1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du projet qui a facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Soil protection and rehabilitation for food security (ProSo(i)l)

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

GIZ India (GIZ India) - Inde

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Alliance Bioversity and International Center for Tropical Agriculture (Alliance Bioversity-CIAT) - Kenya

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Ecociate Consultants (Ecociate Consultants) - Inde

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

1.4 Déclaration sur la durabilité de la Technologie décrite

Est-ce que la Technologie décrite ici pose problème par rapport à la dégradation des terres, de telle sorte qu'elle ne peut pas être déclarée comme étant une technologie de gestion durable des terres?

Non

Commentaires:

The technology described here is related to sustainable land and other resource management systems.

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

The Pre-Monsoon Dry Sowing Technology aims to sow 12 to 15 different crop varieties in April without waiting for rain. To achieve this the seeds are pelletized with a mixture of clay soils, bio-inoculants like dried Ghanjeevamruth and Dravajeevamrit, and ash. The main objective of this technology is to empower rainfed farmers by utilizing the initial rainfall in April and May for crop cultivation. By using pelettized seeds, they can maximize the effectiveness of rainfall showers before the arrival of the monsoon season. Such seeds can also survive, if there are delay in the rainfall as the pellets around the seed help it in maintaining the moisture.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

Pre-monsoon dry sowing (PMDS) is a system of sowing, tilling and tending the land wherein the farmer grows crops in non-farming seasons or whenever there is no crop cover on the land. This can be practised before the advent of monsoon, during summer (April-May), after Kharif and before the beginning of the Rabi season (September and October). PMDS harnesses the water vapor from air that gets settled in the form of early morning dew. The dew supplies the required moisture to the soil. (Reference:-https://apcnf.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/IDS-2020-2021-APCNF-PMDS-Report.pdf)

In the study where PMDS was practised before the onset of the monsoon season, typically during the dry month of April. The seeds are pelletized with a mixture of clay soils, bio-inoculants, and ash, which creates a protective coating around the seed and helps it to germinate even in the case of delayed rains or very little rainfall. The coating around the seed, helps it to maintain moisture and support its germination. As the name suggests, the technology is good for utilising the pre-monsoon season by advancing the sowing cycles, using the usually dry months of summer and utilising the pre-monsoon rains.

This technology benefits rainfed areas where farmers rely solely on rainfall for irrigation. PMDS aims to promote an extended duration of crop cover under rainfed conditions, allowing farmers to cultivate crops with a reduced risk of crop failure in the cases of delayed or lower rainfall. Since seeds are germinated before the arrival of monsoon, there are times when they can also survive the heavy rains. This technology is useful in utilising moisture to the best extent possible as seeds are covered with the outer layer of clay and other stuff. In the Mandla District of Madhya Pradesh, farmers utilized seeds from their homes, comprising 12 to 15 crops, including cereals, pulses, and spices. These collected seeds were pelletized, dried for 24 hours, and broadcasted into minimally tilled soil. The diversified crop combination was grown until July and mixed with the soil before paddy transplanting. This process improves the soil's microbial activity, resulting in increased yields in crops grown before paddy and in the paddy crop itself. Therefore, the farmers benefit from increased production and yields through this technique of PMDS.

PMDS not only improves the economics of farmers but it also improves soil health. The covering of the soil with different crops protects it from heat, pounding rain, and wind. It also improves diversity in soil microorganisms, beneficial insects and other species. Covering soil for 365 days with plant diversity is also critical to protect soil health and balance climate change. PMDS can facilitate all these functions.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Indiquez l'année de mise en œuvre:

2022

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• au cours d'expérimentations / de recherches
• par le biais de projets/ d'interventions extérieures

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

The modified PMDS technology used in another program, the Andhra Pradesh Natural Farming Program, has been adopted here.

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• améliorer la production
• réduire, prévenir, restaurer les terres dégradées
• conserver/ améliorer la biodiversité
• s'adapter au changement et aux extrêmes climatiques et à leurs impacts
• créer un impact économique positif

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Les divers types d'utilisation des terres au sein du même unité de terrain: :

Non

3.3 Est-ce que l’utilisation des terres a changé en raison de la mise en œuvre de la Technologie ?

Est-ce que l’utilisation des terres a changé en raison de la mise en œuvre de la Technologie ?

• Oui (Veuillez remplir les questions ci-après au regard de l’utilisation des terres avant la mise en œuvre de la Technologie)

Les divers types d'utilisation des terres au sein du même unité de terrain: :

Non

Commentaires:

The PMDS technology has enabled crop diversification in the Mandla District from April to July.

