1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du projet qui a facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Central Asian Countries Initiative for Land Management (CACILM I)

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Quand les données ont-elles été compilées (sur le terrain)?

14/01/2011

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

Conservation of soil fertility through the cultivation of sainfoin (perennial legume plants)

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

The Suusamyr Plain is located in the South-West of Chui Valley. Generally, this zone, located at 2000-3800 meters above sea level is used by farmers as summer pastures. Farmers are practicing agro-pastoralism by grazing animals and at the same time producing winter fodder for their livestock. They cultivate mainly barley and sometimes perennial grass.
The territory of the local administration of the Aiyl Okrug “Suusamyr” includes 6645 hectares of arable land. In 2009 about 2500 hectares were cultivated with cereals (including 1950 ha of barley) and 250 ha with sainfoin. As a result of the monoculture of cereals, weeds, pests, and insects accumulate on the fields and the soil fertility is declining. These are direct and indirect indicators of soil degradation.
The main cultivated perennial legume is sainfoin. However,farmers are short of sainfoin seeds. Most of them cultivate sainfoin for hay making and consider the seed production as non profitable.

Fallow is maintained free from weed during the vegetation season. As fallow is weed free and accumulates the soil moisture it has synergy effect to harvest high yield of barley grain. This fallow is kept during one vegetation season and applied by other farmers during next season. Crop rotation cycle is 5 years including 1 year-fallow period (1year-fallow period, 1year for barley planting and 3 years for sainfoin planting). Barley is planted into the fallow.
Sainfoin improves the soil structure as a result of high rizo-biomasses (237-333 kg/ha). Sainfoin is able to accumulate 194 -178 kg/ha of biological nitrogen providing sufficient nitrogen fertilization for two consecutive cropping seasons. Sainfoin can be cultivated at altitudes from 700 to 3400 m above sea level (G. Balian, 2004). Sainfoin is a high nectar producting crop, allowing farmers to produce 150 kg of honey from 1 hectare of sainfoin during a vegetation period. As the result of insect pollination, an increase in seed production of between 100 and 200 kg/ha has been observed.

Purpose of the Technology: Soil fertility conservation through crop rotation of barley with the perennial grass sainfoin (Onobrichis sativa).

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Farmer Ibraimov Azimjan has 25 hectares of private land and rents other land from neighboring farmers. UNDP’s project procured seeds of sainfoin and covered expenditures for tillage and planting. The farmer’s responsibility is to distribute produced seeds among other farmers which are able to expand their areas under sainfoin cultivation. The farmers maintains crop rotation.
Fields are located in the foothills at an elevation of 2038-2200 m above sea level. Plowing is conducted along the slope. But planting is done across to the tilling direction, horizontally along the field (contour planting drilling). This technology increases vegetation cover and after harvesting stubbles remain

Natural / human environment: Agriculture in Suusamyr Valley is based on animal husbandry which is kept on pastures during three seasons (spring, summer and autumn). But farmers practice agro-pastorals. They have private arable land and produce cereals and forage crops. The Local Government “Suusamyr” has 6645 hectares of arable land including 561 hectares from the Distribution Found (state regulated land). Farmers are not subsidized by the Government.
The farmer Ibraimov Azimjan has 25 hectares of private land and rents other land from the neighboring farmers. In 2009 UNDP’s project procured basic seeds of sainfoin and covered the expenditures for tillage and planting. UNDP’s project organized several workshops for farmers on technology of cereals and forage crops cultivation. Project manager also had finance support in field inspection of sainfoin seed and barley.
Farmer’s responsibility is to distribute seed among other farmers which able to expand their areas under sainfoin. Farmer has resources to guard the field from grazing of animals during the vegetation period, harvest and transportation of seed. Azimjan also organized the seed cleaning and storage. Project’s management developed the rules on seed distributions and sale.
The farmer should produce sainfoin and barley in order to get benefit. Farmer’s responsibility is to distribute seed to other farmers which able to expand the area under sainfoin and barley. Name of sainfoin variety is “Belek”, barley variety is “Kylym”, they are developed in research centers of Kyrgyz Republic.
The population of the Aiyl Okrug “Suusamyr” is 6400. The Local Government has no human resources for field activities. There are six villages at the territory of this Local Government. All fields and villages are connected by dirt roads. The electricity is supplied on regularly basis. People have drinking water supplies.
Farmer’s fields are located at foothills of 2038-2200 m above sea level. The type of land use is rainfed. Some irrigated channels which were developed in Soviet time are destroyed now. The fields are infested mainly with wild Oat, Couch-grass, spp. pigweed, wormwood and others.
The farmers cultivate cereals as monoculture. Some of them plant the sainfoin. Additionally, farmers cultivate potato on a total area of 180-200 hectares. The varieties are from local breeders (Nevsky, Cardinal) and introduced varieties from seed Firm “Agrico” and “NZPC” (Picasso, Sante and Mondial).
The main type of soil is chestnut (light chestnut soil and dark chestnut soil). The potential fertility of these soils is high but due to the lack of crop rotation, plant protection activities, fertilizer application, soil degradation is going on. There are no soil maps in the office of local administration except for those which were developed during the Soviet time.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

• il y a moins de 10 ans (récemment)

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• par le biais de projets/ d'interventions extérieures

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

The Technology was developed by the Kyrgyz Livestock and Pasture Research Institute and applied by the UNDP Project "Demonstration Sustainable Mountain Pasture Management in Suusamyr Valley, Kyrgyzstan"

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• créer un impact économique positif

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Commentaires:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Decline of soil fertility due to longstanding cultivation of barley on the field. Annual conventional plowing is affecting the mineralization of soil humus.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Decline of barley yield. The quality of barley grain also is declining.

