Reduced pressure on forest resources by improved thermal insulation in private houses [Tadjikistan]
- Création :
- Mise à jour :
- Compilateur : Roziya Kirgizbekova
- Rédacteur : –
- Examinateurs : Deborah Niggli, Alexandra Gavilano
Central Asian Countries Initiative for Land Management (CACILM/ИСЦАУЗР)
technologies_1459 - Tadjikistan
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- Reduced pressure on forest resources by improved thermal insulation in private houses: 4 janvier 2017 (inactive)
- Reduced pressure on forest resources by improved thermal insulation in private houses: 19 juillet 2017 (inactive)
- Reduced pressure on forest resources by improved thermal insulation in private houses: 20 août 2019 (inactive)
- Reduced pressure on forest resources by improved thermal insulation in private houses: 2 novembre 2021 (public)
Voir les sections
Développer tout Réduire tout1. Informations générales
1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie
Spécialiste GDT:
Zevarshoev Rustam
935922699
Retail Cooperative "Zindagi"
Tadjikistan
Nom du projet qui a facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)
Central Asian Countries Initiative for Land Management (CACILM I)Nom du projet qui a facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)
Pilot Program for Climate Resilience, Tajikistan (WB / PPCR)1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées
Quand les données ont-elles été compilées (sur le terrain)?
24/01/2011
Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:
Oui
1.4 Déclaration sur la durabilité de la Technologie décrite
Est-ce que la Technologie décrite ici pose problème par rapport à la dégradation des terres, de telle sorte qu'elle ne peut pas être déclarée comme étant une technologie de gestion durable des terres?
Non
1.5 Référence au(x) questionnaire(s) sur les Approches de GDT
2. Description de la Technologie de GDT
2.1 Courte description de la Technologie
Définition de la Technologie:
Thermal insulation of private houses with energy efficient products to reduce the fuel-wood demand and pressures on the natural environment.
2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie
Description:
Well insulated doors and windows are installed together with thermal insulation of the ceilings and floors in houses in the remote villages of the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region. Improved quality windows and doors, as well as improved thermal insulation of the houses contribute to retain the heat inside, which is one of the main problems in many of these traditionally built houses. The quality of the materials used to produce the products as well as the quality of the product itself and its installation process are ensured through using locally trained craftsmen. Local available organic materials such as sawdust, straw, water plants, leaves and others can be used as thermal insulation material for walls, floors and ceilings. The materials should be dry and free of insects. The local labour market plays a crucial role in the technical accurate performance of the thermal insulation measures. Therefore the local labour market has to be analysed and training needs for the craftsmen have to be defined, e.g. for producing double-glazed windows and improved doors, as well as insulating walls, ceilings or floors, and the installation of windows and doors in accordance to the defined and standardised thermal insulation measu
Thermal insulation contributes to the reduction of heat exchange between indoors and outdoors and therefore may have two main effects: Less fuel may be needed to heat the houses, or using the same quantities of fuel the temperature indoors can be significantly increased. A reduction in fuel consumption means a reduction either of financial expenses or of labour, so the saved money or time can be used for other purposes - ideally for making investments and creating additional income sources. Higher and more constant indoor temperatures can contribute to a reduction in health risks and to increased quality of life during the winter period. Going beyond the level of the individual household, a reduction in fuel consumption means less pressure on natural resources: The less firewood that is used for heating, the less trees will be cut down and the less the forests will degrade. Also the less manure that is burnt in the stoves means more of it can be used as fertilizer on the arable land. In this framework many of the economical, social and environmental problems could be mitigated if houses were properly insulated.
A technical assessment of the identified house for thermal insulation is carried out to investigate which materials are used for the construction of the house, and to identify measures and materials that could be used for thermal insulation purposes, in order to be able to offer the most technically appropriate solution, which is adapted to the local cultural and climatic conditions. The organic thermal insulation material should be prepared in advance to make sure it is dry and clean. The designated area whether it is the floor, ceiling or walls should be cleared of furniture and other things items. Electric wires should be safely removed, or covered adequately for safety reasons to prevent fire. In the case of the roof, the insulation material is laid out evenly on the surface to a thickness of 15-20 cm depending on the type of organic material which is used. The lime is then spread out over the organic insulation material. For 1 m2 about 1-1.5kg of lime is required. The material is thoroughly tamped down to reduce subsidence of the protective cover, which will be put over the insulation material. A mixture of clay, straw and water is prepared to form a substance with a solid consistency to prevent the surface from cracking when it dries. This clay and straw mixture is then spread evenly on the surface about 4-6 cm thick, ensuring that the whole insulation material is covered. The surface should dry in 24 hours after which some cracks might appear and if this happens then a liquid mixture of clay and sand is used to flatten the area left to dry again. The same process is applied to the floors, and the more complex roof thermal insulation materials where roof felt is used as a basis for the organic insulation material as it is moisture proof. The windows and doors as well as these insulated areas in the house should be properly maintained. It should be ensures that there are no leaks in the roof so that the ceiling insulation is kept dry.
