1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Kathmandu University (KU) - Népal

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Quand les données ont-elles été compilées (sur le terrain)?

17/01/2014

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

1.4 Déclaration sur la durabilité de la Technologie décrite

Est-ce que la Technologie décrite ici pose problème par rapport à la dégradation des terres, de telle sorte qu'elle ne peut pas être déclarée comme étant une technologie de gestion durable des terres?

Non

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

It is a technology where slope, waste land, remains of crop land, marginal lands, rising terraces are protected by fodder cultivation.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

This technology involves the cultivation of various trees, grasses, legumes and shrubs that can be used as livestock feed. The slopes in the hills, rising terraces, waste and barren land and other land types with many limitations that cannot be used for agriculture are used for fodder cultivation. In this way, the land is protected from landslide, erosion by wind and water and the loss of soil fertility due to over-compaction of soil and overgrazing is reduced. In addition, the feed quality and quantity of the livestock is improved and their productivity consequently is also increased.

Purpose of the Technology: This technology is practiced:
-mainly for protection of land from erosion or landslide,to protect from over-compaction and overgrazing leading to soil fertility loss i.e. for land management
-for the purpose of providing food for livestock even during the winter months.
-for increasing the quality of feed for livestock and thus, improve their productivity.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: This technology involves the plantation of trees, legumes, shrubs and grasses in the wastelands and lands deemed unfit for agriculture. The suitable plant seedlings are planted at a particular season i.e during spring mainly in the month of Baisakh. Depending upon the amount of nourishment and the nutritional content requirement and availability of seedlings,the nutrient contents of feeds and fodders on the basis of soil composition, use of manures and fertilizers on the land, irrigation facilities, stage and speed of growth frequency of cutting the variety and strain of feed resources are determined. It needs watering and removal of unwanted weeds for some months and the plant needs no further caring. They grow by themselves. These plants are mostly rain-fed and have no other economical or aesthetic values as such and hence, these can be used only exclusively for fodder cultivation. The tree branches, leaves, twigs, shrubs, legume plant bodies used for feed can either be cut and harvest either from time to time when required or they may also be cut and stored in fodder storages for the winter months when other sources of feed are scarce or during the planting season (Asar) when labor is scarce.

Natural / human environment: We need not to create any human or artificial environment for cultivation. The trees grow naturally and create a pleasant environment in nature. Sometimes, for crop fodder cultivation, agricultural lands may come in use. For example, in maize crop used as fodder supplement, the main plots were sown with maize varieties, and the subplots were cutting of added rows of maize after different days after sowing. Thus, young maize plants were cut before drying out in the sun and may be used as fodder. Tropical grass species and improved grasses and legumes are also introduced in barren terrace landscape during the off season after harvesting.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

• il y a plus de 50 ans (technologie traditionnelle)

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• dans le cadre d'un système traditionnel (> 50 ans)

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

It is a traditional method. The analysis corresponds to farmers’ preference of fodder tree species to their nutritional values. The traditional and experience-based choice of fodders species by farmers reflects their knowledge on nutritional values, cultivation easiness and seasonal variability of growth in local environments has been the basis of fodder cultivation in Nepal.

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• améliorer la production
• réduire, prévenir, restaurer les terres dégradées

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Commentaires:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Soil erosion, landslide, decreased fertility, over compaction of soil
Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Flooding during heavy rainfall, landslides

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Grazing land: Gi: Intensive grazing/ fodder production

Constraints of wastelands / deserts / glaciers / swamps

Si l'utilisation des terres a changé en raison de la mise en œuvre de la Technologie, indiquez l'utilisation des terres avant la mise en œuvre de la Technologie:

Other: Oo: Other: wastelands, deserts, glaciers, swamps, recreation areas, etc

3.3 Informations complémentaires sur l'utilisation des terres

Approvisionnement en eau des terres sur lesquelles est appliquée la Technologie:

• mixte: pluvial-irrigué

Commentaires:

Also rainfed and full irrigation

Nombre de période de croissance par an: :

• 2

Précisez:

Longest growing period in days: 150; Longest growing period from month to month: Kartik to chaitra; Second longest growing period in days: 120; Second longest growing period from month to month: Ahsad to ashwin

3.4 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• Amélioration de la couverture végétale/ du sol

• use of wasteland for agriculture

3.5 Diffusion de la Technologie

Spécifiez la diffusion de la Technologie:

• répartie uniformément sur une zone

Si la Technologie est uniformément répartie sur une zone, indiquez la superficie couverte approximative:

• 1-10 km2

Commentaires:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 2 km2.
This technology has been applied in the hole state which covers around 2 sq.km in about 146 houses. A number of fodder trees, ground legumes, shrub legumes, fodder crops and cultivated grasses have been used on the basis of the traditional and experience-based choice of fodders species by farmers which reflects their knowledge on nutritional values, cultivation easiness and seasonal variability of growth in warm temperate environment.

