1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Quand les données ont-elles été compilées (sur le terrain)?

14/03/2018

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

1.4 Déclaration sur la durabilité de la Technologie décrite

Est-ce que la Technologie décrite ici pose problème par rapport à la dégradation des terres, de telle sorte qu'elle ne peut pas être déclarée comme étant une technologie de gestion durable des terres?

Non

Commentaires:

Cultivation through irrigation in Perkerra scheme begun in 1954, three decades before the introduction of Prosopis in Baringo. Despite the rapid and widespread expansion of the invasive species, it is evident that cultivated areas under the scheme are free from Prosopis, unlike their surrounding neighborhoods which are heavily invaded and rendered unproductive. This is an indication of its sustainability to control Prosopis spread to irrigated land.

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

This is an open-furrow system consisting barriers constructed along a water source such as a river to direct water through a conveyance system by gravity into feeder channels to cultivated land. It is a simple method entailing control of water flow rate and direction to improve water utilization efficiency and enhance productivity of land.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

Perkerra irrigation scheme was constructed by the colonial government in 1945 to ensure efficient water utilization, enhance soil productivity and food security. It is an open-furrow system consisting barriers constructed along a water source such as a river to direct water through a conveyance system by gravity into feeder channels to cultivated land. Water control system is constructed between the conveyance and the feeder channels to control the direction and speed of the water.
This technology is suitable on fairly flat, irrigable land with reliable water sources for irrigation. Consideration of population structure is crucial in ascertaining the availability labor force in farmlands. Depending on the size and market orientation of the production system, a stable market is also an important consideration.
Irrigated farming in the scheme is carried out in 3 seasons a year due to availability of reliable water from the permanent Perkerra River. This also ensures that land is never left idle for re-invasion of Prosopis. Activities commence with land clearance conducted at the beginning of every planting season. Prosopis on invaded farmlands are manually cut, burnt and uprooted to minimize chances of the invasive tree from coppicing. The uprooted trunk is utilized in charcoal production for commercial purposes while the small branches are used as firewood for domestic cooking.
The cleared land is then ploughed using a tractor to break the soil structure and provide a fine tilth for planting. This is followed by mechanized ridging to create channels and buffer furrows to convey and retain water long enough to be infiltrated into the soil. Seeds are then sown, a joint activity carried out through farmers’ cooperation. The scheme was originally specialized for bulb onions plantation but has transformed into more diversified food crops for subsistence and commercial purposes. Crops under contractual farming are seed maize, rice, sunflower, green grams, pepper and cow peas while surplus crops under irrigation include tomatoes, vegetables, water melons, subsistence maize crops and commercial fruit trees. In addition, availability of assured market and payment has made the scheme popular for seed maize cultivation. Ongoing experimental research on a variety sweet potatoes to reduce overdependence on maize crops have also shown promising results and are likely to be recommended for implementation. During planting seasons, fallow periods are replaced by rotational cropping and crop diversification. This improves soil structure by alternating deep and shallow-rooted crops. Replacement of the crop during rotation disrupts the life cycle of disease causing organisms, thus controlling pests and diseases as well as improving crop productivity. Consequently, there is minimal application of chemical pesticides, hence reduced chances of pollution.
The irrigated cultivation has improved the welfare of the community by diversifying their sources of livelihood from pastoralism, enhancing food security, eradication of poverty and improving infrastructure such as access roads to the farms. It is a major source of income, directly supporting 1,625 farm households earning an approximate total net income of Ksh. 148, 192,259 Million (Perkerra scheme brief prepared by the National Irrigation board, 2017). Each household is assigned between 0.5 to 4 acres of land. This range might however be narrowed in the near future due to the increasing population in demand for the fixed land resource. The other option under consideration is to reclaim more invaded land and expand the scheme. The challenge facing this approach and is yet to be addressed is limited water resources to sustain the expansion. Lack of suitable market for non-contractual crops as well as poor pricing due to monopolization by contracting institutions is also a great setback to this technology. A good example is the abandonment of pawpaw production by farmers due to marketing problems.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

• il y a plus de 50 ans (technologie traditionnelle)

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• par le biais de projets/ d'interventions extérieures

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

The scheme was established during the colonial period through local detainees in Marigat. This followed a feasibility study pointing to the suitability of the IIchamus plain for agricultute,

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• améliorer la production
• protéger un bassin versant/ des zones situées en aval - en combinaison avec d'autres technologies
• créer un impact économique positif
• créer un impact social positif

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Si l'utilisation des terres a changé en raison de la mise en œuvre de la Technologie, indiquez l'utilisation des terres avant la mise en œuvre de la Technologie:

IIchamus plain was initially a pastoral land for grazing. Being a state owned land with no one held responsible for its management, the land was poorly managed by the society.

