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Technologies
Inactif

Forest catchment treatment [Inde]

  • Création :
  • Mise à jour :
  • Compilateur :
  • Rédacteur :
  • Examinateur :

technologies_1476 - Inde

État complet : 67%

1. Informations générales

1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Personne(s)-ressource(s) clé(s)

Spécialiste GDT:
Spécialiste GDT:

Vashisth US

01732-30006

usvashisth@teri.res.in

House No.1014 Sector 17 Jagadhari, Yamunanagar

Inde

Nom du projet qui a facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)
Book project: where the land is greener - Case Studies and Analysis of Soil and Water Conservation Initiatives Worldwide (where the land is greener)
Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)
CIFOR Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) - Inde

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Quand les données ont-elles été compilées (sur le terrain)?

01/09/2002

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

1.5 Référence au(x) questionnaire(s) sur les Approches de GDT

Joint forest management
approaches

Joint forest management [Inde]

Government and NGO supported community protection of forested catchments, through village-based Hill Resource Management Societies.

  • Compilateur : Sumana Datta
Joint forest management
approaches

Joint forest management [Inde]

Joint forest management is a community based program developed in collaboration with the forest department for the protection and management of local forests while providing incentives to the local communities with political and institutional support from the state.

  • Compilateur : Sumana Datta

2. Description de la Technologie de GDT

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

Catchment treatment of degraded forest land including social fencing, infiltration trenches and enrichment planting with trees and grasses for production and dam protection.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

Forest catchment treatment aims to achieve production and environmental benefits through a combination of structural, vegetative and management measures in badly degraded catchments above villages. These efforts are concentrated in the highly erodible Shiwalik Hills at the foot of the Himalayan range where soil erosion has ravaged the landscape, and the original forest has almost disappeared.
The purpose of forest catchment treatment is first to rehabilitate the forest through protection of the area by ‘social fencing’ (villagers agreeing amongst themselves to exclude livestock without using physical barriers), then construction of soil conservation measures (staggered contour trenches, check dams, graded stabilisation channels etc; see establishment activities), and ‘enrichment planting’ of trees and grasses within the existing forest stand to improve composition and cover. These species usually include trees such as Acacia catechu and Dalbergia sissoo, and fodder grasses - as well as bhabbar grass (Eulaliopsis binata), which is used for rope making. The combined measures are aimed at reestablishing the forest canopy, understorey and floor, thereby restoring the forest ecosystem together with its functions and services. Biodiversity is simultaneously enhanced.
The second main objective is to provide supplementary irrigation water to the village below through construction of one, or more, earth dams. The village community - organised into a Hill Resource Management Society - is the source of highly subsidised labour for forest catchment treatment. After catchment protection around the proposed dam site(s), the dam(s) and pipeline(s) are constructed. The dams are generally between 20,000 and 200,000 m3 in capacity, and the pipelines usually one kilometre or less in length.
Apart from irrigation, the villagers benefit from communal use of non-timber forest resources. Forest catchment treatment (associated with the approach termed ‘joint forest management’ - JFM) has been developed from a pilot initiative in Sukhomajri village in 1976, and has spread very widely throughout India. This description focuses on Ambala and Yamunanagar Districts in Haryana State.

The Shiwalik hills where the SWC technology was applied is one of the eight most degraded, rainfed agro-ecosystems of India. It is highly erodible, with presence of low water retentive soils and severe soil erosion, haing water scarcity despite average 1000 mm annual rainfall.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

Pays:

Inde

Région/ Etat/ Province:

Haryana

Autres spécifications du lieu:

Ambala and Yamunanagar

3. Classification de la Technologie de GDT

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

  • améliorer la production
  • réduire, prévenir, restaurer les terres dégradées

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Pâturages

Pâturages

Forêts/ bois

Forêts/ bois

  • Rehabilitated natural forest
Commentaires:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): The Shiwalik Hills are extremely prone to both surface erosion and landslides, and general degradation of vegetation due to over-exploitation. Some areas have become completely denuded because of overgrazing and woodcutting. Furthermore there is no, or inadequate, water for irrigation of crops.