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

Commentaires:

Secondary measures: agronomic measures, management measures
Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -contour, aligned: -along boundary

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main causes of degradation: over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (Before fodder cultivation), Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (Landslide)
Secondary causes of degradation: soil management (People left land unfit for cultivation completely barren and without any vegetation at all causing top soil erosion), deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Before this technology people depend upon forest), overgrazing (Result in desertification, irreversible loss of to soil, increase in turbidity of surface water and increase in flooding intensity and frequency), change of seasonal rainfall (Many areas that were set aside for rain fed agriculture become waste land due to drastic change in rainfall pattern.), floods (Mass movement landslide), droughts (Affects cultivation), poverty / wealth (The resource poor have to depend upon the natural environment for the fodder requirements and need to take their livestock for grazing in whatever grassland areas available causing soil degradation), education, access to knowledge and support services (most people do not know about conservation measures), governance / institutional (No govermental supports)

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• réduire la dégradation des terres
• restaurer/ réhabiliter des terres sévèrement dégradées

4.2 Spécification/ explications techniques du dessin technique

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high (They can decide which plants may be best on the basis of organic matter content, crude protein, tannin, fiber, lignin, fat, minerals and dry matter.)
Technical knowledge required for land users: high (The land users mostly cultivate plants based on their indigenous knowledge and whatever seedlings are available which give fast and a more quantitative rather than qualitative yeild.)

Main technical functions: improvement of ground cover, improvement of topsoil structure (compaction), stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)
Secondary technical functions: increase of surface roughness, increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting, reduction in wind speed, increase of biomass (quantity), spatial arrangement and diversification of land use

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, G : grass
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 2
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.4
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 1
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 2

Aligned: -along boundary
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 2
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.4
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 1
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 2

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: G : grass
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.5
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.5
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.5

Trees/ shrubs species: Brassiopsis hainla(Chuletro), Alnus nepalensis (Uttis), Garuga pinnata (Dabdabe), Crateva unilocularis (Siplikan), Terminalia bellirica (Barro) planted trees;Desmodium introtum, Desmodium ovalifolium, Tephrosia candida(Mendola) all are planted shrubs
Grass species: Cynodon dactylon(Dubo), Desmostychia bipinnata(Kush), Imperata cylindrica(Siru), Melinis minutifolia (Bandhar Dhapaune Ghash)
Other species: cultivated legumes for fodder Lablab purpureus (Bean), Macroptilium atropurpurum (Atro/Siratro), Trifolium alexandrium, Trifolium pretense (Red Clover), Trifolium repens (White Clover), Vigna anguiculata( Bodi)

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 15%
Change of land use type: Previously the land was unused
Change of land use practices / intensity level: In order to minimise exposure to degradation processes, unused land was changed to controlled acces from barren land to fodder plants cultivated land

Layout change according to natural and human environment: Increased landscape diversity
Control / change of species composition: Previously barren land planted with grasses, legumes, fodder trees and grasses increasing the biomass and productivity of the area so encouragement of desired and introduction of new species was done

4.3 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

autre/ monnaie nationale (précisez):

Rupees

Indiquer le taux de change du dollars en monnaie locale (si pertinent): 1 USD= :

97,0

4.4 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier
1.	Plantation of the fodder plants in barren wastelands	Végétale	Spring(Chaitra-Baisakh)
2.	Cutting of the twigs, branches, legumes, crops and grasses	Végétale	Throughout the year
3.	Enrichment planting of tree seedling	Modes de gestion
4.	Introduction of higher quality feed species	Modes de gestion

4.5 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Plantation of the fodder plants in barren wastelands	persons/day/ha	51,0	500,0	25500,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Cutting of the twigs, branches, legumes, crops and grasses	persons/day	1,0	200,0	200,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Enrichment planting of tree seedling	persons/day/ha	51,0	500,0	25500,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Introduction of higher quality feed species	persons/day/ha	10,0	98,03	980,3
Equipements	Spade	pieces	1,0	1000,0	1000,0	100,0
Equipements	Tools	pieces	1,0	500,0	500,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	Seedlings	pieces/ha	200,0	600,0	120000,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	Seedlings	pieces/ha	200,0	25,0	5000,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	Seeds	pieces/ha	200,0	25,0	5000,0	100,0
Engrais et biocides	Compost / manure	kg/ha	5,0	750,0	3750,0	100,0
Engrais et biocides	new Compost/manure	kg/ha	100,0	300,0	30000,0	100,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					217430,3

Commentaires:

Duration of establishment phase: 60 month(s)

4.6 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	Watering the seedlings	Végétale	Till 2 to 3 month after plantation
2.	Manuring	Végétale	Till 2 to 3 month

4.7 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Watering the seedlings	persons/day/ha	2,0	200,0	400,0	100,0
Equipements	Pipes and buckets	pieces/ha	2,0	200,0	400,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	Manuring	kg/2m	1,0	300,0	300,0	100,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					1100,0

Commentaires:

Machinery/ tools: axe, spade, plough

4.8 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

Tthe labour and the cost for seeding. The manure requried is prepared naturally

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

Indiquez si la Technologie est spécifiquement appliquée dans des:

• non pertinent

5.3 Sols

Si disponible, joignez une description complète du sol ou précisez les informations disponibles, par ex., type de sol, pH/ acidité du sol, capacité d'échange cationique, azote, salinité, etc.