Riparian forests in the Western parts of Gorno-Badakhshan and Teresken shrubs on the high plains in the Eastern parts are almost completely destroyed due to their excessive use as a fuel for heating and cooking, and their overuse as areas for pastures. Manure, as one important natural fertilizer for agriculture, is no longer available in large quantities and so the fertility of soil has decreased. In the Eastern Pamirs, although the area is scarcely populated, Teresken shrubs have been used excessively as a fuel and are no longer found within 70km around the only major settlement of Murgab, which has resulted in massive soil erosion and degradation of pastures in this area. The situation is worsened by the fact that the local, mostly traditionally built houses are poorly insulated, low quality doors and windows do not preserve the heat inside during severe cold temperatures. Constant heating is thus necessary meaning households burn large amount of natural fuel resources to keep their houses warm. The thermal insulation technology should contribute to ease the pressure on the natural resources in the GBAO area and allow natural regeneration of forests and Teresken shrubs.
2.3 Photos de la Technologie
2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation
Pays:
Tadjikistan
Région/ Etat/ Province:
Tajikistan, Gorno Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast (GBAO)
Autres spécifications du lieu:
Roshtkala, Shugnan, Murgab and Ishkashim
Map
×2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie
Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :
- il y a moins de 10 ans (récemment)
2.7 Introduction de la Technologie
Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :
- par le biais de projets/ d'interventions extérieures
Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :
The technology was developed and introduced through GIZ project. Gradually Retail Cooperative "Zindagi", established by GIZ is taking the project over.
3. Classification de la Technologie de GDT
3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie
- créer un impact économique positif
3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée
Forêts/ bois
Forêts (semi-)naturelles/ bois:
- Coupes sélectives
Produits et services:
- Bois d'œuvre (de construction)
- Bois de chauffage
- Fruits et noix
- Pâturage/ broutage
Implantations, infrastructures
- Energie: pipelines, lignes haute tension
Commentaires:
Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Due to a shortage of energy sources, wood, teresken and manure are extensively used for heating private houses; natural resources are therefore severely overused, which has resulted in degraded land, destroyed forests and lack of natural fertilizer for agriculture; poor thermal insulation of houses also leads to increased demand for fuel.
Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Unable to heat their houses properly during cold winters; shortage of fuel for cooking and heating; during cold winters, fire wood becomes so scarce that even fruit trees are cut down.
Si l'utilisation des terres a changé en raison de la mise en œuvre de la Technologie, indiquez l'utilisation des terres avant la mise en œuvre de la Technologie:
Other: Settlements, infrastructure networks
3.3 Informations complémentaires sur l'utilisation des terres
Nombre de période de croissance par an: :
- 1
Précisez:
Longest growing period in days: 120, Longest growing period from month to month: May-July
3.4 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie
- technologies d'efficacité énergétique
3.5 Diffusion de la Technologie
Spécifiez la diffusion de la Technologie:
- répartie uniformément sur une zone
Si la Technologie est uniformément répartie sur une zone, indiquez la superficie couverte approximative:
- 100-1 000 km2
Commentaires:
The technology was implemented in several regions of GBAO.
3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie
pratiques végétales
- V5: Autres
structures physiques
- S11: Autres
modes de gestion
- M2: Changement du niveau de gestion / d'intensification
3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie
érosion hydrique des sols
- Wt: perte de la couche superficielle des sols (couche arable)/ érosion de surface
dégradation biologique
- Bc: réduction de la couverture végétale
- Bq: baisse de la quantité/ biomasse
- Bs: baisse de la qualité et de la composition/ diversité des espèces
Commentaires:
Main causes of degradation: over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (Exploiting forest resources for heating and cooking.), poverty / wealth (Most people can't afford to buy other fuel such as coal or gas.), Lack of finances
Secondary causes of degradation: change in temperature (Extremely cold winters force people to cut down excessive amounts of wood for fuel), change of seasonal rainfall (Less precipitation), Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (Heavy periods of rainfall), population pressure (Population growth leads to increasing demand for wood for fuel.), Destroyed infrastructure
3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées
Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:
- prévenir la dégradation des terres
4. Spécifications techniques, activités, intrants et coûts de mise en œuvre
4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie
4.2 Spécification/ explications techniques du dessin technique
This diagram with photos shows the different thermal insulation measures.
