1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du projet qui a facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Book project: where the land is greener - Case Studies and Analysis of Soil and Water Conservation Initiatives Worldwide (where the land is greener)

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

ISRIC World Soil Information (ISRIC World Soil Information) - Pays-Bas

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Soil Conservation Office of Yongchun (SCOY) - Chine

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Fujian Soil and Water Conservation Office (Fujian Soil and Water Conservation Office) - Chine

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Quand les données ont-elles été compilées (sur le terrain)?

16/06/2001

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

Rehabilitation of degraded hillsides through the establishment of fruit trees on slope-separated orchard terraces, with bahia grass planted as protective groundcover.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

In this case study orchards were established between 1991 and 1992 on degraded and unproductive hillsides (wasteland), with slopes of 12-45%. This was achieved by constructing level beds on the contour, mainly as continuous slope-separated orchard terraces, but in some cases as individual planting platforms. Terrace construction was generally undertaken by hand using hoes and shovels.

Purpose of the Technology: A typical terrace has a 4-5 m wide bed and a 1.0-1.5 m high riser. Commonly, a raised earth lip (0.3 m high) is constructed on the terrace edge to retain rainwater. The terrace riser walls are not protected. Even before terrace construction there was little topsoil and in some places the upper subsoil had been lost to erosion. The establishment of fruit trees (lychee, Litchi chinensis and longan, Dimocarpus longan) therefore required deep planting holes (1 m3), filled with organic matter/manure, into which seedlings were planted. In subsequent years additional large quantities of organic matter/manure were applied in circular trenches to the side of the trees, succeeding trenches being gradually further away as the trees grew. Bahia grass (Paspalum notatum) was planted for SWC purposes as a cover crop, to stabilise terrace risers and to improve soil fertility. It has not been used for fodder in this case. The germination rate of bahia grass seeds is comparatively low; therefore instead of direct seeding, nurseries were established to produce seedlings. The bahia grass seedlings were transplanted onto the terrace risers and beds (leaving a space around each fruit tree) and on the hillside slopes between the terraces. The grass grew and spread quickly, restoring a protective vegetative cover following terrace construction.

Natural / human environment: The primary overall purpose of the technology was to rehabilitate degraded hillsides through the planting of economically valuable fruit trees. Terracing reduces soil erosion while retaining most of the rainwater. The application of organic matter creates improved rooting conditions, while restoring and maintaining soil fertility. The bahia grass further provides protective groundcover preventing splash erosion, increasing surface roughness, and thereby slowing down runoff velocity, while contributing to the restoration of the soil’s biological, chemical and physical properties. Irrigation ditches dug along the terraces help to reduce erosion further. This project was planned by SWC specialists: around 6,000 families were allocated orchard plots and provided with seedlings at a subsidised price.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

• il y a moins de 10 ans (récemment)

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• par le biais de projets/ d'interventions extérieures

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

The technology comes from the soil conservation theory books and accumulated experiences over years.

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• réduire, prévenir, restaurer les terres dégradées

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Commentaires:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Degraded and unproductive hillside slopes (wasteland), with low and declining soil fertility, subject to severe soil erosion
(sheet, rill, gully and mass movement) during periods of heavy and prolonged rainfall.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Low fruit yield and little income after consideration of input.

Problems / comments regarding forest use: The farmers\' consciousness of soil conservation are gradually improved and their ability of forest protection are also increased.

Forest products and services: timber, fruits and nuts, nature conservation / protection

Constraints of wasteland (before SWC)

Forest/ woodlands: Also nature conservation / protection

3.3 Informations complémentaires sur l'utilisation des terres

Approvisionnement en eau des terres sur lesquelles est appliquée la Technologie:

• mixte: pluvial-irrigué

Précisez:

Longest growing period in days: 365Longest growing period from month to month: May - Sep

3.4 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• Amélioration de la couverture végétale/ du sol

• hillside stabilizing and restoration

3.5 Diffusion de la Technologie

Spécifiez la diffusion de la Technologie:

• répartie uniformément sur une zone

Si la Technologie est uniformément répartie sur une zone, indiquez la superficie couverte approximative:

• 10-100 km2

Commentaires:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 55 m2.

This is a part of the comprehensive development of Shan Huxi small watershed.

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main measures: agronomic measures, vegetative measures, structural measures

Secondary measures: management measures

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Wm: mass movements / landslides, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires), land tenure (land subdivision)

Secondary causes of degradation: over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use, other human induced causes (specify) (agricultural causes), poverty / wealth (lack of captial), education, access to knowledge and support services (lack of knowledge)

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• réduire la dégradation des terres

Commentaires:

Main goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

4.2 Spécification/ explications techniques du dessin technique

Fruit trees on slope-separated terraces with a spacing of 5-8 metres between (dependent on slope). Terrace risers and beds are protected by the fast spreading bahia grass (right): note a grass-free space is maintained around each tree.

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: control of raindrop splash, reduction of slope angle, improvement of ground cover, increase in organic matter, increase in soil fertility, control of dispersed runoff

Secondary technical functions: increase of surface roughness, increase / maintain water stored in soil, improvement of soil structure

Agronomic measure: organic matter application

Vegetative measure: aligned trees
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs

Vegetative measure: dispersed grass
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 6

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs

Fruit trees / shrubs species: longan, lychee

Grass species: bahia

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 16.00%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 12.00%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 9.00%

Terrace: forward sloping
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 1-1.5
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 4-5

Construction material (earth): Using earth for the construction can reduce investment.

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 25%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 20%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 6%

For water harvesting: the ratio between the area where the harvested water is applied and the total area from which water is collected is: 1:20

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

Other type of management: Changing land use patterns - Mountain and hilly areas closure for recover of the forest and grass.

