1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

CARITAS (Switzerland) - Suisse

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

CDE Centre for Development and Environment (CDE Centre for Development and Environment) - Suisse

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Quand les données ont-elles été compilées (sur le terrain)?

16/07/2010

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

After the end of the Soviet era, an increased number of livestock with less grazing land available, has led to the deterioration of the pastures, including overgrazing, reduction of plant diversity, poor livestock health and soil erosion. To tackle the problem, Caritas Switzerland together with livestock committees at village level introduced rotational grazing supported by extra water points and rest places.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

When in 2009 the project started in the two watersheds of Fayzabad and Gesh in Muminabad district, the communities had identified insufficient livestock water points in the pastures, and poor pasture management as top priorities concerning natural resource management in the watersheds. At that time, one of the biggest problems for livestock and herders was the difficult access to water when grazing the daily pastures above the villages. At lunch time, herds had to walk long distances (4-5 kilometers) and actually had to come back to the villages for drinking water. Climbing twice a day to the pasture costs the cattle a lot of energy leading to a yearly loss of up to 40-50 kg, according to a Caritas Switzerland study. One initial measure to improve the condition of the livestock was therefore to establish water points in the pastures. At first, water sources that supply water throughout the year were identified.

Purpose of the Technology: The water is now collected in a cement catchment, from where it is channelled through pipes to the drinking water points for animals. In some cases water tanks are placed above water points, to collect water and to distribute it to the water points. Additionally, rest places were found for the livestock, where they can have a rest in the shade after drinking water on hot summer days.
In conjunction to the establishment of water points, a rotational grazing scheme was introduced. The pasture land in the watershed was divided into ten parts and in each plot the animals were allowed to graze for five to eight days, assuring longer growing times for grass on specific pastures and thus increasing the quantity of grass and the quality of the pastures.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Livestock committees, consisting of five people, were organised. They took the lead in developing appropriate grazing schemes and discussing the location of the water points with the villagers. They are in charge of further maintenance of the water points, and the daily organisation of the rotational grazing. One of the five committee members is the shepherd. Every morning he accompanies the herd and checks the water points and the rest places. Once a month he collects one Somoni from each family to cover costs arising from this method of pasture management in the watershed.

Natural / human environment: The technology is implemented on pasture land where animal drinking water is readily available only in spring, and during the rest of the year the distances to water sources are long. Daily pastures in stony terrain with steep slopes and pastures situated higher up are difficult to reach. The livestock grazing on common grazing land are controlled by the head shepherd with the task of coordinating the different helpers and having overall responsibility for herding the livestock.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

• il y a moins de 10 ans (récemment)

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• grâce à l'innovation d'exploitants des terres

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• réduire, prévenir, restaurer les terres dégradées

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Commentaires:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Animal trampling and little vegetation cover, wind erosion, water erosion.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Bad pastures, bad access to water points.

Semi-nomadism / pastoralism: rotational grazing

Grazingland comments: Healthy livestock go out to the summer pastures and cows that are used for milk stay in the village along with the sick animals.

Type of grazing system comments: Healthy livestock go out to the summer pastures and cows that are used for milk stay in the village along with the sick animals.

3.3 Informations complémentaires sur l'utilisation des terres

Approvisionnement en eau des terres sur lesquelles est appliquée la Technologie:

• pluvial

Nombre de période de croissance par an: :

• 1

Précisez:

Longest growing period in days: 145Longest growing period from month to month: March-September

Densité d'élevage/ chargement (si pertinent):

> 100 LU /km2

3.4 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• pastoralisme et gestion des pâturages
• Amélioration de la couverture végétale/ du sol

3.5 Diffusion de la Technologie

Spécifiez la diffusion de la Technologie:

• répartie uniformément sur une zone

Si la Technologie est uniformément répartie sur une zone, indiquez la superficie couverte approximative:

• 100-1 000 km2

Commentaires:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 93.74 m2.

11 projects applied this technology, however, in the cost section of this case study costs are calculated for only one of these 11 projects (Faizabad watersheds)

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main measures: management measures

Secondary measures: vegetative measures

Type of vegetative measures: in blocks

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Et: loss of topsoil, Bc: reduction of vegetation cover

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Pc: compaction, Ha: aridification

Main causes of degradation: overgrazing (bad management of pastures), population pressure (many animals in the pastures)

Secondary causes of degradation: inputs and infrastructure: (roads, markets, distribution of water points, other, …)

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• prévenir la dégradation des terres

Commentaires:

Main goals: prevention of land degradation

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

4.2 Spécification/ explications techniques du dessin technique

Rotational grazing map for pasture management.