Location: Ishkashim. Ishkashim, GBAO, Tajikisatan
Date: 26-02-2011
Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high (Increased technical knowledge)
Technical knowledge required for craftsmen: high (Increased skills in producing well insulated doors and windows.)
Technical knowledge required for construction workers: high (Advanced skills in installation of thermal insulation products.)
Main technical functions: increase of biomass (quantity), Reduced heat loss from houses, Reduced fuel consumption
Secondary technical functions: improvement of topsoil structure (compaction), stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)
Change of land use practices / intensity level
4.3 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts
autre/ monnaie nationale (précisez):
somoni
Indiquer le taux de change du dollars en monnaie locale (si pertinent): 1 USD= :
4,6
4.4 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement
Activité | Type de mesures | Calendrier | |
---|---|---|---|
1. | Installation of window 1.40x1.30 | Modes de gestion | Any time |
2. | Installation of door 2.00x0.90 | Modes de gestion | |
3. | Thermal insulation | Modes de gestion |
4.5 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place
Spécifiez les intrants | Unité | Quantité | Coûts par unité | Coût total par intrant | % des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Main d'œuvre | labour | ha | 1,0 | 17,0 | 17,0 | 100,0 |
Matériaux de construction | door | ha | 1,0 | 133,0 | 133,0 | 100,0 |
Matériaux de construction | window | ha | 1,0 | 126,0 | 126,0 | 100,0 |
Matériaux de construction | Isolation material | ha | 1,0 | 126,0 | 126,0 | 100,0 |
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie | 402,0 |
4.7 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)
Commentaires:
The labour costs are indicated for installation of one window/door. With regards to the thermal insulation the labour costs are higher, so they are calculated per square metre of the area where thermal insulation will be applied.
4.8 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts
Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :
The costs for the installation of windows and doors depends on their size and also whether additional work has to be done to fit the door or window hatch to the required size. With regards to the thermal insulation the costs are estimated based of the size of the area in square metres, whether it is the floor, ceiling or wall.
5. Environnement naturel et humain
5.1 Climat
Précipitations annuelles
- < 250 mm
- 251-500 mm
- 501-750 mm
- 751-1000 mm
- 1001-1500 mm
- 1501-2000 mm
- 2001-3000 mm
- 3001-4000 mm
- > 4000 mm
Spécifications/ commentaires sur les précipitations:
In Murghab District annual rainfall is below 200mm. Around Khorog annual rainfall is 480mm.
Zone agro-climatique
- aride
Thermal climate class: temperate, boreal
5.2 Topographie
Pentes moyennes:
- plat (0-2 %)
- faible (3-5%)
- modéré (6-10%)
- onduleux (11-15%)
- vallonné (16-30%)
- raide (31-60%)
- très raide (>60%)
Reliefs:
- plateaux/ plaines
- crêtes
- flancs/ pentes de montagne
- flancs/ pentes de colline
- piémonts/ glacis (bas de pente)
- fonds de vallée/bas-fonds
Zones altitudinales:
- 0-100 m
- 101-500 m
- 501-1000 m
- 1001-1500 m
- 1501-2000 m
- 2001-2500 m
- 2501-3000 m
- 3001-4000 m
- > 4000 m
5.3 Sols
Profondeur moyenne du sol:
- très superficiel (0-20 cm)
- superficiel (21-50 cm)
- modérément profond (51-80 cm)
- profond (81-120 cm)
- très profond (>120 cm)
Texture du sol (de la couche arable):
- grossier/ léger (sablonneux)
Matière organique de la couche arable:
- moyen (1-3%)
- faible (<1%)
5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau
Profondeur estimée de l’eau dans le sol:
5-50 m
Disponibilité de l’eau de surface:
bonne
Qualité de l’eau (non traitée):
eau potable
5.5 Biodiversité
Diversité des espèces:
- élevé
5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie
Orientation du système de production:
- subsistance (auto-approvisionnement)
Revenus hors exploitation:
- > 50% de tous les revenus
Niveau relatif de richesse:
- pauvre
- moyen
Individus ou groupes:
- individu/ ménage
Genre:
- femmes
- hommes
Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:
Land users applying the Technology are mainly Leaders / privileged
Population density: 10-50 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 2% - 3% (If creditworthy, they can participate through micro-loans schemes.).
Off-farm income specification: The majority of households rely heavily on remittances from Russia.
5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres détenues ou louées par les exploitants appliquant la Technologie
- < 0,5 ha
- 0,5-1 ha
- 1-2 ha
- 2-5 ha
- 5-15 ha
- 15-50 ha
- 50-100 ha
- 100-500 ha
- 500-1 000 ha
- 1 000-10 000 ha
- > 10 000 ha
Cette superficie est-elle considérée comme de petite, moyenne ou grande dimension (en se référant au contexte local)?
