1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

University of Aveiro (University of Aveiro) - Portugal

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Quand les données ont-elles été compilées (sur le terrain)?

21/09/2016

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

Post-fire salvage logging is the practice of harvest the trees after fire, the employed methodology is clearcutting which involves the cut of essentially all the trees and the removal of logging residues.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

In the 2015 summer a wildfire affected the Semide mountain range nearby the Lousã massif, central Portugal. The area was afforested with eucalypt and pine plantations during last XX century and nowadays landscape is composed mainly by eucalypts at different stages of development and, the understory shrub vegetation.
The research team of the University of Aveiro set up an experiment to test the effect of post-fire logging in soil erosion and other selected soil properties.

Purpose of the Technology: Post-fire logging is a common management practice usually undertaken to recover burnt timber resources, to plant new seedlings and to reduce possible insect infestation hazard. In Portugal, about 10x106 m3 of timber could be harvested every year and a considerable percentage of this figure comes from recently burned eucalypt and pine stands.
Post-fire logging could have a multiple detrimental effect on ecosystem as fire-affected ecosystems are sensitive to further disturbance. This multiplier effect concerns soil compaction, soil (fertility) losses, with serious implications for in-situ plant growth, soil biota and for downstream aquatic systems. Furthermore, post-fire logging undermines the effectiveness of costly rehabilitation efforts aimed at reducing soil erosion. Hence, the post-fire logging practice is still controversial in terms of economic benefit and environmental consequences, in many parts of the world.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The standard logging technique consists of felling burned trees either with a harvester or manually with a chainsaw depending on slope conditions and machinery available. The logs will be gathered with the harvester, using a cable-skidder or pulling logs down-slope with a cable attached to a tractor. A forwarder will transport them to the main pile prior to load and removal by trucks.
The slope will present two well differenced units according to soil surface disturbance, the skid trail or the logged area.

Natural / human environment: The eucalypt trees in the region are typically planted as monocultures for paper pulp production, and harvested every 7-14 years. The landscape reflects a long history of intense land management, with a mosaic of (semi-)natural and man-made agricultural and afforested lands. Since the 1980´s, however, wildfires have increased dramatically in frequency and extent, aided by a general warming and drying trend but driven primarily by socio-economic changes.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

• il y a plus de 50 ans (technologie traditionnelle)

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• dans le cadre d'un système traditionnel (> 50 ans)

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Commentaires:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Strong increases in runoff and erosion should be a main land management concern following wildfires, as they constitute a serious threat to land-use sustainability and downstream aquatic habitats and human infrastructures. In addition to fire itself, post-fire logging activities can greatly increase erosion response of recently burnt areas. Furthermore, logging is typically the most common practice after fire, and recently burnt soils are more erodible than long-unburnt soils.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Loss of wood resources and productivity.

Plantation forestry: Yes

Forest products and services: timber, fuelwood

3.3 Informations complémentaires sur l'utilisation des terres

Nombre de période de croissance par an: :

• 3

Précisez:

Longest growing period in days: 270Longest growing period from month to month: September to May

3.4 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• gestion des forêts naturelles et semi-naturelles
• gestion des plantations forestières

• Post-fire logging

3.5 Diffusion de la Technologie

Spécifiez la diffusion de la Technologie:

• répartie uniformément sur une zone

Si la Technologie est uniformément répartie sur une zone, indiquez la superficie couverte approximative:

• < 0,1 km2 (10 ha)

Commentaires:

The studied area is a hillslope scale but total logged area is larger

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main measures: management measures

Specification of other management measures: Recover burnt timber resources and improve the re-sprout of new eucalypts

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Pc: compaction, Bc: reduction of vegetation cover, Bf: detrimental effects of fires

Main causes of degradation: soil management (Eucalypt plantations are prone to forest fires), crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (Logging increases soil erosin risk and soil compactation), deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Logging increases the lost of vegetation cover), population pressure (Since the 1980´s, eucalypt plantations increased greatly, driven primarily by socio-economic changes.)

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• réduire la dégradation des terres

Commentaires:

Secondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

4.2 Spécification/ explications techniques du dessin technique

The slope will present two well differentiated units according to soil surface disturbance, the machinery trail and the logged area. The soil erosion risk will be associated with the loss of ground cover due to mechanical disturbance. Furthermore, the machinery trail presents the risk of concentrated overland-flow with the subsequent rill formation.

Location: Semide. Coimbra

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low

Technical knowledge required for land users: low (The use of machinery is preferable but not essential)

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of concentrated runoff: impede / retard, improvement of ground cover, improvement of surface structure (crusting, sealing), sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting

Secondary technical functions: control of raindrop splash, improvement of subsoil structure (hardpan)

Other type of management: Recover burnt timber resources and improve the re-sprout of eucalypt stumps

4.3 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

autre/ monnaie nationale (précisez):

euros

Indiquer le taux de change du dollars en monnaie locale (si pertinent): 1 USD= :

0,92

4.4 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier
1.	1 person with chainsaw	Modes de gestion	24
2.	Harvester transport ( in a radio of 50 km)Harvester working (with person)Forwarder (with person)Final transport (in a radio of 50 km)	Modes de gestion	60

4.5 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Labour	ha	1,0	1461,0	1461,0
Equipements	Machine use	ha	1,0	5870,0	5870,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					7331,0

4.7 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

Commentaires:

The prices were determined for a clearcutting of a slope with acceptable slope degree and accessibility. Prices were calculated by hectare in winter 2015 for central Portugal.

