1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) - Népal

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Quand les données ont-elles été compilées (sur le terrain)?

01/03/2013

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

A faster and more effective way to produce high quality compost in large quantities by surface composting using dry and green farm biomass piled in a heap.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

Biodynamic denotes a method of organic farming that emphasizes a holistic understanding of the interrelationships between soil, plants, and animals in a self-sustaining system. It excludes the use of artificial chemicals and stresses the importance of integrating farm animals, the cultivation of crops, and caring for the land. Fermented herbal and mineral preparations are used as compost additives and field sprays.

Purpose of the Technology: Biodynamic composting is an inexpensive means of producing a large amount of compost within a relatively short time compared to other methods. It is ideal for farmers who require large amounts of compost, such as for orchards; or when several households get together to produce and share compost. This type of composting also helps to store soil carbon, assists irrigation practices that keep fields alternatively moist and dry, works to decrease the number of soil pests, and reduces methane emission. This practice not only enhances agricultural production as an on-site benefit to the land users but also contributes to the off-site benefits enjoyed by downstream land users, since it helps to reduce sedimentation and increases water availability.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The biodynamic compost is prepared as a surface heap rather than in a traditional pit. The heap is built on a flat, dry site away from shade trees and other elements that would promote water logging. The farmer marks out a rectangular plot of land according to his needs and places a set of logs or PVC pipes lengthwise in the middle of the rectangle to facilitate air circulation and help aerate the pile. Alternating layers of dry and green biomass are added on top. Rock phosphate and crushed slaked lime are added to the middle layers to enhance decomposition and to supplement the mineral content. Once the layering is complete, the pile is sealed using a paste made from soil and cow dung. Over the ensuing two months, the pile is watered weekly (through holes made in the plaster layer which are then resealed) and is monitored; any cracks that appear in the external plaster are sealed. At the end of this time, the compost is tested to check if it is ready by taking samples from a few different locations in the heap. When a crushed sample smells like forest soil, it indicates that the degradation is 80% complete and that the compost is ready to use.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

• il y a entre 10-50 ans

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• au cours d'expérimentations / de recherches

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• réduire, prévenir, restaurer les terres dégradées

• Access to fertilizer

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Commentaires:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Crop productivity is limited by poor soil fertility, intense cropping, and a scarcity of irrigation water. Farmers in the hills notice a marked decrease in the health of their crops and degraded soil conditions when chemical fertilizers are overused. Biodynamic composting is a low input response to this problem.

Forest products and services: fuelwood

Other forest products and services: fodder

Constraints of Scrubland

3.4 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• gestion intégrée de la fertilité des sols

3.5 Diffusion de la Technologie

Spécifiez la diffusion de la Technologie:

• appliquée en des points spécifiques ou concentrée sur une petite surface

Commentaires:

Demonstration Plot at ICIMOD Knowledge Park

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• prévenir la dégradation des terres

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

4.2 Spécification/ explications techniques du dessin technique

Layering of the different materials in a biodynamic compost heap

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate (technicians as well)

Main technical functions: increase in organic matter, Increase Soil fertility and Productivity, Improve Physical condition of the soil

Secondary technical functions: increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil, Improve the physical properties of the soil

Other type of management: Improve Compost Quality

4.3 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

Spécifiez la manière dont les coûts et les intrants ont été calculés:

• par entité de la Technologie

autre/ monnaie nationale (précisez):

NPR

Indiquer le taux de change du dollars en monnaie locale (si pertinent): 1 USD= :

71,0

4.4 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier
1.	include cow dung, crushed lime, rock phosphate (or bone meal), and dry and green farm matter. The compost heap is assembled in less than one day and the compost is ready to use within two months (under weather and temperature conditions similar to those at the ICIMOD Knowledge Park).Note: If rock phosphate is not available, crushed stone dust can besubstituted.	Modes de gestion	2 month

