1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du projet qui a facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

People and Resource Dynamics Project, Nepal (PARDYP)

Nom du projet qui a facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Book project: where the land is greener - Case Studies and Analysis of Soil and Water Conservation Initiatives Worldwide (where the land is greener)

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

District Soil Conservation Office (DSCO) - Népal

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) - Népal

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Chittagong Hill Tracts Development Board (CHTDB) - Bangladesh

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Einvironment & Development (G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Einvironment & Development) - Inde

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

CSKHPKV Palampur (CSKHPKV Palampur) - Inde

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Quand les données ont-elles été compilées (sur le terrain)?

12/02/2003

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

1.5 Référence au(x) questionnaire(s) sur les Approches de GDT

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

Integration of vegetative and structural measures for landslip, stream bank and gully stabilisation on hillsides.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

A combination of measures, implemented by a group of neighbouring families, is used to address landslips, gully formation and stream bank erosion problems in the middle hills of Nepal. All these processes affect the stability of adjacent agricultural land and cause problems downstream. Small-scale farming is dominant in the area surrounding the treated land - which theoretically belongs to the government but is used by these families.
This pilot technological package is proving suitable in Nepal for steep/very steep slopes under subhumid climates within an altitudinal range of 1,000-1,500 m a.s.l. This type of intervention, combined with the active involvement of stakeholders (who contribute three quarters of the cost), was recently introduced to Nepal under a watershed management programme, co-funded by the European Commission (see related approach ‘Integrated watershed management’).
Initially, ditches with bunds on the lower side are constructed along the contour. Within the gullies and along the stream banks, cement bags (filled with cement, brick chips, sand and/or earth) are placed to avoid deepening of the channel. Wattle fences, made from woven bamboo are also used as checks in the gullies. These structures are complemented by vegetative measures: Nepalese alder (Alnus nepalensis), bamboo (Dendrocalamus sp.), cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum), and broom grass (Thyosonaelana maxima) are planted. These species establish quickly in degraded sites and also control erosion, stabilise land and serve as cash crops, and for fodder, fuelwood and timber. Alder (locally called utis) is a nitrogen-fixing multipurpose tree which helps restore soil fertility.
Farmers can get economic benefits within a few years from these plants. Another advantage of this package is that the vegetative resources needed are locally available and cheap. Furthermore farmers already know how to propagate them. Maintenance costs are negligible. Once established, the stabilised and revegetated sites provide improved environments for birds and insects – thus favouring biodiversity - and they help protect natural springs. In this case study, the economic returns from the cash crops mainly go to one family. Another few families also utilise this site, extracting common products (fodder, litter, timber) for domestic use. Additionally, the location is regularly used as an unofficial demonstration site, being visited by various people (farmers, SWC specialists) interested in the technology. This represents an indirect benefit to a larger number of people and strengthens institutions at household and community levels.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

• il y a plus de 50 ans (technologie traditionnelle)

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• par le biais de projets/ d'interventions extérieures

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• réduire, prévenir, restaurer les terres dégradées

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Commentaires:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): - concentrated runoff from upstream agricultural areas
- landslides, gullies and stream bank erosion
- gullies back-cutting into fertile agricultural land and threatening irrigation canals and homesteads

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Landslide and gully erosion due to poor vegetative cover (steepness and lack of effective drainage/ diversion system).

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Mixed: Ma: Agro-silvopastoralism

Constraints of wastelands (degraded shrubland) (before SWC) (degraded , no annual crops, occasionally grazed)

3.3 Informations complémentaires sur l'utilisation des terres

Approvisionnement en eau des terres sur lesquelles est appliquée la Technologie:

• pluvial

Nombre de période de croissance par an: :

• 2

Précisez:

Longest growing period in days: 180 Longest growing period from month to month: Jun - Nov

3.4 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• mesures en travers de la pente
• réduction des risques de catastrophe fondée sur les écosystèmes

3.5 Diffusion de la Technologie

Spécifiez la diffusion de la Technologie:

• répartie uniformément sur une zone

Si la Technologie est uniformément répartie sur une zone, indiquez la superficie couverte approximative:

• 0,1-1 km2

Commentaires:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.14 km2.

