1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du projet qui a facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Soil protection and rehabilitation for food security (ProSo(i)l)

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

GIZ India (GIZ India) - Inde

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Alliance Bioversity and International Center for Tropical Agriculture (Alliance Bioversity-CIAT) - Kenya

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Ecociate Consultants (Ecociate Consultants) - Inde

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

1.4 Déclaration sur la durabilité de la Technologie décrite

Est-ce que la Technologie décrite ici pose problème par rapport à la dégradation des terres, de telle sorte qu'elle ne peut pas être déclarée comme étant une technologie de gestion durable des terres?

Non

Commentaires:

The technology described here is the application of biochar on homestead land. This technology positively impacts soil health and crop production.

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

Biochar is a carbon-rich solid formed from the organic residue by pyrolysis. Biochar is a stable, highly water and nutrient-retentive product that benefits microorganisms and has a very high carbon sequestration potential. Farmers in the project area have applied it to their homesteads or kitchen gardens.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

Biochar, a sustainable soil amendment, is produced through pyrolysis, where organic matter such as wood or agricultural waste is heated in a closed container under low-oxygen conditions. Applying biochar to soil has numerous benefits for improving soil health, such as enhancing soil fertility, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, improving soil microbiology, and reducing soil erosion. One of the most significant benefits of biochar is its ability to sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide into the soil, which can help mitigate climate change by reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Biochar can also remove contaminants from soil and water and serve as a compost component.

Biochar also reduces the emission of ammonia and carbon dioxide (Cabeza et al. 2018), lowers soil compactness, optimizes compost (Liang et al. 2010), improves water retention and the sorption of heavy metals, increases the availability of micronutrients for plants and increases the pH of soils (Van Zwieten et al. 2010). Biochar also stimulates the growth of rhizosphere microorganisms and mycorrhizal fungi (Głuszek et al. 2017). These bacteria and fungi may also promote plant growth (Compant et al. 2010). The pH values of biochars are positively correlated with the formation of carbonates and the contents of inorganic alkalis (Ding et al. 2014). The pH value of biochar ranges from 6.5 to 10.8. It is advisable to test the pH values of both soils and biochar to reach at the optimal quantity of biochar to be applied in the field.

In the Mandla district, agriculture is the backbone of the economy, and farmers are constantly adopting new farming technologies to increase their agricultural production. One such technology that has positively impacted more than a thousand farmers in the region is the application of biochar in homestead land under a GIZ-funded Soil protection and rehabilitation of degraded soil for food security in India (ProSoil) program. Biochar in this region is prepared using low cost Biochar Kiln units developed by Indian council of agriculture research institutions, traditional methods, such as digging soil pits and burning organic residue while covering its top with soil. Since the Mandla district is a high-rainfall region, most farmers broadcast biochar over their fields before growing rabi (winter) crops. Commonly grown rabi crops in this region are mustard, vegetables, and maize.

Farmers in the Mandla district use small units of biochar production. The recovery rate of biochar is 20%, with a capacity of 100kg of organic material. The application rate per unit area varies from farmer to farmer.
1. Landholding: Farmers with more extensive land holdings or generally rotationally applied biochar in the parcels.
2. The intervention of biochar application was introduced in this region in 2020. The new practice is evolving, and the application rate of biochar varies from farmer to farmer depending on the availability of raw materials and labour availability (family/hired)

The most suitable biochar application rate is 10 − 20 t/ha. Moreover, it is essential to consider the compatibility and complementarity between biochar, soil texture, and management factors such as Nitrogen (N) application rate, pH values and growing environment into consideration (Yang Gao et al., 2021). More scientific studies are needed to define the quantity of biochar needed based on the local soil conditions. However, the current quantity of applications is very low compared to suggested in secondary documents.

The immediate effects of biochar application on crop production have been significant, with farmers reporting an increase in crop yield by 20-25% across most crops. Simple indicators such as increased grain weight and improved grain quality imply that the crop produced is of higher quality. Another critical benefit highlighted by farmers of biochar application is the retention of soil moisture over a longer duration compared to non-treated fields. Biochar can help the farmers of the Mandla district increase their agricultural productivity while promoting sustainable land use practices.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Indiquez l'année de mise en œuvre:

2020

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• au cours d'expérimentations / de recherches
• par le biais de projets/ d'interventions extérieures

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

The application of biochar for improving soil health and crop production was introduced in this region through the GIZ-funded program

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• améliorer la production
• réduire, prévenir, restaurer les terres dégradées
• préserver l'écosystème
• atténuer le changement climatique et ses impacts
• créer un impact économique positif

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Les divers types d'utilisation des terres au sein du même unité de terrain: :

Oui

Précisez l'utilisation mixte des terres (cultures/ pâturages/ arbres):

• Agroforesterie

Commentaires:

As per the district census handbook of Mandla District 2001, the land use pattern of Mandla District is: 61% - under forest area, 21% - cropped area, 5% - not available for cultivation, 7% - under fallow land, and 2% - cultivable area. The net area irrigated is 7% of the net area sown, which has hardly increased in recent times (~9%).