4.8 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

Accessibility and steepness will raise the costs. The use of machinery is not a mandatory. Small land owners decrease the total cost by doing manual work with a family framework.

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

5.3 Sols

Si disponible, joignez une description complète du sol ou précisez les informations disponibles, par ex., type de sol, pH/ acidité du sol, capacité d'échange cationique, azote, salinité, etc.

Soil fertility is medium-high
Topsoil organic matter is high (afforested soils)
Soil drainage/infiltration is poor-medium ( Soil water repellency)
Soil water storage capacity is low (very shallow soils)

5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la qualité et la quantité d'eau:

Availability of surface water is good - medium (very dry summer)

5.5 Biodiversité

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la biodiversité:

Burnt soil

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: Harvesting forest areas is typically a men work, probably due to the machinery use and/or the physical strength needed.

Population density: 50-100 persons/km2

Annual population growth: < 0.5%

Market orientation of production system: subsistence (self-supply), mixed (subsistence/ commercial, commercial/ market

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres détenues ou louées par les exploitants appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• individu, sans titre de propriété

Droits d’utilisation de l’eau:

• communautaire (organisé)

5.9 Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Revenus et coûts

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Cycle de l'eau/ ruissellement

Sols

Biodiversité: végétale, animale

Réduction des risques de catastrophe et des risques climatiques

Autres impacts écologiques

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Changements climatiques progressifs

Changements climatiques progressifs

	Saison	Type de changements/ extrêmes climatiques	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
températures annuelles		augmente	bien

Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)

Catastrophes météorologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
pluie torrentielle locale	pas bien
tempête de vent locale	bien

Catastrophes climatiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
sécheresse	pas bien

Catastrophes hydrologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
inondation générale (rivière)	bien

Autres conséquences liées au climat

Autres conséquences liées au climat

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
réduction de la période de croissance	pas bien

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Commentaires:

There is no maintenance

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

Commentaires:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: Small land owners need to request the clearcutting to harvester companies; but they do it spontaneus

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
Short-term economic benefits How can they be sustained / enhanced? Decrease wildfires will increase the economic value of the timber

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé

The chance to obtain an economic benefit from forest plantations diminished depopulation of rural areas in the region. How can they be sustained / enhanced? A diversification toward native forest species cultivation (i.e. cork oak, olive trees, and chestnut tree) would be a very good alternative for the improvement of the ecosystem services, the reduction of wildfires risk and the increase of the socio-economic conditions in the region

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
When timber quality is no good (due to fire) there is no economic benefit	Take the advantage to modify eucalypt plantations toward more sustainable land use

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Increased runoff and soil erosion and possibly modify soil properties	There are several mitigation treatments that can be used to decrease the risk of soil erosion/degradation after logging activities. The use of water dams in the machinery trails and/or the spread of logging residues on the uncover/disturbed soil are techniques that can give good results

7.2 Références des publications disponibles

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

DellaSala, D.A., 2006. Post-fire Logging, Summary of Key Studies and Findings. World Wildlife Fund, Washington,USA.
http://www.nccsp.org/files/Postfire%20Summary%20of%20Key%20Findings.pdf
Fernández. C, J.A. Vega, Fonturbel.T Pérez-Gorostiaga P., Jiménez E., Madrigal.J., 2007. Effects of wildfire salvage logging and slash treatments on soil degradation. Land Degrad. Develop. 18: 591–607. DOI: 10.1002/ldr.797.
Inbar, M., Wittenberg, L., Tamir, M., 1997. Soil erosion and forestry management after wildfire in a Mediterranean woodland, Mt. Carmel, Israel. International Journal of Wildland Fire 7: 285–294.
Malvar, M.C., Martins, M.A.S., Nunes, J.P., Robichaud, P.R., Keizer, J.J., 2013. Assessing the role of pre-fire ground preparation operations and soil water repellency in post-fire runoff and inter-rill erosion by repeated rainfall simulation experiments in Portuguese eucalypt plantations. Catena, 108, 69-83.
Prats S.A., Malvar M.C., Vieira D.C.S., Keizer J.J., 2013, in press. Effectiveness of hydromulching to reduce runoff and erosion in a recently burnt and logged Maritime Pine stand in central Portugal. Land Degradation and Development. (accepted in June 2013).DOI: 10.1002/ldr.2236.
RECARE project: Preventing and Remediating degradation of soils in Europe trhough Land Care.
http://www.recare-project.eu/

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