- petite dimension
5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau
Propriété foncière:
- état
Droits d’utilisation des terres:
- loué
5.9 Accès aux services et aux infrastructures
santé:
- pauvre
- modéré
- bonne
éducation:
- pauvre
- modéré
- bonne
assistance technique:
- pauvre
- modéré
- bonne
emploi (par ex. hors exploitation):
- pauvre
- modéré
- bonne
marchés:
- pauvre
- modéré
- bonne
énergie:
- pauvre
- modéré
- bonne
routes et transports:
- pauvre
- modéré
- bonne
eau potable et assainissement:
- pauvre
- modéré
- bonne
services financiers:
- pauvre
- modéré
- bonne
6. Impacts et conclusions
6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés
Impacts socio-économiques
Production
production fourragère
qualité des fourrages
production animale
Revenus et coûts
revenus agricoles
Commentaires/ spécifiez:
Save money from buying fuel and electricity
diversité des sources de revenus
Commentaires/ spécifiez:
Income of craftsmen increased.
charge de travail
Commentaires/ spécifiez:
Less time needed for fire wood collection
Impacts socioculturels
situation sanitaire
Commentaires/ spécifiez:
Warmer houses reduce health risks.
connaissances sur la GDT/ dégradation des terres
Commentaires/ spécifiez:
Improved knowledge on energy efficiency and insulation measures.
apaisement des conflits
situation des groupes socialement et économiquement désavantagés
Commentaires/ spécifiez:
Opportunity to improve living conditions and save money.
contribution to human well-being
Commentaires/ spécifiez:
In general, people save money on energy sources and spend less time collecting wood and animal dung from the field. Houses are warmer, which can be beneficial for the family's health.
Impacts écologiques
Cycle de l'eau/ ruissellement
ruissellement de surface
évaporation
Sols
humidité du sol
couverture du sol
Biodiversité: végétale, animale
biomasse/ au dessus du sol C
Commentaires/ spécifiez:
Up to 45% less wood used for fuel.
diversité végétale
diversité des habitats
Commentaires/ spécifiez:
In Murghab District teresken used as fire wood is the main fodder for wild animals (e.g. deer, gazelles)
6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés
flux des cours d'eau fiables et stables en saison sèche
Commentaires/ spécifiez:
Protection of riparian forests.
inondations en aval
Commentaires/ spécifiez:
Protection of riparian forests.
capacité tampon/de filtration
sédiments (indésirables) transportés par le vent
dommages sur les champs voisins
dommages sur les infrastructures publiques/ privées
6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)
Changements climatiques progressifs
Changements climatiques progressifs
Saison | Type de changements/ extrêmes climatiques | Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela? | |
---|---|---|---|
températures annuelles | augmente | bien |
Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)
Catastrophes météorologiques
Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela? | |
---|---|
pluie torrentielle locale | bien |
tempête de vent locale | pas connu |
Catastrophes climatiques
Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela? | |
---|---|
sécheresse | bien |
Catastrophes hydrologiques
Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela? | |
---|---|
inondation générale (rivière) | pas connu |
Autres conséquences liées au climat
Autres conséquences liées au climat
Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela? | |
---|---|
réduction de la période de croissance | bien |
Extreme cold temperatures | bien |
6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices
Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?
Rentabilité à court terme:
légèrement positive
Rentabilité à long terme:
positive
Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?
Rentabilité à court terme:
très positive
Rentabilité à long terme:
très positive
6.5 Adoption de la Technologie
Commentaires:
168 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
The households take a micro loan with an affordable low interest rate to install thermal insulation products. The micro loan is not provided in the form of cash, but in kind, i.e. the products and installation.
There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology
Comments on adoption trend: When one household installs quality windows or doors or has its house insulated, the effects are visible not only to that given household but also to neighbours and other visitors. As a result the number of people interested in installing such technology to their homes is increasing.
6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie
Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres |
---|
Costs of firewood reduced |
Warm and comfortable houses |
Reduced workload |
Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé |
---|
If implemented on a larger scale can prevent overuse of natural resources for fuel. |
Incentives in form of micro loans to make the technology more accessible to local people. |
Reduced workload and costs spent on buying fuel. |
Imported timber used to produce doors and windows. |
More fertilizer available. |
6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter
Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé | Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés? |
---|---|
Lack of skilled craftsmen | Improved professional craftsmen education through training courses. |
Lack of modern equipment to produce wooden products | Financial support to supply the local craftsmen with modern equipment to further improve the quality of the products and increase the rate the production process. |
7. Références et liens
7.1 Méthodes/ sources d'information
- visites de terrain, enquêtes sur le terrain
- interviews/entretiens avec les exploitants des terres
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