Technologies

Improved cattleshed for urine collection [Népal]

Création : 6 juin 2011 21:22
Mise à jour : 5 juin 2019 14:13
Compilateur : Richard Allen
Rédacteur : –
Examinateurs : David Streiff, Alexandra Gavilano

Mutra sankalan ka lagi sudhariyeko goth (Nepali)

technologies_1752 - Népal

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1. Informations générales

1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Personne(s)-ressource(s) clé(s)

Spécialiste GDT:

Richard Allen

Spécialiste GDT:

Director

Soil Management Directorate, Department of Agriculture

Népal

Spécialiste GDT:

Team Leader

Sustainable Soil Management Programme

Népal

Nom du projet qui a facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Sustainable Soil Management Programme, Nepal (SSMP)

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

HELVETAS (Swiss Intercooperation)

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Department of Agriculture, Soil Management Directorate, Hariharbhawan Lalitpur (doasoil) - Népal

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

1.5 Référence au(x) Questionnaires sur les Approches de GDT (documentées au moyen de WOCAT)

Farmer field schools on integrated plant nutrient systems [Népal]

Participatory and collaborative learning through the farmer field school approach

Compilateur : Richard Allen
19 jan. 2009 00:00

Farmer-led experimentation [Népal]

Participatory technology testing and adaptation through farmer-led experiments

Compilateur : Richard Allen
19 fév. 2009 00:00

Farmer-to-farmer diffusion [Népal]

Wider diffusion of sustainable soil management technologies through a demand responsive farmer-to-farmer diffusion approach

Compilateur : Richard Allen
19 jan. 2009 00:00

2. Description de la Technologie de GDT

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

Collection of cattle urine in improved cattle sheds for use as liquid manure and organic pesticide

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

Nitrogen is the most important macronutrient for plants, and high crop productivity can only be achieved by making sufficient nitrogen available to crops. Nitrogen is also the most limiting nutrient in farms across Nepal’s midhills. Traditionally farmers applied farmyard manure to fertilise their needs. In many places this is being supplemented or even entirely replaced by inorganic fertiliser - mainly urea. The price of inorganic fertiliser has increased continuously in recent years and it is only available in limited quantities in areas far from the roadheads. On the other hand, cultivation practices are intensifying with increased cropping intensities and more nutrient-demanding crops as, for example, local varieties are replaced by hybrids and new crops are grown. This can easily lead to declining soil fertility and nutrient mining if it is not compensated for by an equivalent increase in organic or mineral fertilisation.
Cattle urine is a viable alternative to mineral fertiliser. Of the nitrogen excreted by cattle, 60% is found in the urine and only 40% in dung. In traditional sheds, urine is left to be absorbed in the bedding material, while excess urine is channelled out of the shed and disposed of. The technology described here - improved cattle sheds- are designed for collecting the urine in a pit or drum. This pit is generally located in the shed itself or just outside connected to the drainage channel through a pipe and protected from rain and runoff. Where urine is collected for incorporation in farmyard manure, the pit may be directly connected to the manure pit or heap. Urine that is going to be used as liquid manure or organic pesticide has to be stored in a drum for fermentation.
A household with two cattle can save the equivalent of purchasing about 100 kg of urea over one year by applying urine either directly as liquid fertiliser or as a component in improved farmyard manure.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

Galerie Médias

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

Pays:

Népal

Autres spécifications du lieu:

Midhill districts of Nepal

3. Classification de la Technologie de GDT

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

Collect fertilizer

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Terres cultivées

Cultures annuelles

Commentaires:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Intensifying cultivation practices with either 1) inadequate application of fertilisers leading to a decline in soil fertility and the mining of soil nutrients or 2) application of too much fertiliser causing environmental problems through excessive leaching, and losses of fertiliser in surface runoff and consequent eutrophication or nitrification of streams, ponds, or groundwater.

3.5 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

gestion intégrée de la fertilité des sols

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

modes de gestion

M6: Gestion des déchets (recyclage, réutilisation ou réduction)

Commentaires:

Main measures: management measures

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

dégradation chimique des sols

Cn: baisse de la fertilité des sols et réduction du niveau de matière organique (non causée par l’érosion)

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

non applicable

4. Spécifications techniques, activités, intrants et coûts de mise en œuvre

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

Spécifications techniques (associées au dessin technique):

a) Urine collection and direct incorporation in covered farmyard manure pit.
b) Urine collection for later application as liquid manure or organic pesticide.

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: increase in organic matter, increase in soil fertility, increase in soil productivity, pest control

Secondary technical functions: supplementary irrigation

4.2 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

Spécifiez la manière dont les coûts et les intrants ont été calculés:

par entité de la Technologie

Précisez l'unité:

Urine collection system

Indiquez la monnaie utilisée pour le calcul des coûts:

dollars américains

Indiquez le coût salarial moyen de la main d'œuvre par jour:

2.00

4.3 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Calendrier des activités (saisonnier)
1.	Provide slight slope to the cattle shed floor
2.	Dig a draining ditch and a collection pit, if possible at the lowest point inside the shed. If this is not possible, an outside pit should be dug, protected from rain and runoff, and connected with the draining ditch through a pipe or a channel.
3.	Make the floor as impermeable as possible; e.g. with cement (expensive and durable), stone slabs, soil compaction, or clay (cheap but not durable). The more impermeable the floor, the more urine can be collected.
4.	Provide a jug/’decapitated’ plastic bottle/cup/etc. to scoop the urine out of the collection pit into the fermentation drum.