3.3 Est-ce que l’utilisation des terres a changé en raison de la mise en œuvre de la Technologie ?

Est-ce que l’utilisation des terres a changé en raison de la mise en œuvre de la Technologie ?

• Non (Passez à la question 3.4)

Commentaires:

There has been no change in land use pattern due to project interventions.

3.4 Approvisionnement en eau

Approvisionnement en eau des terres sur lesquelles est appliquée la Technologie:

• mixte: pluvial-irrigué

Commentaires:

Mandla has nearly 9% of its net sown area irrigated. The homestead land, where biochar is applied during the rabi season, has some irrigation from surface- or groundwater sources.

3.5 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• agroforesterie
• Amélioration de la couverture végétale/ du sol
• gestion intégrée de la fertilité des sols

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

Commentaires:

The application of biochar in the field has improved the water-holding capacity of the soil along with enhanced microbial activities. This has resulted in better and long-duration vegetation as farmers are in position to cultivate vegetables throughout the year.

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

Commentaires:

Biochar acts as soil amendment which helps in improving soil health and status of nutrients in the soil. Some studies have also suggested increase in soil organic carbon as a result of biochar application. Farmers in the project area were also advised to reduce the tillage practices to minimise the soil disturbance.

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• prévenir la dégradation des terres
• réduire la dégradation des terres

Commentaires:

Prior to the application of biochar, farmers were applying synthetic fertilisers and pesticide which was degrading the land. The replacement of synthetic fertilisers with Biochar (also FYM and cow urine mixed with it) has prevented further soil degradation.

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

4.2 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

Spécifiez la manière dont les coûts et les intrants ont été calculés:

• par superficie de la Technologie

autre/ monnaie nationale (précisez):

INR

Indiquez le taux de change des USD en devise locale, le cas échéant (p.ex. 1 USD = 79.9 réal brésilien): 1 USD = :

82,5

4.3 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Calendrier des activités (saisonnier)
1.	Purchase of Biochar Kiln Unit	Once in 4-5 years

Commentaires:

Since it's a seasonal activity there are not many activities which can be categorised here.

4.4 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Equipements	Biochar Kiln unit	Number	1,0	9000,0	9000,0	10,0
Equipements	Transportation	LS	1,0	2000,0	2000,0	10,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					11000,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie en dollars américains (USD)					133,33

Si le coût n'est pas pris en charge à 100% par l'exploitant des terres, indiquez qui a financé le coût restant:

Project has financially supported the local environment committes in purchase and setting up of the Biochar Kiln units

Commentaires:

Biochar is prepared by a low-cost method:
1. Using Soil pit kiln - Human Labor cost is usually applied as no capital cost is involved in this method.
2. Using Portable Kiln - Its cost generally range from 12000 -14000 Rs if purchased from the ICAR institutions and their associated fabricators. Sometimes farmers also get it made from the local fabricators which cost Rs 4000-6000

Refer to the following Study: Biochar production from Lantana camara (invasive species);-

https://qcat.wocat.net/en/wocat/technologies/view/technologies_6690/

4.5 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	Preparation of Biochar using the Lantana Camara	After the monsoon season (September)
2.	Preparing the biochar for application by mixing it with cow dung and cow urine	During Rabi Season (Oct-Nov)
3.	Application of Biochar in homestead land	During Rabi Season (Oct-Nov)

Commentaires:

A low-cost method of biochar preparation (traditional soil pit or portable kiln method) is used for biochar preparation. Due to simplicity in design, barely any cost is involved in the maintenance of the unit.

4.6 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Transportation of biomass and its drying before biochar production	Person-day	2,0	200,0	400,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Preparation of Biochar by family members	Person-day	2,0	200,0	400,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Mixing biochar with cow dung and cow urine and making it ready for the application	Person-day	1,0	200,0	200,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Biochar Application	Person-day	1,0	200,0	200,0	100,0
Engrais et biocides	Biomass for Biochar production (Approximate)		1,0	500,0	500,0	100,0
Engrais et biocides	Cow dung	kg	20,0	5,0	100,0	100,0
Engrais et biocides	Cow urine	kg	20,0	5,0	100,0	100,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					1900,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie en dollars américains (USD)					23,03

Commentaires:

A majority of the cost mentioned here is an opportunity cost for the farmers as they do manage all these expenses internally with available family labour and input materials such as cow dung, cow urine biomass etc.

4.7 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

The primary factor affecting the cost is the labor cost for applying biochar to the field and the easy availability of biomass/crop residues/Lantana for biochar production

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

Indiquez si la Technologie est spécifiquement appliquée dans des:

• non pertinent

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la topographie:

Mandla District is hilly and forested (Satpura hill range) and highly undulating with a narrow strip of cultivated plains in the valley portion of the river and rivulet. The plateau is in the northern part, formed by basalt and east-west trending hills in the southern part. The highest elevation is 934m ASL in the northern region, and the lowest elevation is around 400m ASL.

5.3 Sols

Si disponible, joignez une description complète du sol ou précisez les informations disponibles, par ex., type de sol, pH/ acidité du sol, capacité d'échange cationique, azote, salinité, etc.

