est appliquée la Technologie:

• pluvial

Nombre de période de croissance par an: :

• 2

Précisez:

Longest growing period in days: 120; Longest growing period from month to month: September to December; Second longest growing period in days: 90; Second longest growing period from month to month: March to May

3.4 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• lutte intégrée contre les ravageurs et les maladies (incluant l'agriculture biologique)

• crop substitution

3.5 Diffusion de la Technologie

Spécifiez la diffusion de la Technologie:

• répartie uniformément sur une zone

Si la Technologie est uniformément répartie sur une zone, indiquez la superficie couverte approximative:

• 0,1-1 km2

Commentaires:

The area includes the totality of all farms of FFS members who applied the technology after being trained.

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

Commentaires:

Specification of other vegetative measures: Use of leguminous plants
Specification of other structural measures: Water retension ditches with fanya chini bunds and ties.
Specification of other management measures: Temporal substitution of a dominant crop by non disease host crops for pathogen distruction

Type of agronomic measures: mulching, manure / compost / residues
Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -contour

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main causes of degradation: soil management (Flat cultivation on slopy land and nutrient mining without replenishment), crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (Poor practices that encourage spread of BXW.), disturbance of water cycle (infiltration / runoff) (No use of cross slope barriers.), change in temperature (Unproductive loos of green water due direct hit of of the soil by sunshine), change of seasonal rainfall (Due to climatic change and variability), poverty / wealth (Incapacity to invest in capital heavy conservation measures), labour availability (Rural to Urban migration of the enegetic youths), inputs and infrastructure: (roads, markets, distribution of water points, other, …) (High input expenses.), education, access to knowledge and support services (Ignorance of SLM and shortage of field extension workers.), governance / institutional (Low capacity of rural based environmental/land committees)

Secondary causes of degradation: droughts (Due unpredictable climatic change and variability), population pressure (Continuous land fragmentation)

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• réduire la dégradation des terres
• restaurer/ réhabiliter des terres sévèrement dégradées

Commentaires:

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation

4.2 Spécification/ explications techniques du dessin technique

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate (Most of the concepts and principles were taught to field/agricultural advisers at the college.)
Technical knowledge required for land users: high (New innovations and change of mind set is crucial e.g. the use of A-frame, the principle behind BXW and cultural methods of controlling the disease.)

Main technical functions: control of raindrop splash, control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, reduction of slope length, improvement of ground cover, stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil, water spreading, increase of biomass (quantity)
Secondary technical functions: promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)

Mulching
Material/ species: Hyperania grass
Quantity/ density: 15 m3 /ha
Remarks: Across the slope

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: Farm Yard Manure
Quantity/ density: 40ton/ha
Remarks: 3 tin applied to each banana plant.

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: C : perennial crops
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.6
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.6

Trees/ shrubs species: pegion peas
Fruit trees / shrubs species: Pineapples
Grass species: lemmon grass

Retention/infiltration ditch/pit, sediment/sand trap
Vertical interval between structures (m): 12
Spacing between structures (m): 12
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.6
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.6
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 70
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.3
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.6
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 70

Construction material (earth): Soil

Other type of management: Temporal substitution of the a diseased plant with other non-host plants for staving and complete wipe out of the disease causing pathogen. (BXW affected bananas substituted with maize and beans)

4.3 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

Indiquez la monnaie utilisée pour le calcul des coûts:

• dollars US

4.4 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier
1.	Procurement and mobilization of working tools	Modes de gestion
2.	Initial manure application (before banana planting)	Modes de gestion
3.	Initial banana seedlings (certified varieties)	Modes de gestion
4.	Initial mulching application	Modes de gestion
5.	Uprooting and destruction of infected banana plants in affected fields.	Agronomique	Before onstart of rain
6.	Land tilling and harrowing.	Agronomique	Before onstart of rain
7.	Planting of alternative crops (maize and beans) for starving and killing the pathogen.	Végétale	After the first rains (usually September)
8.	Demarcation of contour line using A-frame for construction of Fanya chini retention ditches with ties.	Structurel	December
9.	Digging and construction of Fanya chini retention ditches with ties.	Structurel	December
10.	Planting of lemon grass , pineapples and pigeon peas on bunds.	Végétale	After constrution of fanya chini retension ditches with ties