4.4 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Labour	per unit	1,0	6,0	6,0	100,0
Matériaux de construction	Plastic drum	per unit	6,0	1,0	6,0	100,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					12,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie en dollars américains (USD)					12,0

Commentaires:

Duration of establishment phase: 0.25 month(s)

4.5 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	When the collection pit is full, the collected urine has to be removed from the pit and stored in a plastic drum for fermentation.
2.	The urine is applied as liquid fertiliser by jug or through drip irrigation.

4.6 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

Commentaires:

It is clear that cattle or buffaloes are required for urine production. To help farmers to use their own resources, it is suggested to start with the cheapest and simplest form of urine collection and a compacted sloping floor and a collection pit within the shed. This allows the farmer to see the benefits of collecting the urine and will encourage them to invest in more expensive materials to improve the efficiency of urine collection. Cost as in January 2007

5. Environnement naturel et humain

5.1 Climat

Précipitations annuelles

< 250 mm
251-500 mm
501-750 mm
751-1000 mm
1001-1500 mm
1501-2000 mm
2001-3000 mm
3001-4000 mm
> 4000 mm

Spécifications/ commentaires sur les précipitations:

Annual rainfall: Also 2000-3000 mm

Zone agro-climatique

humide

Thermal climate class: subtropics

5.2 Topographie

Pentes moyennes:

plat (0-2 %)
faible (3-5%)
modéré (6-10%)
onduleux (11-15%)
vallonné (16-30%)
raide (31-60%)
très raide (>60%)

Reliefs:

plateaux/ plaines
crêtes
flancs/ pentes de montagne
flancs/ pentes de colline
piémonts/ glacis (bas de pente)
fonds de vallée/bas-fonds

Zones altitudinales:

0-100 m
101-500 m
501-1000 m
1001-1500 m
1501-2000 m
2001-2500 m
2501-3000 m
3001-4000 m
> 4000 m

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la topographie:

Slopes on average: Also moderate (6-10%), rolling (11-15%) and hilly (16-30%)

Landforms: Also footslopes

Altitudinal zone: Also 1000-1500 m a.s.l. and 1500-2000 m a.s.l.

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Orientation du système de production:

subsistance (auto-approvisionnement)
commercial/ de marché

Individus ou groupes:

individu/ ménage

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Off-farm income specification: In most farm households, off-farm income plays at least a minor and increasingly a major role. Occasional opportunities for off-farm income present themselves in the form of daily labour wages. Some households’ members receive regular salaries, whilst an increasing number of Nepalis are working in India, the Middle East, Malaysia, and elsewhere and sending remittance incomes home.

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres utilisées par les exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

< 0,5 ha
0,5-1 ha
1-2 ha
2-5 ha
5-15 ha
15-50 ha
50-100 ha
100-500 ha
500-1 000 ha
1 000-10 000 ha
> 10 000 ha

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

individu, sans titre de propriété
individu, avec titre de propriété

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

loué
individuel

6. Impacts et conclusions

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Revenus et coûts

dépenses pour les intrants agricoles

en augmentation

en baisse

Commentaires/ spécifiez:

Reduced expenses for agrochemicals

Autres impacts socio-économiques

Shed management and cleaning

complicated

simplified

Organic crop production

disabled

enabled

Animal health

reduced

improved

Establishment costs if cement is used

increased

decreased

Impacts socioculturels

Social prestige as seen as progressive farmer

reduced

improved

Handling of dung and urine

increased

decreased

Impacts écologiques

Autres impacts écologiques

Eutrophication and nitrification of waterbodies due to controlled outflow of urine

improved

reduced

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

pollution des rivières/ nappes phréatiques

en augmentation

réduit

Commentaires/ spécifiez:

Reduction of nutrient influx into water bodies

Dependence on outside inputs

improved

reduced

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Rentabilité à court terme:

positive

Rentabilité à long terme:

positive

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Rentabilité à court terme:

positive

Rentabilité à long terme:

positive

Commentaires:

The high cost of mineral fertiliser means that the establishment costs are soon recovered. In the long-term, the major reduction in fertiliser cost leads to increased benefits.

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

Commentaires:

Comments on spontaneous adoption: Approximately 30% of SSMP supported farmers groups and about 15% none members of SSMP supported groups adopted the tehnology.

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
The use of urine collected on-farm reduced the requirement for mineral fertiliser which reduced production costs and outside dependency How can they be sustained / enhanced? Further promotion of the technology will increase this impact
Human urine can also be used to fertilise crops, but needs to be fermented longer and may be socially less accepted How can they be sustained / enhanced? Promote the use of urine further and show there is no problem with using human urine
Applying urine as a liquid manure also irrigates the crops (fertigation) How can they be sustained / enhanced? The link between urine application and drip irrigation, or other forms of smallscale irrigation, should be promoted. It has been tested and applied successfully by farmers related to SSMP in Syangja and Surkhet in western Nepal

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
The initial costs incurred whilst improving a durable shed using cement may hinder adoption	Simpler methods such as using clay soil, compacting the fl oor, and using stone slates may, however lead to less urine being collected
Project incentives (cement, plastic drum) have hindered adoption in some places	No incentives should be provided, rather very simple methods should be demonstrated and adapted to local conditions
Urine collection is feasible for subsistence farm households or small scale commercial producers. It may, however, not be applicable for larger scale commercial vegetable producers as a balance between area needed for livestock and growing the crops is needed	Urine could become a tradeable commodity which would see large-scale livestock producers selling their urine to large-scale vegetable producers.