1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du projet qui a facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Catastrophic shifts in drylands (EU-CASCADE)

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Cyprus University of Technology (Cyprus University of Technology) - Chypre

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Quand les données ont-elles été compilées (sur le terrain)?

15/05/2014

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

Use of different types of fodder in order to reduce grazing impact on natural vegetation

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

Goats graze on almost all plants even on thorny shrubs. The pastoralist in the past (some still do now a days) use to spread seeds on the grazing area in order to provide fodder for the animals. Another method is to provide fodder within the farm using dry seeds of wheat, barley, soya etc which can be stored in big silos.

Purpose of the Technology: The purpose of this technology is to provide to the animals with the food they need in order to minimize or even stop them from grazing on the wild flora such as shrubs, trees and annual plants. Within the study area, most of the vegetation is vanished and only traces of plant species can be found. Even the thorny shrubs like Callicotome villosa and Rhamnus oleiodes are suffering from overgrazing.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Fodder can be provided in-farm and out-farm. In-farm fodder is provided using a silo in which dry fodder can be store, mixed and deliver to the animals mechanically. Out-farm fodder is provided seasonally since the seeds should be seeded and plants must grow up before eaten by the animals

Natural / human environment: By providing fodder to the animals in-farm, grazing is avoided since the animals remain within the farm. This way, animal diseases transmission from one farm to another can be minimized. Also, animals may travel a long distance to find food whose energy miight be less than the energy they use.
Seeding on the hills will attract the goats and stop them from grazing on other wild plant species. Minimizing grazing will allow to the vegetation to recover and grow up providing good aesthetic view and also shelter for the wild animals. Furthermore, vegetation increase will contribute to the decrease of soil erosion and the increase of organic matter.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

• il y a moins de 10 ans (récemment)

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• grâce à l'innovation d'exploitants des terres

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

EU funding gave the opportunity to some new farmers to buy new equipment for fodder provision. In this way the new farmers were able to feed their animals and increase their productivity

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Commentaires:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): overgrazing due to a large amount of animals, drought, erosion

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): drought, poor calcareous soils, incomes are not enough to buy food

Semi-nomadism / pastoralism: goats/ rabbits, birds

Ranching: goats

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Cropland: Ca: Annual cropping

Si l'utilisation des terres a changé en raison de la mise en œuvre de la Technologie, indiquez l'utilisation des terres avant la mise en œuvre de la Technologie:

Grazing land: Ge: Extensive grazing land

3.3 Informations complémentaires sur l'utilisation des terres

Commentaires:

Water supply: rainfed, rainfed

Nombre de période de croissance par an: :

• 2

Précisez:

Longest growing period in days: 120Longest growing period from month to month: March to JuneSecond longest growing period in days: 100Second longest growing period from month to month: September to December

Densité d'élevage/ chargement (si pertinent):

> 100 LU /km2

3.4 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• pastoralisme et gestion des pâturages

3.5 Diffusion de la Technologie

Spécifiez la diffusion de la Technologie:

• répartie uniformément sur une zone

Si la Technologie est uniformément répartie sur une zone, indiquez la superficie couverte approximative:

• 10-100 km2

Commentaires:

The total area in which goat and sheep farmer are allowed to grow animals is around 400 Km2. The area affected by overgrazing is around 100Km2

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main measures: agronomic measures, structural measures

Specification of other structural measures: Use of Silos in order to provide fodder to the animals

Type of agronomic measures: mixed cropping / intercropping, legume inter-planting

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main type of degradation addressed: Bc: reduction of vegetation cover

Main causes of degradation: overgrazing (large number of animals), change in temperature (hot summers & cold winters force the animals to eat more in order to obtain water and energy from plants), change of seasonal rainfall (summers without rain and winters with some rain), droughts (heavy droughts every 3-4 years), poverty / wealth (farmers can not afford to feed the animals)

Secondary causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (about 90 years ago), urbanisation and infrastructure development (Urbanisation mostly at the coastal zone has forced the animals to move to the North. A large number of animals is concentrated in the northern site, increasing the overgrazing problem), inputs and infrastructure: (roads, markets, distribution of water points, other, …) (A highway road split the area in two), war and conflicts (In 1974 many refugees moved from the North to the South due to the invasion of Turkish troops. Most of them who established in the area became farmers, and therefore increased the number of animals)

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• réduire la dégradation des terres

Commentaires:

Main goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.2 Spécification/ explications techniques du dessin technique

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high (animal feeding specialist with good knowledge on goat and sheep fodder)

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate (be able to follow the specialist advice and protocol for feeding animals)

Main technical functions: increase of biomass (quantity), promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder), control of animal feeding on natural vegetation

Mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: cereal seeds (wheat, barley, etc)
Quantity/ density: 200kg/ha
Remarks: seeds should be seeded by hand during the rainy season

Legume inter-planting
Quantity/ density: 200kg/ha
Remarks: spread the seeds before the last rainfall in spring

Structural measure: Silo
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 3
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 1

Construction material (other): stainless steel

Specification of dams/ pans/ ponds: Capacity 9,42m3

4.3 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

autre/ monnaie nationale (précisez):

euro

Indiquer le taux de change du dollars en monnaie locale (si pertinent): 1 USD= :

0,77

4.4 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier
1.	Buy or make a Silo	Structurel	anytime
2.	Buy cereal seeds (200kg)	Agronomique
3.	Buy legume seeds (200kg)	Agronomique

Commentaires:

Inputs: Stainless steel

4.5 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Labour	ha	1,0	116,0	116,0	100,0
Equipements	Stainless steel silo	ha	1,0	2589,0	2589,0	100,0
Equipements	Fodder transfer tubes	ha	1,0	1000,0	1000,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	Agricultural	ha	1,0	427,0	427,0	100,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					4132,0

Commentaires:

Duration of establishment phase: 0.5 month(s)
Life-span of cereal seeds: 6 months
Life-span of legumes seeds: 3-4 months

4.6 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	spreading seeds	Agronomique	during rainfall (oct - Mar)

4.7 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Labour	ha	1,0	233,0	233,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	Seeds	ha	1,0	427,0	427,0	100,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					660,0

Commentaires:

Cost were calculated according to the farmers opinion which was confirmed by the agricultural department. Seeds and labor are calculated as units per ha and the silo per unit (farm)

4.8 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

Cost for applying fodder is affected by 3 factors: a) the price of the Silo which is applied only once, b) the cost of the seeds and c) the labor needed for spreading the seeds. The slope in the area where the technology is applied is steep and makes the seeding difficult.

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la topographie:

Altitudinal zone: 100-500 m a.s.l (The area where the technology is applied is 1km far from the sea)
Landforms: Hill slopes (The area of interest consists of steep hill slopes)
Slopes on average are rolling (most common) and hilly (sometimes after soil erosion)

5.3 Sols

Si disponible, joignez une description complète du sol ou précisez les informations disponibles, par ex., type de sol, pH/ acidité du sol, capacité d'échange cationique, azote, salinité, etc.

Soil depth on average is very shallow (the area is considered to be rocky) to shallow (only where soil is concentrated)
Soil texture is coarse (Analysis has shown that soil texture is 50% sand, 25% silt and 25% Clay)
Soil fertility is low
Topsoil organic matter is medium where some vegetation is, low where no vegetation is and high where vegetation is
Soil drainage/infiltration is poor (inter patch), medium (patch-interpatch) or good (plant patch)
Soil water storage capacity is low-medium

5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la qualité et la quantité d'eau:

Availability of surface water is poor/none (there is no surface water available in the area)

5.5 Biodiversité

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la biodiversité:

Thorny shrubs, olive and carob trees, annual grass

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly Leaders / privileged
Difference in the involvement of women and men: no young women are involved with goat farming
Population density: 10-50 persons/km2
Annual population growth: negative
10% of the land users are average wealthy and own 10% of the land (they make profit).
10% of the land users are poor and own 5% of the land (they barely survive).
Off-farm income specification: Some of the pastoralists who apply the SLM technology, have apartments which they rent to tourists during the summer season
Market orientation of production system: Equipment and structure subsidy (50% of the equipment and structures are funded)
Market orientation: Mixed (subsistence and commercial): Pastoralists receive subsidy from EU funds annually

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres détenues ou louées par les exploitants appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• état

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• accès libre (non organisé)
• individuel

Commentaires:

More than 70% of the land belongs to the government (forestry department) and the land is open to everybody. The pastoralists do not pay rent for using the land. The land which belongs to individuals is used by the owners or is been rented to the pastoralists

5.9 Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Revenus et coûts

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Cycle de l'eau/ ruissellement

Sols

Biodiversité: végétale, animale

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Changements climatiques progressifs

Changements climatiques progressifs

	Saison	Type de changements/ extrêmes climatiques	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
températures annuelles		augmente	pas bien

Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)

Catastrophes météorologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
pluie torrentielle locale	bien
tempête de vent locale	pas connu

Catastrophes climatiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
sécheresse	pas bien

Catastrophes hydrologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
inondation générale (rivière)	pas connu

Autres conséquences liées au climat

Autres conséquences liées au climat

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
réduction de la période de croissance	pas connu

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Commentaires:

Shepherds who apply the technology and are in a better socio-economical status are satisfied with their incomes but they believe that things could get better. Shepherds who don't apply the technology are poor, not satisfied with the incomes they receive and at the same time they are negative in applying the technology although they see other shepherds being in a better socio-economic status than them.

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

Commentaires:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

2 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: New farmers-shepherds can have up to 60% funding from EU and government funds for construction and equipment

There is no trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: The cost of buying fodder is extremely high. Also the equipments (silo) is considered to be expensive.

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
Using the Silo for providing fodder, they spend less hours in the farm.
By providing fodder, the quality and quantity of milk and meat is better
By keeping the animals in the farm, they save work hours and also the threat of animal poisoning is minimized

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
By providing fodder in and out of the farm the animals receive a better quality of fodder and the right quantities of fodder they need. How can they be sustained / enhanced? experts can give advices to the shepherds about the type of fodder, and the quantity during different seasons
Through grazing in a specific area marked and seeded by the shepherd, the animals avoid direct contact with other animals. This minimizes the spread of diseases between animals of different farms. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Shepherds should come to an agreement about the area their animals graze and create borders
Seeding cereals and legumes within the grazing areas decreases overgrazing on shrubs and annual plants How can they be sustained / enhanced? in the case where the shepherd is leading the animals, he should not allow the animals to graze on shrubs
The presence of a Silo in a farm makes fodder provision easier and therefore less work is required How can they be sustained / enhanced? Government funding can cover the cost of the silo
seeding in the grazing area leads to improved soil cover which minimizes soil erosion

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
It is difficult to spread seeds on the rocky hills
Buying fodder is expensive

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Not all shepherd are able to buy the Silo and large amounts of fodder to store in the silo	Government funding can cover the cost of the silo
The Randi forest area is suffering from prolonged droughts. Seeding cereals in the grazing land will not be achieved without rain.