The Approach covered a bigger area. This is just one example.

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires), education, access to knowledge and support services (lack of knowledge)

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• prévenir la dégradation des terres
• réduire la dégradation des terres

Commentaires:

Secondary goals: rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

4.2 Spécification/ explications techniques du dessin technique

Land slip and stream bank
protection: an overview of the
multiple and integrated vegetative
and structural measures: cut-off drain
1. landslip area
2. banana trees
3. alder trees
4. bamboo wattle fences
5. cardamom
6. planting bamboo
7. cement bag check dams
8. broom grass
9. cutting bamboo
10. stream bank
11. agricultural fi elds in a fl at area
Insert 1: Bamboo wattle fence
combined with retention ditch and
grassed bund to stabilise steep slopes and gullies.
Insert 2: Old cement bags fi lled to
form checks in gullies

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: high

Main technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: impede / retard, reduction of slope angle, reduction of slope length, improvement of ground cover, stabilisation of soil

Secondary technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: drain / divert, increase of infiltration, introduction of cash crop

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, F : fruit trees / shrubs, C : perennial crops, G : grass
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 2 m

Trees/ shrubs species: Alnus nepalenses

Fruit trees / shrubs species: Dendrocalamus sp.

Perennial crops species: Large cardamom

Grass species: Broom grass

Diversion ditch/ drainage
Spacing between structures (m): 10 m
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.25 m
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.1 m
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 10 m

Terrace: forward sloping
Spacing between structures (m): 10 m

Structural measure: sediment sand / trap
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1-4 m
Spacing between structures (m): 0.3 m
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 3-4 m
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.8 m

Structural measure: cement bags

Structural measure: wattle fences

Construction material (concrete): Sand/cement .

Construction material (other): Bamboo culm cutting (1.5 m long)

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 100%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 15%

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

4.3 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

Spécifiez la manière dont les coûts et les intrants ont été calculés:

• par superficie de la Technologie

Indiquez la monnaie utilisée pour le calcul des coûts:

• dollars US

4.4 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier
1.	Preparing site for implementation of vegetative measures	Végétale	June
2.	Planting of alder (Alnus nepalensis,), cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum),	Végétale	July - August
3.	Watering of new plants using buckets	Végétale	Mar- May (1st year)
4.	Application of farmyard manure at time of planting	Végétale	Time of planting and every December
5.	Weeding	Végétale	January
6.	Earthing up new plants with soil	Végétale	January
7.	Construction of contour bunds and ditches	Structurel	January–April
8.	Stabilisation of slopes using bamboo wattle fences, and gullies using the check dams	Structurel
9.	Gully stabilisation as walls of cement bags are placed across the gullies and along stream banks	Structurel	June
10.	Preparing the site for planting	Structurel	June

4.5 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Stabilisation of gully and vegetative measures	Persons/day	1567,0	1,35	2115,45	75,0
Equipements	Tools	ha	1,0	55,0	55,0	100,0
Equipements	Empty cement bags	pieces	600,0	0,0166666	10,0
Matériel végétal	Bamboo cuttings	pieces	600,0	0,9416666	565,0	50,0
Engrais et biocides	Compost / manure	ha	1,0	10,0	10,0	10,0
Matériaux de construction	Cement bags filled	pieces	30,0	4,166666	125,0
Matériaux de construction	Alder saplings	pieces	2500,0	0,016	40,0	100,0
Matériaux de construction	Seedlings cardamon	pieces	400,0	0,0125	5,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					2925,45

Si le coût n'est pas pris en charge à 100% par l'exploitant des terres, indiquez qui a financé le coût restant:

By different stakeholders

Commentaires:

Duration of establishment phase: 12 month(s)

4.6 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	Apply farmyard manure	Végétale	January /1
2.	Weed	Végétale	January /1
3.	Prepare land for further planting of large cardamom and broom grass	Végétale	March-April /1
4.	Thin cardamom, bamboo, alder, broom grass with a knife:	Végétale	May,June /1
5.	Replant cardamom, broom grass, bamboo that did not establish	Végétale	June,July /1
6.	Earth up	Végétale	Aug-Sep and January /1
7.	Prune alders	Végétale	December.,January /1