4.5 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Labour	unit	1,0	80,0	80,0
Equipements	Shovel, chopping machine, bucket, bamboo, rope	unit	1,0	20,0	20,0
Matériaux de construction	cow dung	kg/unit	300,0	0,1	30,0
Matériaux de construction	lime and rock phosphate	kg/unit	25,0	0,8	20,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					150,0

4.6 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	The compost heap is punctured weekly in order to add water; after watering, the punctures are resealed using cow dung.	Modes de gestion	weekly

4.7 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Labour	unit	1,0	25,0	25,0
Matériaux de construction	Compost / manure	unit	1,0	10,0	10,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					35,0

4.8 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

All costs and amounts are rough estimates by the technicians and authors. Exchange rate USD 1 = NPR 71 in May 2011. This was a demonstration project conducted by ICIMOD.

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

5.3 Sols

Si disponible, joignez une description complète du sol ou précisez les informations disponibles, par ex., type de sol, pH/ acidité du sol, capacité d'échange cationique, azote, salinité, etc.

Soil fertility is medium

Soil drainage / infiltration is poor

Soil water storage capacity is medium

5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la qualité et la quantité d'eau:

Water quality (untreated): Also good drinking water

5.5 Biodiversité

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la biodiversité:

695 species of flora and 230 species of fauna have been documented within the Park's 30 ha area

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Population density: < 10 persons/km2

(Neighbouring communities are poor).

Off-farm income specification: >50% of all households around the demonstration site have off-farm income

Market orientation of production system: In the vicinity of the demonstration site

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres détenues ou louées par les exploitants appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

• government

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• communautaire (organisé)

Droits d’utilisation de l’eau:

• communautaire (organisé)

5.9 Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Revenus et coûts

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Sols

Autres impacts écologiques

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Commentaires:

The land user enjoys both short and long-term benefits; in the short term there is a reduced need for costly chemical/mineral fertilizers and in the long term the health of the soil improves. Locally available dry and green biomass can be used for making biodynamic compost. The only extra costs arise from the need for lime, rock phosphate, and labour.

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

• cas isolés/ expérimentaux

Si disponible, quantifiez (nombre de ménages et/ou superficie couverte):

Experiment

Parmi tous ceux qui ont adopté la Technologie, combien d'entre eux l'ont fait spontanément, à savoir sans recevoir aucune incitation matérielle ou aucun paiement?

• 0-10%

Commentaires:

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: The biodynamic composting technique found a high rate of acceptance with orchard and vegetable farmers. ICIMOD provided farmers from the Godavari and Bishankhunarayan Village Development Committee areas with training on biodynamic composting. The farmers who need a large amount of compost, such as those who have orchards, have adopted the technique and are now producing the compost themselves.

Drivers for adoption:
• The technology is simple and inexpensive; it can be implemented using local materials.
• The biodynamic method is faster and produces more compost than traditional methods.
• The conditions promote complete decomposition and help to reduce the incidence of soil pests.

Constraints
• There is some initial investment cost in terms of the labour needed to collect biomass/soil and to construct the heap.
• This composting method is limited to farmers who keep livestock because fresh cow dung is needed.

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
The main advantage of this method is that the composting process is completed within 60 days, whereas the traditional method requires more than 120 days. The biodynamic compost itself is very fine and decomposition takes place uniformly from top to bottom in the heap. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Share experiences with a wider audience and provide training to replicate the technology.
The quality of biodynamic compost is better than that of traditionally prepared compost. The nutrient content of N, P, K, and organic matter, and the C/N ratio, are higher How can they be sustained / enhanced? Share experiences with a wider audience and provide training to replicate the technology.
This method is suitable for producing large amounts of compost How can they be sustained / enhanced? As above
Promotes organic production of desired crops and avoids the need for chemical fertilizers How can they be sustained / enhanced? As above

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Large amounts of biomass are not always available	Rice and wheat straw can also be used if forest biomass is not easily available.
Rock phosphate is not always available	crushed stone dust can be substituted.

7.2 Références des publications disponibles

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Biodynamic farming and compost preparation, Diver, S, 1999