1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH (GIZ) - Allemagne

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Alliance Bioversity and International Center for Tropical Agriculture (Alliance Bioversity-CIAT) - Kenya

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Ecociate Consultants (Ecociate Consultants) - Inde

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

1.4 Déclaration sur la durabilité de la Technologie décrite

Est-ce que la Technologie décrite ici pose problème par rapport à la dégradation des terres, de telle sorte qu'elle ne peut pas être déclarée comme étant une technologie de gestion durable des terres?

Non

Commentaires:

The application of city compost improves the soil health

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

The use of city compost is a sustainable solution for addressing the problem of waste management and soil degradation. Under this technology, urban municipal waste is composted and used as organic fertiliser in agriculture. This relieves the cities’ waste management, enhances rural soils and in turn improves farm productivity.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

In India, over 377 million people live in almost 8,000 cities or towns. They generate 62 million tons of municipal solid waste annually, according to the country’s government. More than 80% of such solid waste is deposited indiscriminately without treatment at dump yards in an unhygienic manner. In the Indian countryside, the ecological sustainability of agriculture has been at risk due to the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and monoculture since the ‘Green Revolution’ led to the degradation of land.

City compost is one of the solutions to both problems. Waste collected by municipal corporations is processed to make compost. During this process, organic waste is collected in the cities, recycled, processed to compost, and finally used as organic matter by farmers complementing the traditional farmyard manure. In such manner carbon that is contained in the waste is recycled back into the soil thus enhancing agricultural production.

Nashik Municipal Corporation in Nashik town of Maharashtra State in India has set-up a waste processing plant in the town. This plant processes the city’s organic waste into compost through a scientific process. The processed city compost is packed into bags of 50 kg each and these bags are supplied to fertilizer companies and further on to farmers. There are Government subsidies available to farmers for the purchase of compost bags subject to documentary proofs and other conditions.

Under the “Soil Protection and Rehabilitation for Food Security (ProSoil)” project of GIZ, farmers and FPOs (farmer producer organizations) have been supported for the application of city compost in their fields. Supported by the implementing agency WOTR (Watershed Organization Trust) the city compost application in farmer's fields in 3 districts of Maharashtra namely Ahmednagar, Jalna and Dhule has been introduced. Interventions covered more than 3000 farmers and around 1100 Acres of land. The entire intervention is implemented with the help of FPOs, which procured the city compost from ‘The Nashik Waste Management Centre’ and sold the procured material further to the farming communities. This has ensured easy availability to the farmers without incurring undue travel cost. Farmers applied the city waste compost in their farms during the month of May/June (before the onset of monsoon) to different crops.

City compost was applied to different crop combinations such as paddy-chickpea in Dhule District (moderate irrigation facility), greengram-sorghum in Ahmed Nagar District (Rainfed conditions) and soyabean-wheat in Jalna District (irrigated conditions). Farmers have seen the benefits of city compost across all crop combinations and geographies. The application of city compost has been of benefit to farmers in reducing the usage of synthetic fertilizers along with reducing the dependency on farmyard manure as it is getting scarce day by day. Farmers have also realized the improved soil health leading to better productivity of their farms.

The Indian government has also launched several initiatives to promote the use of city compost in agriculture. For example, the National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture provides financial assistance to farmers for the purchase of city compost, and the Fertilizer Control Order allows the use of city compost as a fertilizer. Although developing city waste as compost and its application in the farmer's field is a nascent approach from the India Government and other stakeholders, however looking at the availability of waste, the commitment of the Indian Government through its ‘Clean India Program’ and the vast issue of synthetic fertilizers usage and high subsidy burden, the use of city compost in agriculture has the potential to contribute to sustainable solutions in the area of waste management while improving soil health and reducing the use of synthetic fertilizers in India.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.4 Vidéos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Indiquez l'année de mise en œuvre:

2021

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• au cours d'expérimentations / de recherches
• par le biais de projets/ d'interventions extérieures

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

Developing city compost is a result of research by various agencies. However, the application of the city compost technology is part of the Pro-Soil project of GIZ.

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• améliorer la production
• réduire, prévenir, restaurer les terres dégradées
• créer un impact économique positif

• Reduce municipal waste

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Les divers types d'utilisation des terres au sein du même unité de terrain: :

Non

Commentaires:

The intervention is mostly applied on cropland.

