1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

University of Stellenbosch (University of Stellenbosch) - Afrique du Sud

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

United Nations Institute for Namibia (UNIN) - Namibie

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) - Afrique du Sud

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Quand les données ont-elles été compilées (sur le terrain)?

06/12/1995

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

Old motor tyres and/or vegetation along contours.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

The site of Geen Einde is typical of many areas in Lebowa: a large gully approximately 200 m wide and 10 m deep in places with semi-eroded pedestals remaining. Flood waters from the mountain meanders causes further gouging of the sides of the pedestals. Tributary gullies have formed in the highly erodible soil (high clay content) adjacent to the main gully. Signs of old contour bunds indicate that the land was cultivated in the past.
1. An earth silt dam was mechanically constructed across the main erosion gully.
2. Several gabion structures were constructed in the minor gullies.
3. Vetiver grass was planted in the silt to act as nursery material for future planting.
4. Old motor tyres were laid on a level contour above the minor gullies to harvest water.
5. Several species of indigenous trees were planted in the gullies and along the rows of tyres.
6. Two Agave species, local aloes and vetiver grass were planted along level contours.
7. Agave was planted along the edges of the gullies.
8. Shallow gullies were stabilised with old tyres and Agave.
9. Couch grass (Cynodon dactylon) was planted at a few places in the gullies and along the rows of tyres.
The main reason for these actions was to reduce the water velocity.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

• il y a moins de 10 ans (récemment)

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• au cours d'expérimentations / de recherches

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

Having read about the success achieved by placing stone barriers on a level contour in other parts of Africa, but also being aware that the process is slow and laborious and dependent on the availability of stones, the thought come to mind to use old motor tyres instead.
First in the area (my original idea).

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• réduire, prévenir, restaurer les terres dégradées

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Commentaires:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Severe environmental degradation (less graze cover over grazing, considerable silt in the river going into Olifants river a main resource for Kruger National Park, below gabion construction were silted up in one year (some even in one rainstorm).

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Poverty, land tenure free range for the whole community

Semi-nomadism / pastoralism: Yes

Grazingland comments: The area was not fenced off at all.

Selective felling of (semi-) natural forests: Yes

Clear felling of (semi-)natural forests: one of the reason for erosion

Problems / comments regarding forest use: So far only indigenous trees have been planted, but there are many exotic species that can also be investigated. For example, the carob can be tried as a commercial crop, the mulberry as a fodder and fruit crop.

Forest products and services: fuelwood, grazing / browsing, other forest products / uses (honey, medical, etc.)

Type of grazing system comments: The area was not fenced off at all.

Constraints of settlement / urban: scattered

3.3 Informations complémentaires sur l'utilisation des terres

Nombre de période de croissance par an: :

• 1

Précisez:

Longest growing period in days: 210

3.4 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• mesures en travers de la pente
• récupération/ collecte de l'eau

3.5 Diffusion de la Technologie

Spécifiez la diffusion de la Technologie:

• répartie uniformément sur une zone

Si la Technologie est uniformément répartie sur une zone, indiquez la superficie couverte approximative:

• 0,1-1 km2

Commentaires:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.1 km2.

Green Einde is a tribal area in Sekhukhuneland, which is one of the most severely degraded areas in the Northern Province. It is mainly mountainous, with numerous fertile valleys draining into the Oilfants river, one of the main rivers leading into the Kruger National Park.
Sekhukhuneland is severely degraded. A soil degradation survey done of the former Homeland, Lebowa, by satellite remote sensing in 1993, revealed that in Sekhukhuneland alone approximately 16800ha has become an erosion gully, or bare soil, with little or no vegetation.
This means that 3360 potential farmers have effectively been deprived of 5ha each.

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main measures: structural measures

Secondary measures: vegetative measures

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• prévenir la dégradation des terres
• réduire la dégradation des terres

Commentaires:

Secondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.2 Spécification/ explications techniques du dessin technique

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: improvement of ground cover, increase in organic matter, water harvesting / increase water supply

Secondary technical functions: increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil

Vegetative measure: contour
Vegetative material: O : other
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 10cm

Vegetative measure: contour
Vegetative material: O : other
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 1m

Vegetative measure: contour
Vegetative material: O : other
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 20cm

Vegetative measure: contour
Vegetative material: O : other

Trees/ shrubs species: Agave sisalana & Agave mexicane

Grass species: Vetiver

Other species: Acacia tortilis, Portulacaria afra

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 1.00%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 1.00%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 1.00%

Retention/infiltration ditch/pit, sediment/sand trap
Spacing between structures (m): 10-30
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 30cm
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 50cm
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 200m

Construction material (other): old motor tyres

Lateral gradient along the structure: 1%

For water harvesting: the ratio between the area where the harvested water is applied and the total area from which water is collected is: 1:30

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

Control / change of species composition

4.3 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

autre/ monnaie nationale (précisez):

rand

Indiquer le taux de change du dollars en monnaie locale (si pertinent): 1 USD= :

6,0

4.4 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier
1.	transplanting Vetiver and trees	Végétale	before rains - ongoing
2.	planting Agave	Végétale	all year round
3.	1. placing motor tyres and earth	Structurel	ok-ap (rainseason)

4.5 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Labour	ha	1,0	83,35	83,35
Equipements	Machine use	ha	1,0	11,0	11,0
Matériel végétal	Trees	ha	1,0	888,0	888,0
Autre	tyre transport	ha	1,0	138,0	138,0	100,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					1120,35

Commentaires:

Duration of establishment phase: 36 month(s)

4.6 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	pruning / trimming	Végétale	need /periodically

4.8 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

The main expense is transporting the tyres which depends on the distance travelled.
It is obvious that any increase in the cost of labour will have a market impact on final costs.

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

5.3 Sols

Si disponible, joignez une description complète du sol ou précisez les informations disponibles, par ex., type de sol, pH/ acidité du sol, capacité d'échange cationique, azote, salinité, etc.

Soil depth on average: Also shallow

Soil fertility is low - very low

Soil drainage / infiltration is poor

Soil water storage capacity is low - medium

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 0.5% - 1%

(other income (e.g. bottle store)).

Off-farm income specification: Pension very important

Market orientation of production system: Probable, no sure if on market

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres détenues ou louées par les exploitants appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• communauté/ village

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• accès libre (non organisé)

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Revenus et coûts

Autres impacts socio-économiques

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Cycle de l'eau/ ruissellement

Sols

Autres impacts écologiques

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

Commentaires:

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Interest is increasing.

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
Easy to implement and benefits from food, fuel and fodder.
Improved graze cover.
Improved trees cover.
Improved trees cover.

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
Capture water and sediment for growth of plants. How can they be sustained / enhanced? More of the same technology.
Improved graze cover. How can they be sustained / enhanced? More of the same technology.
Improved trees cover.
Improved water management.
Improved biodiversity.

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Paths may be blocked.	Put more soil on the tyres
Transport cost for tyres.

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Transport costs of tyres.	Selesert sponsorship.
Tyres all over the area may be unsightly.	Cover the tyres with soil and vegetation.

7.2 Références des publications disponibles

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Progress Report. Feb-94.

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

C.W. Spies