4.3 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

Indiquez la monnaie utilisée pour le calcul des coûts:

• dollars US

4.4 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier
1.	2.On each terrace one line of fruit trees was established. Deep planting	Végétale	winter of 1991
2.	2.Fruit tree seedlings were planted. Spacing between trees was	Végétale	spring of 1992
3.	3.Bahia grass was transplanted onto the terraced hillside	Végétale	spring of 1992
4.	Terraces were constructed by hand.Soil was excavated from the upper portion of the terrace and used to build up the lower portion behind the terrace riser wall to create a level platform (bed). Part of the excavated soil was used to build a terrace lip.	Structurel	winter of 1991
5.	land preparation for the grass planting	Structurel	winter of 1991
6.	hill closure	Modes de gestion	Nov. 1999

4.5 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Voluntary and paid	ha	1,0	840,0	840,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	Bahia transplants	ha	1,0	435,0	435,0
Matériel végétal	Fruit tree seedlings	ha	1,0	350,0	350,0	60,0
Engrais et biocides	fertilizer	ha	1,0	145,0	145,0	100,0
Engrais et biocides	compost/manure	ha	1,0	70,0	70,0	100,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					1840,0

Si le coût n'est pas pris en charge à 100% par l'exploitant des terres, indiquez qui a financé le coût restant:

NA

Commentaires:

Duration of establishment phase: 24 month(s)

4.6 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	2.Digging trenches by the side of the fruit trees and filling with organic	Agronomique
2.	prune, fertilize, pest control for the fruit trees of Longan and Litchi	Végétale	spring, autumn and winter /3 times/year
3.	grass plantation, fertilizaion	Végétale	spring and summer /3 times/year
4.	Filling any gaps in the bahia grass.	Végétale
5.	In the first 1–2 years maintenance also involves replacing any fruit tree	Végétale
6.	Weeding around the trees.	Végétale
7.	Repairing terraces damaged by storms.	Structurel	after raining season/4 times/year
8.	regular inspection and management	Modes de gestion	Jan. 1991 / 6 times/year

4.7 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Voluntary and paid	ha	1,0	144,0	144,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	Bahia transplants	ha	1,0	58,0	58,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	Fruit tree seedlings	ha	1,0	36,0	36,0	100,0
Engrais et biocides	fertilizer	ha	1,0	84,0	84,0	100,0
Engrais et biocides	biocides	ha	1,0	10,0	10,0	100,0
Engrais et biocides	compost/manure	ha	1,0	44,0	44,0	100,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					376,0

Si le coût n'est pas pris en charge à 100% par l'exploitant des terres, indiquez qui a financé le coût restant:

NA

Commentaires:

Machinery/ tools: hoe, shovel

For establishment: 200 person days for terrace construction, 100 for digging pits and planting trees, 50 for transplanting
bahia grass. For maintenance: 15 person days for terrace maintenance, 40 for digging organic matter trenches, 5 for
bahia grass gap filling. The SWC department produces bahia transplants in nurseries; these are then distributed to the
farmers.

4.8 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

steep slope and lots of civil work.

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

Indiquez si la Technologie est spécifiquement appliquée dans des:

• non pertinent

5.3 Sols

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Population density: 200-500 persons/km2

Annual population growth: < 0.5%

5% of the land users are very rich and own 10% of the land.
40% of the land users are rich and own 35% of the land.
50% of the land users are average wealthy and own 45% of the land.
5% of the land users are poor and own 10% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: off-farm income is mainly from factory labour

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres détenues ou louées par les exploitants appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• état

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• loué

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Revenus et coûts

Autres impacts socio-économiques

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Cycle de l'eau/ ruissellement

Sols

Autres impacts écologiques

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

• plus de 50%

Si disponible, quantifiez (nombre de ménages et/ou superficie couverte):

6593 Households (56 percent of the area)

Parmi tous ceux qui ont adopté la Technologie, combien d'entre eux l'ont fait spontanément, à savoir sans recevoir aucune incitation matérielle ou aucun paiement?

• 10-50%

Commentaires:

88% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

5755 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: estimates

12% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

784 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: estimates

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: There is a slow spontaneous adoption of the technology, based on the fact that bahia grass is remarkably helpful in controlling soil erosion.

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
An increase in vegetative cover reduces erosion, improves the ecological environment, increases soil fertility and organic matter content, improves How can they be sustained / enhanced? Control weeds and fertilize well.
The combination of structural and vegetative measures has a quick impact on reducing soil erosion and preventing mass movement on hillside slopes How can they be sustained / enhanced? ncrease the vegetative cover and improve soil properties through the addition of plenty of organic matter/manure.
Improved land management practices bringing back degraded wasteland sites into economic production How can they be sustained / enhanced? Demonstration and extension while also improving the enabling legislative environment.
Editors’ comments: In China, large areas of degraded hillsides have been brought back into production by constructing terraces on which fruit trees are planted. In this example the technology has been further improved through planting of bahia grass, as a groundcover, to restore the structure and increase the soil organic matter. On a much smaller scale a case of degraded land conversion is presented from Tajikistan.

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Orchard development can extend too far up the slope, onto steep mountain sides	Reserve the upper slopes for forest, and restrict orchards to the lower slopes.
Potential competition for water and nutrients between the bahia grass	Clean weed (bahia grass included) in the area immediately around the fruit tree.
Increase in farm income becomes very positive only after fruit trees start	Consider replacing bahia grass with a more palatable perennial fodder plant to improve farm income in the short term.
Low germination rate of bahia seeds	Expand experimental studies (seed treatments, cuttings, taking splits, etc).

7.2 Références des publications disponibles

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Acceptance Materials of Shan Huxi Small Watershed.. 2001.

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

Soil Conservation Office of Yongchun County