1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Tajik Soil Insitute (Tajik Soil Institute) - Tadjikistan

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

NCCR North-South (NCCR North-South) - Kirghizistan

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Quand les données ont-elles été compilées (sur le terrain)?

22/08/2011

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

This technology consists of vineyards plots that are mulched with grass and established on terraced land in the loess hills of Tajikistan.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

On the terrain of the Tajik Soil Institut's research station in Karsang, Faizabad District, Tajikistan, a vineyard was established on forward sloping terraces with about 12° inclination on land formerly used as extensive pastures. This technology dates back to the times of the Soviet Union in 1968. Bulldozers were used to establish the terraces.

Before the planting of vines the soil was ploughed. Local vine sorts were used for the plantation and intercropping is done with wheat and fodder crops. About 1300 vine seedlings were planted per hectare.

Purpose of the Technology: Mulching treatment with grass was initiated to increase soil moisture in the soil, improve soil quality such as soil organic matter and other elements and protect soil from erosion by water and wind.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Mulching with grass was set up by the Tajik Soil Institute and but has been maintained by the farmers who lease the land. Mulching with grass is relatively easy but can be very challenging; depending on the availability of resources. First, plots between the vineyard rows were ploughed by using animal power, in most cases horses. Natural grasses were cut from the property of the research station and applied as a mulch in between plots within the designated vineyard plots. Since then the experiment has been maintained by the farmers and over the last ten years layer of mulch with grass has been growing and building up the top soil layer. This layer of mulch prevents rainwater from eroding the top soil, improves soil organic carbon, provides shade to plant roots, and most importantly keeps soil moisture moderately in hot summer months, which is very essential in these rainfed areas.

Natural / human environment: The terraces have greatly helped to reduced soil erosion and the vines supported this effect in further stabilising the soil. Soil humidity has improved through increased soil moisture and reduced evaporation due to mulching throughout the year. As the vineyard was established on pasture land, a disadvantage is the reduced grazing land area. The disadvantage of mulching is that no inter cropping between the vines can take place for several years.

In summer of 2011, WOCAT questionnary was used to analyze and evaluate current conditions of the vineyard mulching treatment. At the same time proper soil samples were taken from the plots with mulch and control plots in 0-15 and 15-30cm for further comparison for soil organic carbon (SOC). All together 240 soil samples were taken from eight different plots and each have been analyzed for soil SOC content.

From this study it was revealed that plots with mulch has significantly higher SOC content than control plots. In average, plots with mulch consisted of 1.3% SOC and control plots in average contained 0.4% SOC within the 0-15cm depths. Average SOC content for plots with mulch and control plots were observed but there were no significant difference in 30cm depth, both contained 0.4-0.5% of SOC.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

• il y a moins de 10 ans (récemment)

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• au cours d'expérimentations / de recherches

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

The vineyard was originally set up 60 years ago but the mulching experiment within the vineyard was introduced around 2000-2003.

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• réduire, prévenir, restaurer les terres dégradées

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Commentaires:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): soil erosion through wind and water, soil moisture loss, soil nutrient mining

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): soil fertility and humidity decline, lack of technical equipment, low productivity of non-irrigated land on slopes when used in a conventional way as cropland of extensive pasture

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Mixed: Mf: Agroforestry

Si l'utilisation des terres a changé en raison de la mise en œuvre de la Technologie, indiquez l'utilisation des terres avant la mise en œuvre de la Technologie:

Grazing land: Ge: Extensive grazing land

3.3 Informations complémentaires sur l'utilisation des terres

Approvisionnement en eau des terres sur lesquelles est appliquée la Technologie:

• pluvial

Nombre de période de croissance par an: :

• 1

Précisez:

Longest growing period from month to month: April to November

3.4 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• agroforesterie
• Amélioration de la couverture végétale/ du sol
• mesures en travers de la pente

3.5 Diffusion de la Technologie

Spécifiez la diffusion de la Technologie:

• répartie uniformément sur une zone

Si la Technologie est uniformément répartie sur une zone, indiquez la superficie couverte approximative:

• < 0,1 km2 (10 ha)

Commentaires:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.07 m2.

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main measures: agronomic measures, vegetative measures

Secondary measures: structural measures, management measures

Type of agronomic measures: mulching, breaking compacted topsoil, zero tillage / no-till

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -contour

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying

Main causes of degradation: soil management (Plowing), overgrazing, Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts)

Secondary causes of degradation: wind storms / dust storms, droughts, governance / institutional (common grazing land in the vicinity of the village regulated management)

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• prévenir la dégradation des terres
• réduire la dégradation des terres

Commentaires:

Main goals: prevention of land degradation

Secondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation, rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

4.2 Spécification/ explications techniques du dessin technique

Location: Faizabad, Tajikistan. RRS

Date: September, 2011

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: control of raindrop splash, control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, improvement of ground cover, increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), increase / maintain water stored in soil