Location: Muminabad district. Muminabad, Khatlon, Tajikistan

Date: 2010-12-27

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: increase in organic matter, increase of infiltration

Secondary technical functions: improvement of ground cover

In blocks
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 200
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 5.00
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 6.00

Trees/ shrubs species: maple

Fruit trees / shrubs species: mulberry, wallnut

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 80.00%

Change of land use practices / intensity level: from grazing land to rotational grazing land

Layout change according to natural and human environment: water points

4.3 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

Indiquez la monnaie utilisée pour le calcul des coûts:

• dollars US

4.4 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier
1.	Planting trees to create rest places for livestock	Végétale	spring
2.	Planting trees to create rest places for livestock	Végétale
3.	water points	Modes de gestion	2 months
4.	construction of the pipeline from the spring to the water points	Modes de gestion	1 month
5.	catchment device on the spring	Modes de gestion
6.	catchment device on the spring	Modes de gestion
7.	calculating carring capacity and number of days of grazing period on each plot	Modes de gestion
8.	calculating carring capacity and number of days of grazing period on each plot	Modes de gestion

4.5 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Planting trees incl. seeds	Persons/day	20,0	5,5	110,0	20,0
Main d'œuvre	Waterpoints construction labour	Persons/day	160,0	5,5	880,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Pipeline Construction incl. Watertanks etc	pipeline	1,0	6648,0	6648,0	30,0
Equipements	Catchement device	device	1,0	353,0	353,0	20,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					7991,0

Si le coût n'est pas pris en charge à 100% par l'exploitant des terres, indiquez qui a financé le coût restant:

Caritas

4.6 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	Protecting young trees with dead branches from thorny bushes	Végétale	2-3 years
2.	Protecting young trees with dead branches from thorny bushes	Végétale
3.	Watering of trees (done by sheperd)	Végétale	1-2 years
4.	Watering of trees (done by sheperd)	Végétale
5.	rotational grazing and checking the water catchment and distribution system (salary for shepherd)	Modes de gestion	8 months

4.7 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	rotational grazing and checking the water catchment and distribution system	ha	800,0	0,7975	638,0
Main d'œuvre	Protecting young trees with dead branches from thorny bushes	Persons/day	20,0	5,5	110,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					748,0

Commentaires:

Machinery/ tools: spade, possible water tap, shovels, spades

The costs were calculated for infrastructure establishment, labour etc. applying to the whole area of 800 ha.

4.8 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

Distance to the water source, and the availability of high resolution satellite maps (the technology is cheaper if maps are available because the planning process gets facilitated).

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la topographie:

Landforms occure also in ridges.

Slopes on average are also moderate sometimes.

5.3 Sols

Si disponible, joignez une description complète du sol ou précisez les informations disponibles, par ex., type de sol, pH/ acidité du sol, capacité d'échange cationique, azote, salinité, etc.

Soil depth on average can somtimes be deep.

Soil fertility is low on spring pastures, medium where the animals are grazing and high on the top of the watershed.

Topsoil organic matter is on the top high and medium in the middle.

Soil drainage / infiltration is good on the top of the watershed and medium in the middle of the watershed.

Soil water storage capacity is high on the top, medium in the middle and very low on the bottom.

5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la qualité et la quantité d'eau:

Ground water table is everywhere 5-50 m

Water quality (untreated) is als sometime poor.

5.5 Biodiversité

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: The men do most of the work out in the fields, such as carrying water and walking to the fields.

Population density: < 10 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 1% - 2%

2% of the land users are poor.

Off-farm income specification: most families have remittances from Russia

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres détenues ou louées par les exploitants appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• communauté/ village

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• communautaire (organisé)

Droits d’utilisation de l’eau:

• communautaire (organisé)

5.9 Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

Revenus et coûts

Autres impacts socio-économiques

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Cycle de l'eau/ ruissellement

Sols

Biodiversité: végétale, animale

Réduction des risques de catastrophe et des risques climatiques

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Changements climatiques progressifs

Changements climatiques progressifs

	Saison	Type de changements/ extrêmes climatiques	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
températures annuelles		augmente	bien

Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)

Catastrophes météorologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
pluie torrentielle locale	bien
tempête de vent locale	bien

Catastrophes climatiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
sécheresse	bien

Catastrophes hydrologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
inondation générale (rivière)	bien

Autres conséquences liées au climat

Autres conséquences liées au climat

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
réduction de la période de croissance	bien

Commentaires:

Increase in temperature --> install more water points
Increase or decrease in rainfall --> adapt the rotational grazing system

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

• plus de 50%

Si disponible, quantifiez (nombre de ménages et/ou superficie couverte):

500 households in an area of 93.7 km^2 (10 persons/km^2)

Parmi tous ceux qui ont adopté la Technologie, combien d'entre eux l'ont fait spontanément, à savoir sans recevoir aucune incitation matérielle ou aucun paiement?

• 10-50%

Commentaires:

80% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

480 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: nine other villages would like to adopt this technology

There is no trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
More water points How can they be sustained / enhanced? Less risks for their animals

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
Rotational grazing to improve grass cover
Better incomes for the farmer and at the same time pasture ressources are better managed How can they be sustained / enhanced? more meetings and workshops

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
difficult to work with maps	one day workshop
one person had to share their water with the rest of the village	organise meetings --> good communication, show the advantages to everybody

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
One year for such a project is too short	project should be extended to 2-3 years as within three years the trees in the rest places will be well established
only one water point it is not enough to improve soil and water conservation	rotational grazing and rest places have to be implemented together with water points
young trees have to be protected	Using PET bottles or thorny bushes