1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) - Népal

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Quand les données ont-elles été compilées (sur le terrain)?

27/09/2006

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

Improving farmyard manure (FYM) by covering it with black plastic sheeting to provide a favourable environment for microbial activities, and to conserve available nutrients and moisture

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

Applying compost or farmyard manure (FYM) is an excellent way of maintaining and building soil fertility. Considerable nutrient losses often occur through the inappropriate handling or storage of compost and FYM. Drying out causes losses through volatilisation and rainfall whilst runoff causes leaching and the washing out of nutrients. To reduce nutrient losses, farmyard manure needs to be protected from
direct sunlight, rainfall, run-on, and runoff.
A number of improved composting methods have been tested and demonstrated with farmers in the Jhikhu Khola watershed. The Sustainable Soil Management Project (SSMP) has recommended black plastic-covered farmyard manure as one of the most promising methods. Farmyard manure is covered with a piece of black plastic to prevent nutrients from leaching out, to decrease evaporation losses, and to provide a more favourable environment for the growth of microbes due to the increased temperature and moisture content. This method is especially suitable for
areas with low temperatures.
In this method, raw organic materials that are used for animal bedding - crop residues, leaves, grass, weeds and other organic materials - are piled up or put into a pit in layers together with animal urine and dung. The pile is then completely covered with black plastic sheeting. This method is based on the passive aeration approach, the plastic sheet is removed from the heap each day to add more bedding
materials. It is then covered again immediately. Maintenance is easy although care is needed to avoid damaging the sheet. The black plastic should be handled carefully while taking it off and returning it to the pile as the composting material may contain sharp-edged plant stems.
The method was found to be easy to apply and took little time and labour. In the Jhikhu Khola area, women are mainly responsible for preparing manure and carrying it to the fields. This technology reduces their burden as a smaller amount of black plastic FYM is needed to meet soil nutrient requirements compared to traditional FYM, which is normally applied in a poorly decomposed form and in large
quantities.
The method was tested in the middle mountains of Nepal in the Jhikhu Khola watershed, located at 800-2200 masl and with 1200-1600 mm annual rainfall, about 70-80% in the monsoon months (June to September). The temperature ranges from 3-40 degree Cel. in the lower parts of the watershed and about 3 degree Cel. less at the higher elevations.

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

• il y a moins de 10 ans (récemment)

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• par le biais de projets/ d'interventions extérieures

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

It was first tried at Lumle agriculture research centre in Nepal.

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• Improve farmyard manure

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Commentaires:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Crop production is limited as a result of soil fertility deterioration, high cropping intensity, and a scarcity of irrigation
water. Application of increasing amounts of agrochemicals is further deteriorating soil health.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Increased amount of chemical fertilizer input, less production, and irrigation water shortage.

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: rice- wheat- vegetables; rice- vegetables-vegetables; maize - vegetables

3.3 Informations complémentaires sur l'utilisation des terres

Approvisionnement en eau des terres sur lesquelles est appliquée la Technologie:

• mixte: pluvial-irrigué

Commentaires:

Water supply: Also rainfed

Nombre de période de croissance par an: :

• 3

Précisez:

Longest growing period in days: 150; Longest growing period from month to month: Jun - Oct; Second longest growing period in days: 120; Second longest growing period from month to month: Nov - Feb

3.4 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• gestion intégrée de la fertilité des sols

3.5 Diffusion de la Technologie

Spécifiez la diffusion de la Technologie:

• répartie uniformément sur une zone

Si la Technologie est uniformément répartie sur une zone, indiquez la superficie couverte approximative:

• 1-10 km2

Commentaires:

The black plastic covered FYM was tested at about 50 households of above mentioned villages Development Committees ( VDCs) and Dhulikhel municipality.

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• réduire la dégradation des terres

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

4.2 Spécification/ explications techniques du dessin technique

Black plastic covered farmyard manure

Location: Jhikhu Khola watershed. Kabhre palanchowk district

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: nutrient conservation, accelerated decomposition

Change of land use practices / intensity level: traditional FYM used to be uncovered

4.3 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

Spécifiez la manière dont les coûts et les intrants ont été calculés:

• par entité de la Technologie

Indiquez la monnaie utilisée pour le calcul des coûts:

• dollars US

4.4 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier
1.	Bedding material (e.g. crop residues, leaves, grass, weeds) along	Modes de gestion	Daily
2.	Each day farmers add bedding material to the piled heap or into the	Modes de gestion	Daily

4.5 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Equipements	Black plastic sheet	pieces	1,0	17,6	17,6
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					17,6

Commentaires:

Duration of establishment phase: 2 month(s)

4.6 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	Moisture and temperature is checked regularly	Modes de gestion	/ weekly

4.7 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Check mosture and temeprature	Persons/day	4,0	2,1	8,4	100,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					8,4

Commentaires:

The only establishment cost is the cost of the sheet. In this case study, a 5 kg black plastic sheet costing about
$17.6 was used. This sheet was thick (800 microns thick) and is expected to last for 4-5 years. Less durable and smaller
sheets cost less. Each day a farmer needs about 30 minutes to add bedding materials, equivalent to 4 person days per
month for 2 months. The labour is mainly done by women and girls. All costs were based as in 2006.