3.3 Informations complémentaires sur l'utilisation des terres

Approvisionnement en eau des terres sur lesquelles est appliquée la Technologie:

• mixte: pluvial-irrigué

Commentaires:

Channeling of irrigation water into farms is restricted to dry seasons and temporarily halted during the rainy season.

Nombre de période de croissance par an: :

• 3

Précisez:

The irrigation scheme is subjected to continuous cultivation with contracted crops planted in 2 seasons and a surplus crop on a third season in a year. Crop rotation and diversification is practiced to improve soil productivity, control pests, reduce soil erosion and enhance soil structure.

3.4 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• système de rotation (rotation des cultures, jachères, agriculture itinérante)
• gestion de l'irrigation (incl. l'approvisionnement en eau, le drainage)
• dérivation et drainage de l'eau

3.5 Diffusion de la Technologie

Spécifiez la diffusion de la Technologie:

• répartie uniformément sur une zone

Si la Technologie est uniformément répartie sur une zone, indiquez la superficie couverte approximative:

• > 10 000 km2

Commentaires:

The technology are specifically applied along the irrigation scheme with sufficient water for irrigation

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• restaurer/ réhabiliter des terres sévèrement dégradées

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

4.2 Spécification/ explications techniques du dessin technique

The intake structure convey water from the main water source to the irrigation system. It may consist of a water pump or a barrier designed for this purpose. The water is directed to a conveyance system of open canals which control the flow and direction of water to different field application and distribution systems. The canals depth (h) is preferred to exceed the expected maximum water level (h){h>h1} of water within the irrigation system to minimize bank overflow. The side slope is a ratio of the vertical height to the horizontal canal width (h:w). They are fitted with water measurement, erosion and distribution control structures to regulate accurate distribution of water to the farms with minimum siltation of the banks. The water is then distributed to field ditches which transfer it to the irrigated farm. These are narrow waterways dug along the farms with checks across their lengths to hold and raise the upstream water levels long enough before releasing it to the next segment of the field ditch. This is meant to increase the rate of water infiltration into the soil.

4.3 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

Spécifiez la manière dont les coûts et les intrants ont été calculés:

• par entité de la Technologie

autre/ monnaie nationale (précisez):

KES

Indiquer le taux de change du dollars en monnaie locale (si pertinent): 1 USD= :

100,0

4.4 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier
1.	Construct gravity intake system	Structurel	Once during establishment
2.	Excavation of water canals	Structurel	Once during establishment
3.	Establishment of water control structures	Structurel	Once during establishment
4.	Land preparation ( Clearance and partitioning)	Structurel	Once during establishment
5.	Construction of a suitable road network	Structurel	Once during establishment

Commentaires:

Activities involved are the construction of a gravity intake system, excavation of water canals, construction of a suitable road network and water control structures. Prior considerations are reliable water source, availability of irrigable land and labor for cultivation.

4.5 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

Si possible, ventilez le coût de la mise en place selon le tableau suivant: spécifiez les intrants et le coût par intrant. Si vous n'êtes pas en mesure de ventiler le coût, donnez une estimation du coût total de la mise en place de la Technologie:

600000000,0

Commentaires:

The initial establishment and construction of the irrigation infrastructure is often conducted by the national government due to associated high costs approximated by key informants to be Ksh, 600, 000,000 (600,000 USD). This is however an initial, one off expenditure that are non-recurrent.

4.6 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	Clearing land	Agronomique	3 times a year before every planting season.
2.	Ploughing	Agronomique	3 times a year before every planting season.
3.	Ridging/Cutting furrows	Structurel	3 times a year before every planting season.
4.	De-silting of canals	Modes de gestion	3 times a year before every planting season.
5.	Planting	Agronomique	3 times a year.
6.	first irrigation	Structurel	3 times a year after planting (3 to 5 days per season)
7.	Pest control	Agronomique	Whenever applicable
8.	Weeding	Agronomique	Once every season
9.	Second irrigation	Structurel	10 to 12 (each time withinn 3 to 4 days) per planting season.
10.	Top dressing ( Apply fertilizer)	Agronomique	Once every season
11.	Harvesting	Agronomique	Once every season
12.	Shelling	Agronomique	Once every season

Commentaires:

Maintenance activities mentioned above are dependent on the status of an individual's farm, availability of resources and the purpose for cultivation. Farm produce cultivated under contracted terms will however need to follow strict procedures for them to meet the minimum requirements.