The soils in the area are generally clayey loam types with sandy loam soil in some areas. In the northern and central parts of the District, the undulating plateau with mounds is covered with slightly deep soil. Regarding the classification of ‘Soils of the World,’ the soils of Mandla are characterized as ‘brown earth.’ These types of soils have developed from granite gneiss and quartzite schist complexes.

5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

La salinité de l'eau est-elle un problème? :

Non

La zone est-elle inondée?

Non

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la qualité et la quantité d'eau:

The pre-monsoon groundwater level in the area ranges from 3 to 14 meters below ground level. (District at Glance, Mandla, Central Ground Water Board, 2013). The locations have a river flowing close to the area; however, access to the surface and sub-surface water is a primary concern. Basaltic lava flows of the Deccan trap underlie the Mandla District. All blocks of the district including project block Bichhiya are categorized as safe blocks. The net groundwater availability in the district is 53779 hectare meters (ham), and the groundwater draft for all uses is 8205 ham, making the Stage of Groundwater Development 15% as a whole for the district. The area's topography, soil, and geology do not let water remain for long durations, causing water scarcity in summer. The irrigation facilities are poor and limited to areas adjoining dams and canals.

5.5 Biodiversité

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la biodiversité:

The area is surrounded by the Kanha National Park and Phen Wildlife Sanctuary, with a good presence of forest area. Thus biodiversity is outstanding. Ecological assessment report in Mandla (where this Technology is applied) showed improved biodiversity on common lands under village governance compared to open-access or commons under government ownership. On average, the Shannon diversity index (https://www.statology.org/shannon-diversity-index/) of managed common lands was 1.45 compared to 0.42 for the open access or ungoverned commons. Most of the sites under open access lands are infested by Lantana camara, which is the main reason for the lower biomass and diversity of the ungoverned grounds. More information about the biodiversity in Mandla can be read through the following link.

https://mpsbb.mp.gov.in/completedProject/MB.pdf

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

A large majority of the user belonging to the tribal community, including some households from an ethnic community called Baiga.

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres utilisées par les exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• communauté/ village
• individu, avec titre de propriété

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• individuel

Droits d’utilisation de l’eau:

• communautaire (organisé)
• individuel

Est-ce que les droits d'utilisation des terres sont fondés sur un système juridique traditionnel?

Oui

Précisez:

The concerned authorities have issued landowners the land certificates.

5.9 Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

Commentaires:

Over the years, there has been a development focus from both the Government and other civil society organizations to bring out the facilities at the door of communities, which has improved access of different facilities.

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Revenus et coûts

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Sols

Biodiversité: végétale, animale

Réduction des risques de catastrophe et des risques climatiques

Précisez l'évaluation des impacts sur site (sous forme de mesures):

All the indicated impact measures are based on discussions with farmers, implementing agencies and other stakeholders. These were reported as per their observations, eye estimations and approximation.

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

Précisez l'évaluation des impacts extérieurs (sous forme de mesures):

The scale of implementation is not large enough to have an ecosystem level impact

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Changements climatiques progressifs

Changements climatiques progressifs

	Saison	Augmentation ou diminution	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
autre changement climatique progressif	When biochar is added to soil, it can sequester carbon in the form of stable organic matter, which can remain in the soil for hundreds or even thousands of years. This carbon sequestration can help to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, thereby mitigating climate change.	décroît	bien

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Commentaires:

The benefits as indicated above are much higher than the cost involved. More importantly cost is too less as all the resources are being managed internally by the farmers.

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

• 1-10%

Si disponible, quantifiez (nombre de ménages et/ou superficie couverte):

More than 3000 farmers

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
Increase crop production
Improve the quality of farm produce
Improve soil water holding capacity

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
Improved soil health
Mitigate climate change
Increase in soil nutrient content
Reduction in cost of inputs

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Manual labor is required for the preparation of biochar	Innovating/adopting automation in biochar preparation
Decentralized preparation of biochar	Developing enterprise for selling cost-effective biochar in a localized manner

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Limited understanding of standardization of biochar quality and rate of application	Conducting more research studies and documenting experiences of farmers

7.1 Méthodes/ sources d'information

7.2 Références des publications disponibles

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Significance of biochar application to the environment and economy, Babalola Aisosa Onia,⁎, Olubukola Oziegbeb, Obembe O. Olawole

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2019.12.006

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Impacts of biochar application on upland agriculture: A review, Kumuduni Niroshika Palansooriyaa,1, Yong Sik Oka,1, Yasser Mahmoud Awada, Sang Soo Leeb, Jwa-Kyung Sungc, Agamemnon Koutsospyrosd, Deok Hyun Moone

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.12.085

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

The role of biochar and biochar-compost in improving soil quality and crop performance: A review, Getachew Agegnehua,⁎, A.K. Srivastavab, Michael I. Birda

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.06.008

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Biochar physicochemical properties: pyrolysis temperature and feedstock kind effects

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11157-020-09523-3

7.3 Liens vers les informations pertinentes en ligne

Titre/ description:

District at glance - Mandla

URL:

http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/MP/Mandla.pdf

Titre/ description:

District Census Handbook Mandla

URL:

http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2097/1/38136_2001_MAN.pdf