3.4 Approvisionnement en eau

Approvisionnement en eau des terres sur lesquelles est appliquée la Technologie:

• pluvial

3.5 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• Amélioration de la couverture végétale/ du sol
• perturbation minimale du sol
• gestion intégrée de la fertilité des sols

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

Commentaires:

The PMDS (pre-monsoon dry sowing) technique involves crop diversification and the utilization of rainfed land from April to July, typically left unused, to improve soil health. This is achieved by planting green crops that are later harvested, leaving the crop biomass in the soil to retain moisture, and subsequently growing paddy crops on the same land. This approach has the added benefit of increasing yields, improving crop quality, and reducing farmers' reliance on only one single crop.

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

Commentaires:

Mandla district receives rainfall of around 1500mm, and soil is highly susceptible to erosion. Covering the soil with different crops reduces the erosion potential, and mixing the soil with biomass improves soil health.

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• prévenir la dégradation des terres
• réduire la dégradation des terres

Commentaires:

Land degradation by water erosion is reduced by covering the topsoil with crops for an extended duration. The addition of crop biomass improves soil health.

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

4.2 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

Spécifiez la manière dont les coûts et les intrants ont été calculés:

• par superficie de la Technologie

autre/ monnaie nationale (précisez):

INR (March, 2023)

Indiquez le taux de change des USD en devise locale, le cas échéant (p.ex. 1 USD = 79.9 réal brésilien): 1 USD = :

82,5

4.3 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

Commentaires:

There are no establishment activities under the PMDS.

4.4 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

Commentaires:

There are no establishment costs required for PMDS as it's only a sowing activity. Farmers do hire agriculture equipments to undertake the activity.

4.5 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	Collection of seeds	1 month before the onset of Monsoon (mid May in project area)
2.	Seed treatment and preparation of seed balls	End of May in project area
3.	Broadcasting of the seed balls	End of May in project area
4.	Soil rotation	2-3 days after the broadcasting of seed balls
5.	Harvesting of leafy vegetables, fodder and other produces	Mid of June to mid of July
6.	Mixing the green manure in soils	End of July or before transplantation of rice

4.6 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Seed treatment, preparation of seed balls	Person days	1,0	200,0	200,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Broadcasting of seeds	Person days	1,0	200,0	200,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Harvesting of the crops	Person days	2,0	150,0	300,0	100,0
Equipements	Agriculture equipment for soil rotation	Hour	0,5	600,0	300,0	100,0
Equipements	Cultivator	Hour	1,0	600,0	600,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	Seeds of different crops	kg	6,0	75,0	450,0	100,0
Engrais et biocides	Bio-inputs	LS	1,0	400,0	400,0	100,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					2450,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie en dollars américains (USD)					29,7

Commentaires:

Technical inputs were provided from the project around the seed treatment, sowing, and monitoring of the crops.

4.7 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

Availability of seeds, bio-inputs, and rainfall pattern. Usually, there are rains during the pre-monsoon season in the project area, however, in case of no rains at all during the entire summer, farmers may not be in a position to achieve the desired results.

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

Indiquez si la Technologie est spécifiquement appliquée dans des:

• non pertinent

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la topographie:

Bichhiya is a block in the Mandla district characterized by diverse topography. The block is located in the southern part of the District and is situated in the foothills of the Satpura range.
The topography of the Bichhiya block is hilly. The block has an average elevation of around 550 meters above sea level. The hills are covered with forests and are rich in flora and fauna.
The region has several small streams and tributaries that flow through it, which are mostly seasonal and originate in the hills.

5.3 Sols

5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

La salinité de l'eau est-elle un problème? :

Non

La zone est-elle inondée?

Non

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la qualité et la quantité d'eau:

The region has several small streams and tributaries that flow through it, primarily seasonal and originating in the hills. The area is also known for its waterfalls, including the Patalpani waterfall, a popular tourist destination.

5.5 Biodiversité

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la biodiversité:

The area is surrounded by Kasha National Park and Phen Wildlife Sanctuary, with a good presence of forest area. Thus biodiversity is outstanding.

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Bichhiya block has a significant tribal population. According to the 2011 Census of India, the block has a total population of around 47,000, of which approximately 41% are classified as Scheduled Tribes (STs). The powerful tribes inhabiting the region include the Gonds, Baigas, and Korkus.

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres utilisées par les exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• individu, avec titre de propriété

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• individuel

Droits d’utilisation de l’eau:

• communautaire (organisé)
• individuel

Est-ce que les droits d'utilisation des terres sont fondés sur un système juridique traditionnel?