4.5 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Planting of lemon grass, pineapples and pigeon peas	persons/day	5,0	2,353	11,77	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Demarcation of contour line	persons/day	7,0	2,26857	15,88	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Digging and construction of Fanya	persons/day	10,0	2,353	23,53	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Uprooting and destruction of infected banana plants	persons/day	11,0	2,353	25,88	100,0
Equipements	Procurement and mobilization of working tools	ha	1,0	76,47	76,47	100,0
Matériel végétal	Lemon grass and pidgeon seeds	kgs	5,0	2,94	14,7
Matériel végétal	Pineapple seedlings	pieces	513,0	0,0588304	30,18
Matériel végétal	Initial banana seedlings	pieces	660,0	0,441181818	291,18
Matériel végétal	Maize and bean seeds	kgs	81,0	0,947654	76,76	100,0
Engrais et biocides	Initial mulching application	bundles	900,0	0,1764666	158,82
Engrais et biocides	Initial manure application	tons	28,0	10,084	282,35
Autre	Labour: Land tilling and harrowing	persons/day	11,0	2,353	25,88	100,0
Autre	Planting of alternative crops	persons/day	9,0	2,353	21,18	100,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					1054,58

Commentaires:

Duration of establishment phase: 9 month(s)

4.6 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	Land preparation, demarcation and spacing of holes for resumed banana planting and hole digging for planting bananas	Agronomique	Before onstart of rain
2.	Manure application before planting Banana	Agronomique	Before onstart of rain
3.	Banana planting	Agronomique	one to two months after manure application
4.	Recurrent mulching application	Agronomique	once per season
5.	Hand weeding to control noxious weeds, De-suckering, De-trashing and trimming	Agronomique	April and December
6.	Regular removal/de-bud of inflorescence (male bud) using a forked wooden pole once the bunch is completed to prevent BXW transition through insect vector	Agronomique	Routinely as need be
7.	Recurrent manure application	Agronomique	September/October
8.	Banana harvesting	Agronomique	Routinely after mature
9.	Weeding and gap filling of lemon grass, pineapples and pigeon peas.	Végétale	April
10.	harvesting of lemon grass, pineapples and pigeon peas	Végétale
11.	Removal of sediments and reshaping/maintenance of Fanya chini retention ditches with ties.	Structurel	May
12.	Weeding and thinning	Modes de gestion	(twice) first and second
13.	Harvesting of maize and beans.	Modes de gestion	January/February

4.7 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Land preparation, demarcation and spacing of holes for resumed banana planting	persons/day	35,0	2,353	82,36	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Manure application before planting Banana	persons/day	33,0	2,353	77,65	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Banana planting	persons/day	13,0	2,353	30,59	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Recurrent mulching applicatio	persons/day	6,0	2,205	13,23	100,0
Matériel végétal	Mulching material	bundles	900,0	0,176464	158,82	100,0
Engrais et biocides	Compost/manure	tons	16,0	13,235	211,76	100,0
Matériaux de construction	Labour: Maintenance of Fanya chini	persons/day	3,0	2,353	7,06	100,0
Matériaux de construction	Labour: Weeding an thinning	persons/day	12,0	2,05916	24,71	100,0
Matériaux de construction	Labour: Harvesting of maize and beans	persons/day	12,0	2,05915	24,71	100,0
Autre	Labour: Hand weeding to control noxious weeds	persons/day	15,0	2,353	35,3	100,0
Autre	Labour: Regular removal/de-bud of inflorescence	persons/day	15,0	2,353	35,3	100,0
Autre	Labour: Recurrent manure application	persons/day	22,0	2,353	51,77	100,0
Autre	Labour: Banana harvesting	persons/day	16,5	2,353	38,82	100,0
Autre	Labour: Weeding and gap filling of lemon grass, pineapples and pigeon peas	persons/day	7,0	2,353	16,47	100,0
Autre	Labour: Harvesting of lemon grass, pineapples and pigeon peas	persons/day	7,0	2,353	16,47	100,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					825,02

Commentaires:

Machinery/ tools: Hand hoe, forked hole, machetes, sickles, spade and mattocks and forked wooden poles., Hand hoe, forked hole and machetes, hand hoe, forked hole, machetes, spade, mattock and A-frame, hand hoe, forked hole, machetes, sickles, spade and mattock.