Grazingland comments: Due to free grazing, much of the forest land was becoming barren and fodder yield declined over a period of time. The average fodder yield was about two quintals/ha of forest land and fodder consumption was 26.69kg/animal/day.

Problems / comments regarding forest use: Tree species like Khaci (Acacia catechu), Dalbergio sissoo in pits and slips of bhabbar grass (Eulaliopsis binata) on mounds of trenches and hill slopes were planted. Bhabbar grass was sold out by forest department to contractors.

Type of grazing system comments: Due to free grazing, much of the forest land was becoming barren and fodder yield declined over a period of time. The average fodder yield was about two quintals/ha of forest land and fodder consumption was 26.69kg/animal/day.

3.3 Informations complémentaires sur l'utilisation des terres

Précisez:

Longest growing period in days: 120 Longest growing period from month to month: Jul - Oct

3.4 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

  • fermeture de zones (arrêt de tout usage, appui à la réhabilitation)
  • Amélioration de la couverture végétale/ du sol
  • mesures en travers de la pente

3.5 Diffusion de la Technologie

Commentaires:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 198 m2.

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

érosion hydrique des sols

érosion hydrique des sols

  • Wt: perte de la couche superficielle des sols (couche arable)/ érosion de surface
  • Wg: ravinement/ érosion en ravines
  • Wm: mouvements de masse/ glissements de terrain
dégradation hydrique

dégradation hydrique

  • Ha: aridification
Commentaires:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Wm: mass movements / landslides, Ha: aridification

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires), education, access to knowledge and support services (Absence of institutional arrangements to disseminate the knowledge from lab to land and involve the users in implementation)

Secondary causes of degradation: overgrazing (Subsistence economy, dependance on forests for fuelwood and fodder, livestock were low quality, free grazing type. And these were no regulatory mechanisms to share usufruct from forests with people.), poverty / wealth (Lack of capital at the grassroot to take the initiative by the farmers themselves)

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:
  • réduire la dégradation des terres

4. Spécifications techniques, activités, intrants et coûts de mise en œuvre

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

Auteur:

Mats Gurtner

4.2 Spécification/ explications techniques du dessin technique

Forest catchment treatment: an overview showing protected forest, dam and irrigated cropland below.

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: increase of infiltration, water harvesting / increase water supply

Secondary technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, improvement of ground cover, control of concentrated runoff

Vegetative measure: enrichment planting with
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, G : grass

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, G : grass

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, G : grass

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, G : grass

Trees/ shrubs species: Acacia catechu, Dalbergia sissoo etc

Grass species: bhabbar grass: Eulaliopsis binata

Structural measure: dam

Structural measure: trenches

Structural measure: ditches

Structural measure: check dams

Other type of management: social fencing

4.4 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

Activité Type de mesures Calendrier
1. Enrichment planting of tree seedlings (Acacia catechu, Dalbergiasissoo etc), grasses (bhabbar grass: Eulaliopsis binata) on bundsof earth and hill slopes, and Ipomea cornea in channels. Végétale beginning of the monsoon rains.
2. Construction of a series of staggered contour trenches on slopes. Structurel pre-monsoon
3. Construction of stone/earth/wood check dams in gullies. Structurel pre-monsoon
4. Construction of graded stabilisation channels which capture runoffand discharge it safely. Structurel pre-monsoon
5. Construction of earth dam wall for water harvesting and concretepipelines for irrigation. Structurel pre-monsoon
6. Introduction of social fencing system through Hill ResourceManagement Societies. Modes de gestion pre-monsoon

4.5 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

Spécifiez les intrants Unité Quantité Coûts par unité Coût total par intrant % des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre Labour ha 1,0 250,0 250,0 5,0
Equipements Machine use ha 1,0 75,0 75,0
Matériel végétal Seedlings ha 1,0 50,0 50,0
Matériaux de construction Construction material for dam wall ha 1,0 25,0 25,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie 400,0
Commentaires:

Duration of establishment phase: 36 month(s)