Secondary technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, improvement of surface structure (crusting, sealing), stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), increase of infiltration, water harvesting / increase water supply, increase of biomass (quantity)

Diversion ditch/ drainage
Material: earth

Mulching
Material/ species: grass
Quantity/ density: 15-20cm
Remarks: mulch layer thickness (15-20cm)

Breaking compacted topsoil
Material/ species: loosing of soil around vines, yearly

Zero tillage / no-till
Material/ species: zero tillage between the vines on the terraces

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: F : fruit trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 1300
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 3
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 2

Fruit trees / shrubs species: vineyards "rosevitaiti", improved local sorts

Terrace: bench level
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 3

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

4.3 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

Indiquez la monnaie utilisée pour le calcul des coûts:

• dollars US

Indiquer le taux de change du dollars en monnaie locale (si pertinent): 1 USD= :

-2,13

4.4 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier
1.	Planting	Végétale
2.	Terracing by bulldozer	Structurel	late autumn / early spring

4.5 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Planting	Persons/day	13,0	6,5	84,5
Main d'œuvre	Terracing by bulldozer	hours	16,0	2,81222	45,0
Equipements	Bulldozer rent	hours	16,0	0,8125	13,0
Matériel végétal	Seedlings	Seeds/ha	1300,0	0,5	650,0
Engrais et biocides	Fertilizer	kg	5,0	1,0	5,0
Matériaux de construction	Grass	tons	1,0	165,0	165,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					962,5

4.6 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	cutting of grass	Agronomique	spring/once a year
2.	soil loosening around the trees	Agronomique
3.	Mulching	Agronomique	spring (end of April/beginning of May)
4.	Cutting the grass	Végétale	1
5.	Protecting the vineyard from animals	Végétale	autumn to spring

4.7 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Cutting of grass	Persons/day	5,0	6,5	32,5
Main d'œuvre	Soil loosening	Persons/day	2,0	6,5	13,0
Main d'œuvre	Cutting the grass 2nd time	Persons/day	4,0	6,5	26,0
Equipements	Mulching	tons	1,0	86,0	86,0
Equipements	Scissors	ha	1,0	60,0	60,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					217,5

Commentaires:

Machinery/ tools: scissors, hoes

The establishment of the vineyard took place in Soviet times and costs were born by the Soil Institute, which is a state institution. However, costs were calculated based on current costs (2011).

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

5.3 Sols

Si disponible, joignez une description complète du sol ou précisez les informations disponibles, par ex., type de sol, pH/ acidité du sol, capacité d'échange cationique, azote, salinité, etc.

Soil fertility is medium

Soil drainage / infiltration is poor

5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

5.5 Biodiversité

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Annual population growth: 1% - 2%

Subsistence (self-supply) is supported by the local Institution.

All three levels of mechanization are existing.

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres détenues ou louées par les exploitants appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• état

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• loué

• research

• research

Commentaires:

harvest: 50% to state / 50% to land user

5.9 Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Impacts écologiques

Cycle de l'eau/ ruissellement

Sols

Biodiversité: végétale, animale

Autres impacts écologiques

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Changements climatiques progressifs

Changements climatiques progressifs

	Saison	Type de changements/ extrêmes climatiques	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
températures annuelles		augmente	bien

Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)

Catastrophes météorologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
pluie torrentielle locale	bien
tempête de vent locale	bien

Catastrophes climatiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
sécheresse	pas bien

Catastrophes hydrologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
inondation générale (rivière)	pas bien

Commentaires:

Different types of mulching are currently being tested to increase soil moisture storage, to build up soil organic matter and thus infiltration capacity and soil fertility properties.

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Commentaires:

Farmers have noted that usually change can be seen within few years after the technology has established.

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

• 1-10%

Si disponible, quantifiez (nombre de ménages et/ou superficie couverte):

10 households (3 percent of stated area)

Parmi tous ceux qui ont adopté la Technologie, combien d'entre eux l'ont fait spontanément, à savoir sans recevoir aucune incitation matérielle ou aucun paiement?

• 90-100%

Commentaires:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

10 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: Overall acreage of the all field are roughly 3 hectares.

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
Vineyards are adapted to climate and give consistently good harvest.
Between the rows there is an additional harvest thanks to intercropping.

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
Efficient soil protection.
Very practical and easily adaptable in villages, where grass is available. How can they be sustained / enhanced? At the same time grass can become deficit in villages, because of high number of livestock. In that cases small scale mulching is recommended with rotation system.

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Technology is very practical but so far it has not been taken seriously by the farmers.	Probably, few educational days for knowledge sharing would be very helpful.
Grass might be available for small scale mulching but usually not for a big scale, because everyone in the region has high number of livestock and automatically grass is used as fodder for animals.	Maybe mulching can be applied around the trees and not so much for covering entire plots.