The above cost were calculated per unit of one land user's land (1.5 acres) where the technology was applied and estimate also done per hectare.

4.8 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

Manure is the most determinant factor

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

5.3 Sols

Si disponible, joignez une description complète du sol ou précisez les informations disponibles, par ex., type de sol, pH/ acidité du sol, capacité d'échange cationique, azote, salinité, etc.

Soil texture (topsoil): The average soil texture is sandy loam
Topsoil organic matter: Low use and application of mulching and cover crops
Soil fertility is low due to continue washout of the soil surface with rainfall runoff
Soil drainage / infiltration is medium because slope effect minimize the time required for water to infiltrate into the soil.
Soil water storage capacity is low because of low amount of humus and underused of mulching

5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

5.5 Biodiversité

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la biodiversité:

Only a few perennials and annual crops and minimal fauna diversity due to the washout of organic matter by rainfall runoff

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 0.5% - 1%
15% of the land users are rich and own 15% of the land.
70% of the land users are average wealthy and own 80% of the land.
15% of the land users are poor and own 5% of the land.
Off-farm income specification: Some of the land users who are using the technology are running petty business and groceries (selling local brew).
Level of mechanization: Dominated by the use of small tools/implements.

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres détenues ou louées par les exploitants appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• individu, sans titre de propriété

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• individuel

Droits d’utilisation de l’eau:

• accès libre (non organisé)

5.9 Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Revenus et coûts

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Cycle de l'eau/ ruissellement

Sols

Biodiversité: végétale, animale

Réduction des risques de catastrophe et des risques climatiques

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Changements climatiques progressifs

Changements climatiques progressifs

	Saison	Type de changements/ extrêmes climatiques	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
températures annuelles		augmente	bien

Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)

Catastrophes météorologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
pluie torrentielle locale	pas connu
tempête de vent locale	pas connu

Catastrophes climatiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
sécheresse	bien

Catastrophes hydrologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
inondation générale (rivière)	pas bien

Autres conséquences liées au climat

Autres conséquences liées au climat

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
réduction de la période de croissance	bien

Commentaires:

Retention ditches supported with ties to prevent flow of water and to encourage evenly distribution of water. The fanya chini bunds are stabilized by planting vegetation on them (pineapples, pigeon peas and lemon grass).

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Commentaires:

The high investment costs cause slight realization of rewards but in the long run very positive benefits are realized by land users.

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

• plus de 50%

Si disponible, quantifiez (nombre de ménages et/ou superficie couverte):

42 households covering 77 percent of the stated area

Parmi tous ceux qui ont adopté la Technologie, combien d'entre eux l'ont fait spontanément, à savoir sans recevoir aucune incitation matérielle ou aucun paiement?

• 10-50%

Commentaires:

42 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support
Comments on acceptance with external material support: Supplied with banana suckers, farm yard manure and grass mulch.

42 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
Comments on spontaneous adoption: land users who received suckers from neighbors but procured grass mulch and manure.

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology
Comments on adoption trend: most of the land users are impressed with the results attributable to the technology in terms of control of BXW, increased banana production, control of soil erosion and promising increase in income.

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
The technology useful to the community and is easy to learn.
Encouraging results in terms of improved productivity and general performance of banana and other crops like coffee within the technology area attributable to use of technology.
The technology has made significant achievement in terms of decrease of BXW infestation.
Soil health has improved as the result of use of mulching materials, manure, leguminous plants and application water harvesting cross slope barriers.
There is positive change of mind set towards the use of SLM

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Good and attractive crops that consumers are willing to purchase at a high price have resulted to emergence of thieving.	Spread the technology and supply improved banana suckers to other farmers so that more farmers are engaged in banana production. Strengthen community police.
The technology initially is labour and capital intensive	Encourage group working spirit.
Unplanned Changes of service providers which may fall in the hands of untrustworthy service providers.	Pluralism in service delivery should be planned with doubly consciousness to take care of untrustworthy service providers.

7.1 Méthodes/ sources d'information