4.7 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Land clearance	Man-hour	540,0	120,0	64800,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Partitioning	Man-hour	180,0	100,0	18000,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Planting	Man-hour	90,0	100,0	9000,0	100,0
Equipements	Ploughing tractor	Hours	18,0	420,0	7560,0	100,0
Equipements	Ridging tractor	Hours	18,0	420,0	7560,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	Seeds and seedlings	Kg	75,0	150,0	11250,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	Channeling water for irrigation	Season	3,0	2000,0	6000,0	100,0
Engrais et biocides	Fertilizer	Kg	150,0	50,0	7500,0	100,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					131670,0

4.8 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

Size of land
Disease and pest outbreak
Crop variety as contracted crops minimum requirements which may be costly to meet
Occurrence of rainy seasons especially during harvesting which affect the drying cost and output of produce. Seed maize, for example, may not meet the required moisture content when aired during the rainy season hence lowering the net income from them.
Condition of the farm e.g invasion level by Prosopis

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

Indiquez si la Technologie est spécifiquement appliquée dans des:

• non pertinent

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la topographie:

The technology is applied in relatively flat land to increase water retention long enough to be infiltrated into the soil

5.3 Sols

Si disponible, joignez une description complète du sol ou précisez les informations disponibles, par ex., type de sol, pH/ acidité du sol, capacité d'échange cationique, azote, salinité, etc.

Clay soil with alkaline pH of 7.5 , rich in calcium phosphate but low in organic matter

5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

La salinité de l'eau est-elle un problème? :

Oui

La zone est-elle inondée?

Oui

5.5 Biodiversité

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la biodiversité:

Prosopis has heavily invaded the land, encroaching agro-pastoral land and outcompeting native species leading to degradation of native species and habitats.

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres détenues ou louées par les exploitants appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• état

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• communautaire (organisé)

Droits d’utilisation de l’eau:

• communautaire (organisé)

Commentaires:

The scheme is state owned , leased to the community who nominate a 7 member advisory committee tasked with all land administration aspects ranging from land adjudication, allocation, succession and dispute management as well as set laws guiding water utilization and conservation.

5.9 Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

Revenus et coûts

Impacts écologiques

Biodiversité: végétale, animale

Réduction des risques de catastrophe et des risques climatiques

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Changements climatiques progressifs

Changements climatiques progressifs

	Saison	Type de changements/ extrêmes climatiques	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
précipitations saisonnières	saison des pluies/ humide	augmente	modérément

Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)

Catastrophes biologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
maladies épidémiques	pas bien du tout
infestation par des insectes/ vers	pas bien du tout

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

• 1-10%

Si disponible, quantifiez (nombre de ménages et/ou superficie couverte):

Direct beneficiaries of the technologies are about 13,000 people. However, indirect beneficiaries from the transportation and sale of the produce may double this number

Parmi tous ceux qui ont adopté la Technologie, combien d'entre eux l'ont fait spontanément, à savoir sans recevoir aucune incitation matérielle ou aucun paiement?

• 90-100%

Commentaires:

All operation are carried out at the full expense of the land users. Credits advanced to them have to be repaid with at least 11% interest

6.6 Adaptation

La Technologie a-t-elle été récemment modifiée pour s'adapter à l'évolution des conditions?

Oui

Si oui, indiquez à quel changement la Technologie s'est adaptée:

• changements/ extrêmes climatiques

Spécifiez l'adaptation de la Technologie (conception, matériaux/ espèces, etc.):

Water conveyance along the furrows to the farms is halted during heavy downpour to minimize water logging.

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
A source of finance to land users through sale of their produce.

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
Continuous farming activities have ensured that land is constantly managed, limiting the proliferation of Prosopis weeds which have adverse impacts to the ecosystem and livelihoods.
Improved human welfare by enhancing their financial stability. An extension of this is indirect benefit through employment creation to farm laborers, merchants and buyers of the fresh and healthy farm produce.
Increased food security

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Poor market prices for their produce.	They feel they have no option due to inadequate knowledge and access to other available markets
Pests and disease out break such as the fall armyworm.	Advisory services are offered by research institutions to stakeholders on how to manage and control pests.

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Monopoly of the market by the contracting institutions may lead to poor pricing or tight minimum requirements such as the quality of output leading to losses.	Diversification of market to tighten competition that may offer better prices to farmers.
High chances of water pollution by chemicals and fertilizers that may be washed away by the running water	Minimize application of chemicals as possible accompanied by integrated nutrient management practices.
Post harvest losses when supply exceeds demand	Proper timing of planting season whereby harvesting coincides with seasons of shortage and scarcity to maximize returns.

7.1 Méthodes/ sources d'information

7.2 Références des publications disponibles

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Brouwer, C., Goffeau, A., and Heibloem, M. (1985): Irrigation Water Management: Training Manual No. 1

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

http://www.fao.org/docrep/r4082e/r4082e00.htm#Contents

7.3 Liens vers les informations pertinentes disponibles en ligne

Titre/ description:

Perkerra Irrigation scheme Brief

URL:

https://www.nib.or.ke/projects/public-irrigation-schemes/perkerra-irrigation-scheme

Titre/ description:

The 9 Benefits of Crop Rotation to the Environment

URL:

http://richmondvale.org/crop-rotation/