3.3 Est-ce que l’utilisation des terres a changé en raison de la mise en œuvre de la Technologie ?

Est-ce que l’utilisation des terres a changé en raison de la mise en œuvre de la Technologie ?

• Non (Passez à la question 3.4)

3.4 Approvisionnement en eau

Approvisionnement en eau des terres sur lesquelles est appliquée la Technologie:

• mixte: pluvial-irrigué

Commentaires:

The rainfall pattern varied from location to location and farmer to farmer depending upon the accessibility to canals and availability of resources to lift the ground water. Most farmers in Ahmednagar are rainfed farmers while in Jalna they have some irrigation facilities.

3.5 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• système de rotation (rotation des cultures, jachères, agriculture itinérante)
• gestion intégrée de la fertilité des sols
• gestion des déchets/ gestion des eaux usées

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

Commentaires:

Application of city compost is an agronomic measure as it needs to be applied every year and is closely linked to the agricultural cycle. The application of city compost adds organic matter to the soil and improves the soil fertility.

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

Commentaires:

Application of city compost can significantly reduce the usage of chemical fertilisers in the soil as it can supply the required nutrients to the soil. It is also a relatively cheap option.

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• restaurer/ réhabiliter des terres sévèrement dégradées

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

4.2 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

Spécifiez la manière dont les coûts et les intrants ont été calculés:

• par superficie de la Technologie

autre/ monnaie nationale (précisez):

INR

Indiquez le taux de change des USD en devise locale, le cas échéant (p.ex. 1 USD = 79.9 réal brésilien): 1 USD = :

80,0

4.3 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

Commentaires:

There are no establishment activities involved in the intervention as farmers are buying the city compost and applying it annually in their fields. The establishment of city compost plant is out of the purview of farmers and their institution.

4.4 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

Commentaires:

There is no establishment cost involved in the intervention as farmers are buying the city compost and applying annually in their fields. The establishment of a city compost plant is out of the purview of farmers and their institutions.

4.5 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	Purchase of city compost by FPO and transportation to the base location	April/May
2.	Selling of the city compost among the farmers	May
3.	Application of city compost in the field by farmers	May or early June
4.	Mixing of the city compost in soil using the cultivator or rotavator	May/June (Immediately after the application)
5.	Irrigation of the field	Mid June or at the onset of Monsoon (farmers having assured irrigation due with their own sources)
6.	Sowing of the seeds	June or early July
7.	Intercultural operations (Weeding, nutrient management, pest application, crop monitoring)	July-October
8.	Harvesting of the crops	October/November

Commentaires:

The timing of these activities may vary a bit based on the crops sown by the farmers or the onset of monsoon rains

4.6 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Application of city compost	Person days	2,0	300,0	600,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Irrigation	Person days	2,0	300,0	600,0	100,0
Equipements	Hired machinery for mixing the city compost in soil	Hours	2,0	900,0	1800,0	100,0
Engrais et biocides	City compost	Ton	2,5	1200,0	3000,0	100,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					6000,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie en dollars américains (USD)					75,0

Commentaires:

The cost towards other operations such as sowing, intercultural operations, pest management and harvesting is not covered here as these costs are not directly associated with the documented intervention.

4.7 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

The cost of city compost is available at a subsidised price of INR 1000 per ton incl. transportation. Non-subsidised prices range at INR 3000 per ton plus transportation. Project farmers could get it at subsidised rates. However, the non-availability of required documents may be a hindrance for farmers to avail the subsidised prices.

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

Indiquez si la Technologie est spécifiquement appliquée dans des:

• non pertinent

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la topographie:

The altitude of district ranges from 500 to 750 meter above sea level. Except a little over 4% area, most part of the district is plain area.

5.3 Sols

Si disponible, joignez une description complète du sol ou précisez les informations disponibles, par ex., type de sol, pH/ acidité du sol, capacité d'échange cationique, azote, salinité, etc.

Soils vary from reddish brown to dark grey and are commonly grouped as light to medium black soils. In very few places deep black soil is also observed.

5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

La salinité de l'eau est-elle un problème? :

Oui

Précisez:

As per the water samples collected by the Central Ground Water Board, 73% samples were reported as high salinity water (EC in the range of 750-2250 qS/cm). Please refer to: (http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/Maharashtra/Ahmadnagar.pdf

La zone est-elle inondée?