4.8 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

Black plastic sheet, per kg cost of which is about $3.5. It is thick (thickness: 800 micron) and durable for 4-5 years.

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la topographie:

Slopes on average: Also gentle and moderate

Landforms: Also mountain slopes and valley floors

5.3 Sols

Si disponible, joignez une description complète du sol ou précisez les informations disponibles, par ex., type de sol, pH/ acidité du sol, capacité d'échange cationique, azote, salinité, etc.

Soil depth on average: variable

Soil fertility is very low and medium

Soil drainage / infiltration is poor and good

Soil water storage capacity is low - very low

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Population density: 200-500 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

15% of the land users are rich and own 35% of the land.
35% of the land users are average wealthy and own 40% of the land.
50% of the land users are poor and own 25% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: In most farm households, off-farm income plays at least a minor and increasingly a major role. Occasional opportunities for off-farm income present themselves in the form of daily labour wages. Some households’ members receive regular salaries, whilst an increasing number of Nepalis are
working in India, the Middle East, Malaysia, and elsewhere and sending remittance incomes home.

Level of mechanization: Manual labour for planting, irrigation and harveting; Land preparation mostly with animal traction but at valley bottom also with machines.

Market orientation of production system: Commercial is only grrowing vegetables

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres détenues ou louées par les exploitants appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• individu, avec titre de propriété

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• individuel

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Revenus et coûts

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Autres impacts écologiques

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Changements climatiques progressifs

Changements climatiques progressifs

	Saison	Type de changements/ extrêmes climatiques	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
températures annuelles		augmente	pas connu

Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)

Catastrophes météorologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
pluie torrentielle locale	bien
tempête de vent locale	bien

Catastrophes climatiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
sécheresse	bien

Catastrophes hydrologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
inondation générale (rivière)	bien

Autres conséquences liées au climat

Autres conséquences liées au climat

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
réduction de la période de croissance	bien

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Commentaires:

The investment costs are paid back within the first year leading to positive results due to higher production due to more nutrient-rich compost.

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

• cas isolés/ expérimentaux

Si disponible, quantifiez (nombre de ménages et/ou superficie couverte):

50 households in an area of 1 - 10 sq km (200-500 persons per sq km)

Parmi tous ceux qui ont adopté la Technologie, combien d'entre eux l'ont fait spontanément, à savoir sans recevoir aucune incitation matérielle ou aucun paiement?

• 0-10%

Commentaires:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

50 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: survey results

Comments on spontaneous adoption: survey results

There is no trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Spontaneous adoption of the technology was not seen as the sheeting was not locally available and also due to the lack of dissemination and awareness raising activities.

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
More production observed (especially for vegetables) with black plastic FYM compared to traditional FYM How can they be sustained / enhanced? Carry out comparative production studies on more crops

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
Less workload for women during FYM preparation and transportation. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Promote and implement the technology more
The technology will promote organic production of desired crops as avoids the need for chemical fertilisers. How can they be sustained / enhanced? As above
FYM decomposes within 45-50 days compared to about 180 days with the traditional method; the improved FYM is very fine and with equal decomposition from top to bottom of the heap. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Share experiences with a wider audience and test the technology in different ecological zones.
The quality of FYM is better than traditionally made FYM; nutrient content (N, P, K, organic matter, C-N ratio) is higher. How can they be sustained / enhanced? As above
Black plastic is easy to handle, light, and durable. This method is very much appropriate for high mountains and middle mountains. How can they be sustained / enhanced? As above

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Poorer rural people are put off by the cost and unavailability of the sheets; they have to bear the extra cost of bringing sheet from a far.	Make the sheets available in the local market and arrange for the cost to be subsidised by agriculture departments and non-government organisations.

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Unavailability of large enough sheets to cover huge heaps.	Make two or more smaller heaps; or cover big heaps with two or more sheets.
Plastic sheet gets damaged if not handled carefully and is easily damaged by rats.	Handle sheets carefully and protect from rats using locally available rat repellent plants like Artemisia indica (titepati).

7.2 Références des publications disponibles

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

ICIMOD (2007) Good Practices in Watershed Management, Lessons Learned in the Mid Hills of Nepal. Kathmandu: ICIMOD.

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

ICIMOD