4.7 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Maintaining plants	Persons/day	41,0	1,35	55,35	100,0
Equipements	Tools	ha	1,0	10,0	10,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	Compost / manure	ha	1,0	5,0	5,0	100,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					70,35

Commentaires:

Machinery/ tools: Activities are carried out manually using local and traditional tools:

The costs (per ha) are calculated for the entire SWC site (consisting of 1.4 ha) including all establishment and maintenance inputs. Labour costs: information based on oral information by farmer. Estimate was approx. 3 people per working day over 2 years.

4.8 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

labour is the major input.

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la topographie:

Slopes on average: Also hilly

5.3 Sols

Si disponible, joignez une description complète du sol ou précisez les informations disponibles, par ex., type de sol, pH/ acidité du sol, capacité d'échange cationique, azote, salinité, etc.

Soil fertility is low (sandy) - medium (loam)

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium

Soil water storage capacity is low

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Population density: 200-500 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

2% of the land users are very rich and own 40% of the land.
5% of the land users are rich and own 30% of the land.
85% of the land users are average wealthy and own 15% of the land.
3% of the land users are poor and own 10% of the land.
3% of the land users are poor and own 5% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: Off-farm activities: occasionally teaching at farmer's school; selling non-timber forest products on the market; some people workin markets/shops/onconstruction, sites, and similar ..

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres détenues ou louées par les exploitants appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• état

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• accès libre (non organisé)

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Revenus et coûts

Autres impacts socio-économiques

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Cycle de l'eau/ ruissellement

Sols

Autres impacts écologiques

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Changements climatiques progressifs

Changements climatiques progressifs

	Saison	Type de changements/ extrêmes climatiques	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
températures annuelles		augmente	bien

Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)

Catastrophes météorologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
pluie torrentielle locale	pas bien
tempête de vent locale	bien

Catastrophes climatiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
sécheresse	bien

Catastrophes hydrologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
inondation générale (rivière)	pas bien

Autres conséquences liées au climat

Autres conséquences liées au climat

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
réduction de la période de croissance	bien

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

• plus de 50%

Si disponible, quantifiez (nombre de ménages et/ou superficie couverte):

38 households in an area of 1.4 ha

Parmi tous ceux qui ont adopté la Technologie, combien d'entre eux l'ont fait spontanément, à savoir sans recevoir aucune incitation matérielle ou aucun paiement?

• 50-90%

Commentaires:

47% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

18 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: survey results

53% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

20 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: survey results

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: estimates by the authors, based on the past trends of adoption.

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
Family members have learnt the technology. it is easy to replicate. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Provide training and schooling to farmers to spread this information to others (eg through village initiatives supported by government).
Better environment, increased biodiversity How can they be sustained / enhanced? As above
Soil and water conservation How can they be sustained / enhanced? As above
Fresh products, health benefits from cardamom How can they be sustained / enhanced? As above
Income generation from cash cropping of cardamom, bamboo, broom grass) How can they be sustained / enhanced? As above

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
The technology requires resources which are largely locally available and of low costs. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Raise awareness that landslide threatened stream banks and steep slops can be protected using local resources.
Technology addresses livelihood constraints How can they be sustained / enhanced? Raise awareness that the technology is profitable.

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
The technology is adopted more by better ressourced farmers	Government programmes should seek to involve poor farmers in land development with incentives for adopting recommennded technologies
Establishment costs are high	Subsidise the cost (extension service, projects), reduce establishment costs by designing alternative structural measures without use of cement.
Socio-economic conflicts can arise when the value of land is raised	Take equity issues into account when implementing such a programme, and spread the benefits.
Establishment is very labour intensive.

7.2 Références des publications disponibles

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

IBIWMP (2003) Engineering Field Manual. Kathmandu: Government of Nepal, Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Programme,Bagmati Integrated Watershed Management

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Howell, J. (ed) (1999) Roadside Bio-engineering Reference Manual. Kathmandu: Government of Nepal, Department of Roads