Non

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la qualité et la quantité d'eau:

A large majority of the area is a water scarce area with a dry long spell being a common feature. As indicated above the quality of water is also poor, which makes it even unusable for irrigation. During the last couple of years there has been enormous efforts to develop the surface water harvesting infrastructure in project areas.

5.5 Biodiversité

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la biodiversité:

The western hilly part of Ahmednagar District has forests. Teak, Babul, Dhavada, Haldu and Neem are trees found in these forests. Fruit trees like Mango, Tamarind, Amala, Bor are also found in the District.

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Due to poor rainfall patterns and non-availability of irrigation, most farmers are in a position to cultivate only 1-2 food crops in the year. The prevalence of cash crops is very minimal. Farmers have been grouped into 4 farmer-producer organisations formed under the Pro-Soil Project. All of these groups have a good representation of women farmers.

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres utilisées par les exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• individu, avec titre de propriété

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• individuel

Droits d’utilisation de l’eau:

• communautaire (organisé)
• individuel

Est-ce que les droits d'utilisation des terres sont fondés sur un système juridique traditionnel?

Oui

Commentaires:

All the project farmers have land titles either in their name or their family members' name. These land rights are transferred among the family members as part of the Indian land transfer systems.

5.9 Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

Commentaires:

In terms of infrastructure and services, Ahmednagar is well-connected with most services. However, still there is a scope to improve these further to make farmers' life better.

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Revenus et coûts

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Sols

Précisez l'évaluation des impacts sur site (sous forme de mesures):

Overall, city compost has replaced the usage of synthetic fertilisers

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

Précisez l'évaluation des impacts extérieurs (sous forme de mesures):

The off-site impact can be contributed in terms of the reduction of waste at the waste processing site. However, this may not directly be linked to farmers' application of city compost in their farms.

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Changements climatiques progressifs

Changements climatiques progressifs

	Saison	Augmentation ou diminution	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
températures annuelles		augmente	pas connu
températures saisonnières	hiver	augmente	pas connu
précipitations annuelles		décroît	modérément

Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)

Catastrophes climatiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
canicule	pas connu
vague de froid	pas connu
conditions hivernales extrêmes	pas connu
sécheresse	modérément

Commentaires:

The technology being very new its long-term impact of it is not well documented or assessed. However, compost in general is good for maintaining soil moisture and thus suited to the conditions of long dry spells.

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Commentaires:

City compost does not have any establishment cost at the farmers' level. In terms of maintenance cost, it is beneficial to farmers both in short term and long run.

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

• 1-10%

Si disponible, quantifiez (nombre de ménages et/ou superficie couverte):

1100

De tous ceux qui ont adopté la Technologie, combien d'entre eux l'ont fait spontanément, à savoir sans recevoir aucune incitation matérielle, ou aucune rémunération? :

• 91-100%

Commentaires:

Most of the farmers have paid the money for buying the city compost from FPOs. Support from the project has been towards creating awareness, setting up the demonstration plots and handholding of FPOs.

6.6 Adaptation

La Technologie a-t-elle été récemment modifiée pour s'adapter à l'évolution des conditions?

Non

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
A good replacement for farmyard manure (dung) as its availability is a challenge due to reduction in numbers of livestock
Improved productivity of major crops
Farmers have observed improvement in soil moisture and soil texture which indicates a better soil health

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
This is an excellent mechanism to promote the waste management and address this long-standing problem of the country
An economically cheaper option to meet the composting needs of farmers thus promoting the natural farming
A good business line for FPOs as city compost is generally not available in the market
In the longer run, regular application of compost can improve the soil organic carbon

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Currently available in Nashik city only which is 150 km from the project area	Collective procurement by FPO and selling it to its members
Prices of city compost are very high at the non-subsidised prices	Farmers can keep their documents updated to get the subsidised compost. Also put up an application to concerned authorities for continuation of subsidy.

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Regular supply from the waste processing plants. Many such plants do not operate regularly due to internal and external reasons.	FPOs can undertake some longterm contracts with the company. Also in the long run they can set-up small plants for local-level composting.

7.1 Méthodes/ sources d'information

7.3 Liens vers les informations pertinentes en ligne

Titre/ description:

City compost in India – from waste to healthy soil

URL:

https://www.rural21.com/english/covid-19-dossier/detail/article/city-compost-in-india-from-waste-to-healthy-soil.html