1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du projet qui a facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Book project: where the land is greener - Case Studies and Analysis of Soil and Water Conservation Initiatives Worldwide (where the land is greener)

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Bureau of Soils and Water Management (Bureau of Soils and Water Management) - Philippines

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Cavite State University (CvSU) - Philippines

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Farming Systems and Soil Resources Institute, University of the Philippines Los (Farming Systems and Soil Resources Institute, University of the Philippines Los) - Philippines

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Quand les données ont-elles été compilées (sur le terrain)?

15/06/2001

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

1.4 Déclaration sur la durabilité de la Technologie décrite

Est-ce que la Technologie décrite ici pose problème par rapport à la dégradation des terres, de telle sorte qu'elle ne peut pas être déclarée comme étant une technologie de gestion durable des terres?

Non

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

Cultivating a mixture of crops with different heights (multi-storey) and growth characteristics which together optimise the use of soil, moisture and space.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

Under the maramihang pagtatanim multi-storey cropping system, perennial crops (coconut, banana, coffee, papaya, pineapple) and annuals/biennials (root crops: taro, yam, sweet potato etc) are interplanted to maximise productivity and income. This is most applicable where farms are small and the system needs to be intensive. In this particular area, Cavite, coconuts are usually planted first. When they reach a height of 4.5 meters (after 3-4 years), bananas, coffee and/or papaya are planted underneath. Black pepper may also be part of the system. After sufficient space has developed at ground level in about three to four years, root crops are planted. At full establishment, the system develops different layers: coconut (tallest) followed by banana, coffee, papaya (middle), root crops and pineapple (lowest). In recent years, because of its relatively low productivity and decreasing price, coconut has tended to be replaced in the system with higher value crops like the fruit tree santol (Sandoricum koetjape), papaya and sometimes black pepper. However most multi-storey farms adhere to no specific planting layout. The multi-storey agroforestry system is intended to make the best use of resources (soil, moisture and space) for increased farm income. It is also very effective against soil erosion. Previously, continuous monocropping of annual crops resulted in erosion and serious soil fertility decline. Even though the land is sloping and rainfall during the monsoon is extremely intensive, multi-storey cropping provides adequate soil cover throughout the year, protecting the land from erosion.

Fertilization, weeding and pruning are necessary elements of maintenance. ‘Natural’ mulching through fallen leaves from leguminous trees helps restore and maintain soil fertility The system is applied in a volcanic-derived soil with distinct wet and dry periods (6 months wet season, 6 months dry season). There is the risk of a destructive typhoon every 10 years. Farm income is relatively high, but labour and input costs are also high - and the technology is mostly used by relatively wealthy landowners. There is strong spontaneous adoption, as maramihang pagtatanim has been proven to be effective and remunerative. This technology has been practiced in Cavite since the 1970s. Implementation is by individual farmers with strong extension support from the Local Government Units (LGUs), NGOs and the Cavite State University.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

• il y a plus de 50 ans (technologie traditionnelle)

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• dans le cadre d'un système traditionnel (> 50 ans)

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

It evolved in the area due to necessity.

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• améliorer la production
• réduire, prévenir, restaurer les terres dégradées

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Commentaires:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Productivity decline, unstable prices of agricultural products and high costs of inputs are the main land use problems. Inputs also have to be increased to maintain the same yield level in annual cropping systems. There is a severe land use competition: a large proportion of the land is being converted to non-agricultural uses, especially residential and industrial areas because of the proximity to the rapidly expanding capital.
Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Productivity decline and unfavourable prices of agricultural products. High costs of inputs.

3.3 Informations complémentaires sur l'utilisation des terres

Approvisionnement en eau des terres sur lesquelles est appliquée la Technologie:

• pluvial

Nombre de période de croissance par an: :

• 2

Précisez:

Longest growing period in days: 240, Longest growing period from month to month: May - Jan; Second longest growing period in days: 210, Second longest growing period from month to month: May - Dec

3.4 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• agroforesterie
• Amélioration de la couverture végétale/ du sol

3.5 Diffusion de la Technologie

Spécifiez la diffusion de la Technologie:

• répartie uniformément sur une zone

Si la Technologie est uniformément répartie sur une zone, indiquez la superficie couverte approximative:

• 10-100 km2

Commentaires:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 40 m2.
Six adjacent municipalities are practicing multi-storey cropping as a system. This is meant to increase income particularly for small farmers.

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• prévenir la dégradation des terres
• réduire la dégradation des terres

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

4.2 Spécification/ explications techniques du dessin technique

Multi-storey cropping includes various species interplanted systematically to optimise use of resources: pineapple and other
root crops (lowest storey); rows of banana trees, coffee and papaya (middle storey); rows of coconut (highest storey). Note: in practice farmers adjust this layout to meet their needs.