4.6 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

Activité Type de mesures Calendrier/ fréquence
1. watch and ward Végétale /on-going
2. Desilting of water harvesting structures. Structurel pre-monsoon,/once every year
3. Repair of channels. Structurel pre-monsoon,/once every year
4. Maintenance of structures. Structurel pre-monsoon,/
5. regular meetings/facilitations Modes de gestion
6. control grazing fines, peer-group pressure Modes de gestion

4.7 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

Spécifiez les intrants Unité Quantité Coûts par unité Coût total par intrant % des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre Labour ha 1,0 50,0 50,0 95,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie 50,0
Commentaires:

This information is indicative and is based on calculations derived from Thaska village (Yamunanagar District)
where there are 3 dams - collecting the runoff from the total forest catchment of 75 ha. The cost range of treatments per
hectare of rehabilitated forest is generally US$ 200–700 (where the main cost is that of the dam construction) and typically the area of supplementary irrigation (command area) is twice as large as the forest catchment treated (in this case the irrigated area is 150 ha).
Cost per unit: the treatment of a 25 ha unit of catchment including construction of a dam costs around US$ 10,000.

5. Environnement naturel et humain

5.1 Climat

Précipitations annuelles
  • < 250 mm
  • 251-500 mm
  • 501-750 mm
  • 751-1000 mm
  • 1001-1500 mm
  • 1501-2000 mm
  • 2001-3000 mm
  • 3001-4000 mm
  • > 4000 mm
Zone agro-climatique
  • subhumide
  • semi-aride

Semi arid: Shiwalik region falls under semi-arid agro-climatic zone.

5.2 Topographie

Pentes moyennes:
  • plat (0-2 %)
  • faible (3-5%)
  • modéré (6-10%)
  • onduleux (11-15%)
  • vallonné (16-30%)
  • raide (31-60%)
  • très raide (>60%)
Reliefs:
  • plateaux/ plaines
  • crêtes
  • flancs/ pentes de montagne
  • flancs/ pentes de colline
  • piémonts/ glacis (bas de pente)
  • fonds de vallée/bas-fonds
Zones altitudinales:
  • 0-100 m
  • 101-500 m
  • 501-1000 m
  • 1001-1500 m
  • 1501-2000 m
  • 2001-2500 m
  • 2501-3000 m
  • 3001-4000 m
  • > 4000 m
Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la topographie:

Landforms: Hill slopes (ranked 1, Higher hills are located in the northern and eastern part of the tract, while low hills in the southern and western parts of the tract. These hills are characterized by relatively high intensity of er), ridges (ranked 2) and footslopes (ranked 3)
Slopes on average: Moderate (ranked 1, the slopes vary considerably from moderate to precipitous), hilly (ranked 2) and steep (ranked 3)

5.3 Sols

Profondeur moyenne du sol:
  • très superficiel (0-20 cm)
  • superficiel (21-50 cm)
  • modérément profond (51-80 cm)
  • profond (81-120 cm)
  • très profond (>120 cm)
Texture du sol (de la couche arable):
  • grossier/ léger (sablonneux)
Matière organique de la couche arable:
  • moyen (1-3%)
  • faible (<1%)
Si disponible, joignez une description complète du sol ou précisez les informations disponibles, par ex., type de sol, pH/ acidité du sol, capacité d'échange cationique, azote, salinité, etc.

Soil depth on average: Also shallow (ranked 2) and deep (ranked 3)
Soil texture: Coarse (ranked 1, in most of the areas soils are sandy. However sandy loam, loamy sand and sill loam soils are also met with), medium (ranked 2) and fine/heavy (ranked 3)
Soil fertility: Medium (soils are deficient in humus contents. However soils are fairly fertile and suitable for raising forest crops in the entire area)
Soil drainage/infiltration: Poor (water holding capacity of soils is good)

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Orientation du système de production:
  • subsistance (auto-approvisionnement)
  • mixte (de subsistance/ commercial)
Revenus hors exploitation:
  • 10-50% de tous les revenus
Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Off-farm income specification: significant off-farm activity/income includes rope making from bhabbar grass. Sale of fodder grass from the forest provides
additional income.
Market orientation forest land: Mixed (forest dept. used to give annual contracts for bhabbar grasses)

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres détenues ou louées par les exploitants appliquant la Technologie

  • < 0,5 ha
  • 0,5-1 ha
  • 1-2 ha
  • 2-5 ha
  • 5-15 ha
  • 15-50 ha
  • 50-100 ha
  • 100-500 ha
  • 500-1 000 ha
  • 1 000-10 000 ha
  • > 10 000 ha
Commentaires:

2-5 ha: Grazing land mainly comprises of forest area where villagers have rights, private as well as community lands.