Soil depth on average: The local people find the soil moderately deep
Soil fertility is medium, since people use compost manure for croping
Topsoil organic matter: Compost manure are used to increase organic matter
Soil drainage / infiltration is good because of sandy soils
Soil water storage capacity is medium - low, since sandy soils can not store water well. Also no ground water is found.

5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la qualité et la quantité d'eau:

Availability of surface water: Flooding occors during monsoon. Normally people depend on surface water for irrigation.
Water quality (untreated): People directly drink

5.5 Biodiversité

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users
Population density: 50-100 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 6%
5% of the land users are rich and own 35% of the land (Living standred more than average).
90% of the land users are average wealthy and own 60% of the land (Average life standred).
5% of the land users are poor and own 5% of the land (Below average).
Market orientation of production system: There is a market for coffee.
Level of mechanization: Oxes are used for ploughing

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres détenues ou louées par les exploitants appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• état
• individu, sans titre de propriété

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• individuel

Droits d’utilisation de l’eau:

• accès libre (non organisé)
• communautaire (organisé)

5.9 Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Revenus et coûts

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Cycle de l'eau/ ruissellement

Sols

Biodiversité: végétale, animale

Réduction des risques de catastrophe et des risques climatiques

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Changements climatiques progressifs

Changements climatiques progressifs

	Saison	Type de changements/ extrêmes climatiques	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
températures annuelles		augmente	bien

Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)

Catastrophes météorologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
pluie torrentielle locale	bien
tempête de vent locale	pas connu

Catastrophes climatiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
sécheresse	pas bien

Catastrophes hydrologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
inondation générale (rivière)	pas bien

Autres conséquences liées au climat

Autres conséquences liées au climat

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
réduction de la période de croissance	pas connu

Commentaires:

The plant species to be planted should be chosen according to the environmental condition in different seasons

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Commentaires:

Fodder plants do not need further maintainence and up keeping after they have been allowed to gow. Most are annual and some grasses are perennial. In the long term, the initial costs are duly covered and yield major economic benifits.

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

• 1-10%

Si disponible, quantifiez (nombre de ménages et/ou superficie couverte):

9 percent of stated area

Parmi tous ceux qui ont adopté la Technologie, combien d'entre eux l'ont fait spontanément, à savoir sans recevoir aucune incitation matérielle ou aucun paiement?

• 90-100%

Commentaires:

Comments on acceptance with external material support: every one uses their own land and do on their own
100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
Comments on spontaneous adoption: as the village lies in hilly region there are many sloppy lands applicable for plantation of fodders.
There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology
Comments on adoption trend: every villagers find it effective as the waste land is also utilized and in addition productivity is also increased.

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
decrease in waste as animals fees almost all
increase in number of animal husbandary
Stall-feeding has been encouraged
Availabitlity of fodder even during harsh winter when there is scarcity of forage plants and during harvest season when there is lack of labour

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
This technology has been able to manage and utilize the waste land
the livestock production has increased by which they develop economic status
barren lands and to soil erosion along with increase in turbulence of surface water leading to flooding has decreased which occurred due to over grazing
The biomass and productivity of the ecosystem has improved due to introduction of new species in barren land

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
The trees do not grow fast enough to reap benefits faster	Trees and other legumes and grasses which have high growth rates should be planted
The fodder species are planted on communal wastelands so there are arguments if somebody takes more forage then others	Communal properties should be equally distributed and a managing body must be present
The production from the fodder plantation is never enough for the whole year	Along with wastelands and marginal uncultivable lands, crop fodder production can be done (like maize) even during the plantation of cash and food crops to ensure a year round supply

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
people may find difficulties in cutting tall trees	use shrubs, and herbs for plantation
Since it a common property, the use and negligence in management of common properties may eventually lead its failure	fodder plants do not need looking after very much but proper management of the forage resource by everyone involved must be done
Traditionally used crops have been used till now which may not have the highest nutrient content and qualitative feed	Proper research needs to be done to identify the plants best suited for that climate and topography and which have the highest nutritional content to improve production of livestock
Barren lands are often used for recreational purposes like for games by kids and hence protection of young plants may be difficult	For the few months of plantation care should be insured for their survival

7.1 Méthodes/ sources d'information