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate
Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate
Main technical functions: control of raindrop splash, improvement of ground cover
Secondary technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, increase in organic matter

Mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: coconut, papaya, coffee, banana, pineapple, black pepper, taro, yam...
Quantity/ density: 2500
Remarks: in rows random

Vegetative measure: tree/shrub cover (multi-storey, aligned)
Vegetative material: F : fruit trees / shrubs
Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: F : fruit trees / shrubs
Fruit trees / shrubs species: coconut, coffee, banana, pineapple, black pepper

4.3 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

autre/ monnaie nationale (précisez):

Peso

Indiquer le taux de change du dollars en monnaie locale (si pertinent): 1 USD= :

50,0

4.4 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier
1.	1. Planting of tallest storey (coconut).	Végétale	early rainy season
2.	2. Planting of middle storey (coffee and banana).	Végétale	early rainy season
3.	3. Planting of lowest storey (pineapple).	Végétale	early rainy season
4.	4. Planting of lowest storey continued (root crops).	Végétale	early rainy season

4.5 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	labour	ha	1,0	150,0	150,0	100,0
Equipements	animal traction	ha	1,0	50,0	50,0	100,0
Equipements	tools	ha	1,0	40,0	40,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	seedlings	ha	1,0	840,0	840,0	100,0
Engrais et biocides	fertilizer	ha	1,0	160,0	160,0	100,0
Engrais et biocides	biocides	ha	1,0	30,0	30,0	100,0
Engrais et biocides	compost/manure	ha	1,0	120,0	120,0	100,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					1390,0

Commentaires:

Duration of establishment phase: 60 month(s)

4.6 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	1. Pruning.	Agronomique
2.	3. Harvesting.	Agronomique
3.	2.Weeding	Agronomique
4.	4. Spraying.	Agronomique
5.	5. Fertilizing.	Agronomique

4.7 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	labour	ha	1,0	300,0	300,0	100,0
Engrais et biocides	fertilizer	ha	1,0	160,0	160,0	100,0
Engrais et biocides	biocides	ha	1,0	30,0	30,0	100,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					490,0

Commentaires:

Machinery/ tools: animal draft wooden plough, machete, iron bar and spade, machetes, harrows, bolo.
Cost was calculated assuming a per hectare population of 100 coconuts, 400 coffee plants and 3,000 pineapples.
Maintenance activities entail more work than during the establishment phase. Note that the establishment phase usually lasts for 4-5 years, so the labour is spread, unlike during the maintenance phase when all of the components have to be attended to.

4.8 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

Labor is the most crucial especially during land preparation and planting, maintenance and harvesting.

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

5.3 Sols

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Population density: > 500 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 2% - 3%
10% of the land users are very rich and own 40% of the land.
60% of the land users are rich and own 40% of the land.
20% of the land users are average wealthy and own 15% of the land.
10% of the land users are poor and own 5% of the land.
Off-farm income specification: remittances from employment of at least one member of the household. Trading is also important.

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres détenues ou louées par les exploitants appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• individu, avec titre de propriété

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• individuel

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Revenus et coûts

Autres impacts socio-économiques

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Cycle de l'eau/ ruissellement

Sols

Biodiversité: végétale, animale

Réduction des risques de catastrophe et des risques climatiques

Autres impacts écologiques

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

Commentaires:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
1000 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology. The technology has been proven to be very effective

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
Generates high farm income
Failure of one crop component can be compensated by the other component

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
The technology is flexible. It can be modified to suit market condition. Failure of one crop component can be compensated by other components (improved food security)
It maintains soil fertility through the recycling of nutrients
It is a very effective way of using and conserving water
Strong research and development: because of its importance in the economy, the technology has spawned various research activities

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
High investment cost	Government to provide low interest production loans (seeds, fertilizers).
Highly fluctuating farm prices	Spread out production schedule. Target off-season harvesting of crop (eg pineapple).
Pest and diseases (eg papaya virus, which may have developed because it has been part of the system for a long time)	Intensified research and development.

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Prone to typhoon damage	Establishment of windbreaks: Leguminous trees such as Acacias could provide wind protection for lower crops like papaya or coffee.
High labour requirement (eg weeding, harvesting).Weeding may be reduced for some components (eg coffee), but pineapple always requires difficult (due to its thorny leaves) and intensive weeding.	(1) Use labour-reducing techniques (eg mulching), (2) spread activities over the growing season.

7.1 Méthodes/ sources d'information

7.2 Références des publications disponibles

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Field Report: Multi-Storey Cropping System of Silang, Cavite, Philippines

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

Bureau of Soils and Water Management, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

FAO and IIRR. Resource management for upland areas in Southeast Asia. FARM Field Document 2. 1995.

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Bangkok, Thailand and International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, Silang, Cavite, Philippines.