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:
  • état
Droits d’utilisation des terres:
  • communautaire (organisé)

6. Impacts et conclusions

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

production fourragère

en baisse
en augmentation

qualité des fourrages

en baisse
en augmentation

production de bois

en baisse
en augmentation

diversité des produits

en baisse
en augmentation
Commentaires/ spécifiez:

Increased non-timber forest products

Revenus et coûts

revenus agricoles

en baisse
en augmentation

disparités économiques

en augmentation
en baisse
Commentaires/ spécifiez:

Those with irrigation vs those without

Impacts socioculturels

institutions communautaires

affaibli
renforcé

connaissances sur la GDT/ dégradation des terres

réduit
amélioré

apaisement des conflits

détérioré
amélioré
Commentaires/ spécifiez:

Those with irrigation vs those without

Impacts écologiques

Sols

humidité du sol

en baisse
en augmentation

couverture du sol

réduit
amélioré

perte en sol

en augmentation
en baisse
Biodiversité: végétale, animale

Couverture végétale

en baisse
en augmentation
Commentaires/ spécifiez:

Trees and grass

diversité végétale

en baisse
en augmentation

diversité animale

en baisse
en augmentation

diversité des habitats

en baisse
en augmentation

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

flux des cours d'eau fiables et stables en saison sèche

réduit
en augmentation

inondations en aval

en augmentation
réduit

envasement en aval

en augmentation
en baisse

Crop yield

decreased
increased
Commentaires/ spécifiez:

From new irrigation water

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?
Rentabilité à court terme:

très positive

Rentabilité à long terme:

très positive

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?
Rentabilité à court terme:

très positive

Rentabilité à long terme:

très positive

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

Parmi tous ceux qui ont adopté la Technologie, combien d'entre eux l'ont fait spontanément, à savoir sans recevoir aucune incitation matérielle ou aucun paiement?
  • 50-90%
Commentaires:

40% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: estimates

60% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: The spread of such forest treatment within Haryana (and outside) is happening steadily.
Farmers have levelled theor fields to await water for irrigation from dams. The villagers have also contributed by money/labour in lying pipelines for water distribution.

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
Increased availabilzy of fodder and fuel.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Improvement in livestock mix and breed owned by villlagers.
Increased crop yields, milk production and horticultural products

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Suitable crop mix to derive maximum benefits from water from dams
Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
Increased surface and groundwater help to fill the dam rather than running off and causing flooding and erosion lower down (but not always: see first off-site disadvantage)

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Ensure continuous protection/
regular maintenance.
Increased fodder and fuel from the renewed forest resources

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Ditto.
Reduction of runoff and erosion in the previously degraded catchment

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Ditto.
Improved forest conditions – both canopy and understorey delivering general ecosystem benefits

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Ditto.
Increased crop yield from irrigation made possible through irrigation from the dam

Increased household income

Increased community institution strength

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Ditto.

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Initial investment to change the cattle mix. Arrangement of credit facility.
Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
In some cases reduction in runoff (because of increased vegetation) causes less water for irrigation Manipulate vegetative cover as required (selective cutting).
Conflicts in water distribution Conflict resolution may need to be carried out through Hill Resource Management Societies.
High labour input.
Regular maintenance and desilting of earthen dams.

7. Références et liens

7.2 Références des publications disponibles

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Singh TP and Varalakshmi V: The Decade and Beyond: Evolving community-state partnership. TERI, New Delhi. 1998.

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Poffenberger M and McGean B (eds): Village Voices, Forest Choices. Joint Forest Management in India. Oxford University Press, Delhi. 1996.

Modules