1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

Smallholder farmers can use polyhouses to produce high demand vegetables, such as tomatoes, and can earn a substantial income from even a relatively small plot of land in a short time.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

During the wet season (June–October), the monsoon rains severely limit the type of crops that can be grown in open fields and they also restrict the production of seedlings. Low-cost polyhouses can be used to protect crops from excessive rainfall and can provide a sheltered environment for the production of better quality crops over the rainy season cropping period. For example, smallholder farmers who produce high demand vegetables such as tomatoes can earn as much as USD 350–500 from a plot of land which measures only 100 m2 in area over the short time period from June to November. This is much more than they can earn by growing any traditional crop by conventional methods. The Sustainable Soil Management Programme (SSMP) is promoting this technology in several mid-hill districts of Nepal.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Polyhouses should be situated in well-drained areas where sunshine is abundant and there is no shade throughout the cropping period. The bamboo frame can be constructed earlier in the year but the plastic roofing is not added until after one or two rainfall events. The height of the polyhouse frame varies depending on the altitude. At higher elevations, the polyhouses are lower to help trap more heat and moisture, whereas at lower elevations the polyhouses are higher to allow more air to circulate and moisture to evaporate. The preparations, which take place mid-May to early June, consist of fertilizing the soil and planting the tomato seedlings. Throughout the growing season the tomato plants are staked, trained, and pruned and a top dressing of fertilizer is added to produce a higher quality product.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• par le biais de projets/ d'interventions extérieures

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• améliorer la production
• créer un impact économique positif

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Terres cultivées

• Cultures annuelles

• tomatoes

Nombre de période de croissance par an: :

• 1

Précisez:

Longest growing period in days: 214; Longest growing period from month to month: May to November

Commentaires:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): In the mid-hills of Nepal, the arable land of most farm households has been divided into very small plots. If this land is used to produce traditional crops such as maize, wheat, and millet using conventional farming methods, it cannot provide full employment for all of the householders and cannot yield sufficient cash income for the household. The risk of intense rainfall during the monsoon season, which can damage crops, has prevented these farmers from switching to more lucrative high value crops.

3.5 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• Greenhouses

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

pratiques agronomiques

• A7: Autres

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

érosion hydrique des sols

• Wt: perte de la couche superficielle des sols (couche arable)/ érosion de surface

Commentaires:

Main causes of degradation: Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (During the summer monsoon (June-October), continuous or heavy rainfall can damage seedlings and erode the land; it is difficult to establish crops during this time.)

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• prévenir la dégradation des terres

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

Spécifications techniques (associées au dessin technique):

Left: Sketch of a polyhouse. The optimum length is 20 m and the width 5 m. The height of the central and side poles varies depending on the elevation. Note that there should be a space of at least 1 m between polyhouses.

Right top: Cross sectional view of a planting bed showing row-to-row (RXR) and plant-to-plant (PXP) distances. Note that there should be a space of at least 90 cm between beds.

Right bottom: Inside the polyhouse, the tomatoes can be staked using bamboo poles; the plants are trained along these trellises.

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: Increase Productivity, Introduce high value crop

Secondary technical functions: increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…)

Auteur:

AK Thaku

4.2 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

Spécifiez la manière dont les coûts et les intrants ont été calculés:

• par entité de la Technologie

Indiquez la monnaie utilisée pour le calcul des coûts:

• dollars américains

4.3 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

Commentaires:

Details for the establishment of Poly house. Establishment activities 1. Construction of the polyhouse using bamboo poles, wooden posts, clear plastic sheet, nails, and rope. 2. How long it takes to construct the polyhouse and plant the crops depends on how much labour is available. Depending on their level of expertise, four to five people can construct the structure in one day; and two people can complete the soil preparation and planting in one day. Technical guidelines for erecting a polyhouse The optimum length of a polyhouse is 20 m, and the width is 5 m; 400–500 gauge plastic sheeting is used. The height of the polyhouse depends on the elevation: at 1200–1600 masl, the optimum height of the central pole is 3 m and the side poles are 2 m high; at 1600–2000 masl, the central pole is 2.5 m high and the side poles are 1.6 m high. There should be an open space of at least 1 m between polyhouses. Technical guidelines for preparing the soil and planting tomatoes Per plant, at least 3–4 kg of well-decomposed farmyard manure and compost are worked into the soil. Before transplanting the seedlings, the soil around each is dressed with 10 g of DAP (diammonium phosphate) and 6 g of MoP (muriate of potash). The seedlings are transplanted when they are 20–25 days old. In an open row system, the suggested row to row (RxR) spacing is 90 cm and the suggested plant to plant (PxP) spacing is 60 cm; in a closed row system the row to row and plant to plant spacing can both be 60 cm. At least two top dressings of DAP and MoP (10:10 g) are necessary 20–25 and 40–45 days after transplanting; 1 kg per 0.05 ha of borax is also added at the time of the first top dressing. Alternatively, these two top dressings can be substituted by a mixture of cattle urine (50 ml) and water (200 ml water) per plant. The dressing with this mixture can begin 20–25 days after transplanting, and is repeated every 10–12 days.

4.4 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

4.5 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

4.6 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

4.7 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

All costs and amounts are rough estimates by the technicians and authors. Exchange rate USD 1 = NPR 71 in April 2011

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la topographie:

Slopes on average: Also moderate (6-10%), rolling (11-15%) and hilly (16-30%)

Landforms: Also footslopes

5.3 Sols

Si disponible, joignez une description complète du sol ou précisez les informations disponibles, par ex., type de sol, pH/ acidité du sol, capacité d'échange cationique, azote, salinité, etc.

Soil fertility is medium - high

Soil water storage capacity is medium - high

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres utilisées par les exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• individu, sans titre de propriété
• individu, avec titre de propriété

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• individuel

Droits d’utilisation de l’eau:

• communautaire (organisé)

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Revenus et coûts

Autres impacts socio-économiques

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Sols

Biodiversité: végétale, animale

Réduction des risques de catastrophe et des risques climatiques

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Changements climatiques progressifs

Changements climatiques progressifs

Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)

Catastrophes météorologiques

Autres conséquences liées au climat

Autres conséquences liées au climat

Commentaires:

optimize the plant density; train and prune plants often to avoid overcrowding; modify the structure to provide more ventilation (ventilated polyhouse) in especially hot areas

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

Commentaires:

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Although the technology is only moderately expensive to implement and provides a higher rate of return than traditional crops, smallholder farmers often need technical support and encouragement to get started. This support can be in the form of improved seed varieties and plastic sheeting for the polyhouse.

Driver for adoption:
• relatively simple technology
• higher economic return
• provides on-farm employment
Constraints
• smallholder farmers and poorer households need initial support to establish the polyhouse
• farmers need technical support
• farmers need practical information and technical backstopping

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

7.1 Méthodes/ sources d'information

7.2 Références des publications disponibles

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Construction of polyhouse and rainy season tomato cultivation inside polyhouse (in Nepali). Kathmandu, Nepal: Sustainable Soil Management Programme, Helvetas Nepal, SSMP (2010)