Oui

5.9 Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Revenus et coûts

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Cycle de l'eau/ ruissellement

Sols

Biodiversité: végétale, animale

Réduction des risques de catastrophe et des risques climatiques

Précisez l'évaluation des impacts sur site (sous forme de mesures):

All the impacts indicated here are based on the discussions with land users and implementing agency. The reported outcomes are based on eye observations and estimations. Some of the impacts are also based on the reports and secondary documents published on the PMDS.

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

Précisez l'évaluation des impacts extérieurs (sous forme de mesures):

PMDS method is farmland-specific technology wherein effective utilization of natural resources (land and rainfall) is done. Therefore no direct off site impact of the technology is observed.

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Changements climatiques progressifs

Changements climatiques progressifs

	Saison	Augmentation ou diminution	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
autre changement climatique progressif	Adaptation to climate vulnerabilities by crop diversification and effective utilization of natural resources	augmente	très bien

Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)

Autres extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)

autre (précisez)	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
Adaptation to climate change	très bien

Commentaires:

The technology adapts well to climate change, as crop diversification sustains rainfall variability. An increase in soil biomass improves soil health. Making the system more resilient to climate variability.

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Commentaires:

The PMDS technology does not require any higher establishment cost, as most of the material is locally available. The maintenance of technology is also limited as once the pelleted seeds are sown there is hardly any maintenance required. The returns on the use of technology are very positive as an additional source of income is available.

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

• 1-10%

Si disponible, quantifiez (nombre de ménages et/ou superficie couverte):

Approximately 100 farmers have adopted the newly introduce PMDS technology in 2020-21.

De tous ceux qui ont adopté la Technologie, combien d'entre eux l'ont fait spontanément, à savoir sans recevoir aucune incitation matérielle, ou aucune rémunération? :

• 91-100%

Commentaires:

Approximately 100 farmers have adopted the newly introduce PMDS technology in 2020-21, supported by capacity building and training programs

6.6 Adaptation

La Technologie a-t-elle été récemment modifiée pour s'adapter à l'évolution des conditions?

Oui

autre (précisez):

Diversified Combination

Spécifiez l'adaptation de la Technologie (conception, matériaux/ espèces, etc.):

The crop combination is diversified based on the seeds available and household nutrition requirements

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
Increase PMDS crop productivity and yield 20-25% subsequent crops, especially paddy crops
Soil structure is improved
Crop Diversification: 12 - 15 different crops are grown on the same piece of land
Fodder availability to animals during the summer season

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
Ensuring a crop cover for 365 days leads to reduced soil erosion and improved soil health
Maintaining the soil moisture for the subsequent crops, which are cultivated in the rain-fed conditions
Regular practice of PMDS can increase the soil's organic carbon as a lot of green manure is incorporated in the soil resulting in higher carbon content

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Open grazing of cattle during summer is a common practice. As there are no standing crops in the field, farmers tend to allow their animals for open grazing. However, the cultivation of crops using the PMDS method tends to attract cattle as other fields in the project areas do not have any green cover.	Village-level community institutions can develop a system to minimize the grazing in the fields having crops or the higher adoption of PMDS by the farmers will gradually reduce this risk as PMDS can be a good source of green fodder as well.
Farmers are putting in extra quantities of seeds for various crops for sowing during the PMDS. In normal cases, they will sow the seeds only after the onset of the monsoon and when the field is ready for sowing. Thus in PMDS, they may feel like losing their seeds if there is no germination due to delays in monsoon or other reasons.	Farmers can be supported by providing seeds for the first year to mitigate the risk and exchanging weather-related information in advance. So that they can make an informed decision.

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Very low to no awareness of the PMDS methodology and benefits among the project farmers.	Regular handholding and demonstrations along with good audio-video documentation for dissemination.
Possible delay in sowing and harvesting of the Kharif and Rabi crops due to delayed monsoon or appropriate soil conditions.	Scheduling the crops based on a crop calendar is one solution; another solution is to explore the seed varieties suitable for delayed sowing.

7.1 Méthodes/ sources d'information

7.3 Liens vers les informations pertinentes en ligne

Titre/ description:

Assessing the Impact of Andhra Pradesh Community Managed Natural Farming: A comprehensive Approach Using Crop Cutting Experiments Pre-Monsoon Dry Sowing Farming in Andhra Pradesh

URL:

https://apcnf.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/IDS-2020-2021-APCNF-PMDS-Report.pdf