Semi-nomadism / pastoralism: Yes

Ranching: Yes

Improved pasture: Yes

Mixed: (eg agro-pastoralism, silvo-pastoralism): Yes

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Cropland: Cp: Perennial (non-woody) cropping

Livestock is grazing on crop residues

Si l'utilisation des terres a changé en raison de la mise en œuvre de la Technologie, indiquez l'utilisation des terres avant la mise en œuvre de la Technologie:

Cropland: Ca: Annual cropping

3.3 Informations complémentaires sur l'utilisation des terres

Commentaires:

Water supply: rainfed, mixed rainfed - irrigated, rainfed

Nombre de période de croissance par an: :

• 1

Précisez:

Longest growing period in days: 120Longest growing period from month to month: April - August

Densité d'élevage/ chargement (si pertinent):

25-50 LU /km2

3.5 Diffusion de la Technologie

Spécifiez la diffusion de la Technologie:

• répartie uniformément sur une zone

Si la Technologie est uniformément répartie sur une zone, indiquez la superficie couverte approximative:

• 0,1-1 km2

Commentaires:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0,24 m2.

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main measures: agronomic measures

Secondary measures: vegetative measures

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main type of degradation addressed: Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Bh: loss of habitats

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Bc: reduction of vegetation cover

Main causes of degradation: soil management (Lack of fertilizes), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use, Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (Usually in dry weather plants have a vertical appearance. After heavy gales they lose their vetical standing and they droop. This is lodging. During lodginh of plants the yield of seed is decreasing.), land tenure

Secondary causes of degradation: crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (As a result of the monoculture of cereals, weeds, pests, and insects accumulate on the fields and the soil fertility is declining.), other human induced causes (specify) (inappropriate soil management)

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• prévenir la dégradation des terres
• réduire la dégradation des terres

Commentaires:

mitigation land degradation, rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

4.2 Spécification/ explications techniques du dessin technique

Fields are located on South exposition of the foothills of the Kyrgyz Ala-Too Mountains in the Northern part of the Suusamyr valley. The length of the sainfoin field is 687 meters, and its width is 350 meters. Slope steepness is 8-10 %.
Tilling is conducted along the slope by a tractor K-700, with harrowing being conducted at the same time. The depth of tilling is 20-22 cm. Planting is conducted across to plowing direction. The date for sainfoin sowing is the first ten days of May. The seeds required are 80 kg/ha. Depth of sowing is 4 cm. This field is situated 8 kilometers from central Suusamyr village, reachable on a bad dirt road.

Location: Suusamyr Valley. Jaiyl raion / Chui oblast / Kyrgyzstan

Date: 11.01.2011

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high (Special training is requested)

Technical knowledge required for land users: low (Field demonstration is needed)

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…)

Secondary technical functions: improvement of subsoil structure (hardpan)

Vegetative measure: field planted by perennual grass
Vegetative material: C : perennial crops
Number of plants per (ha): 3000000
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.15
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.15

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: C : perennial crops

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: C : perennial crops

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: C : perennial crops

Perennial crops species: Sainfoin os sowed with planting machine C3-3.6. The distance between colters is 15 cm.

4.3 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

autre/ monnaie nationale (précisez):

KGS

Indiquer le taux de change du dollars en monnaie locale (si pertinent): 1 USD= :

45,0

4.4 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier
1.	Tilling	Végétale	End of April. Once in 3 years
2.	Planting	Végétale	End of April. Once in 3 years

4.5 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	establishment costs	hectare	1,0	187,0	187,0
Main d'œuvre	labour	person/hour	0,8	128,0	102,4	100,0
Matériel végétal	seeds	hecatre	1,0	108,0	108,0
Matériel végétal	seeds	kg	75,0	2600,0	195000,0
Autre	fuel	liter	58,0	321,0	18618,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					214015,4

Commentaires:

Duration of establishment phase: 1 month(s)

4.6 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	Harvesting	Végétale	annually
2.	Cleaning of seed	Végétale	annually
3.	Cleaning of seed	Végétale

4.7 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

Commentaires:

Machinery/ tools: Tractor MTZ-80, Self-Proppeled Combine Enisey-600, Seed Cleaning Machine SM-4

The above costs were affected by the length of the field and number of turn points during tilling and planting.

4.8 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

The price of sainfoin seeds is very high. The slope is increasing the fuel consumption of the tractor, and prices for fuel are raising. Contour tilling (also planting) by big tractor (K-700) is further increasing fuel consumption, because the number of turning-points are increased. Soil depth is not increasing cost in a major way, because soil structure in the area is comparatively good and the tractor is powerful.
All costs are calculated for 1 hectare of sainfoin. National currency is KGS. Exchange rate was approximately 45 KGS for 1 US Dollar in 2009 and 2010.

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

5.3 Sols

Si disponible, joignez une description complète du sol ou précisez les informations disponibles, par ex., type de sol, pH/ acidité du sol, capacité d'échange cationique, azote, salinité, etc.

medium-high soil fertility, soil water storage = medium, soil drainage = good

5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

La salinité de l'eau est-elle un problème? :

Non

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la qualité et la quantité d'eau:

good drinking water,

5.5 Biodiversité

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la biodiversité:

Earthworms and gnawing animals inhabit on the field

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: This technology is very strongly supported by Pasture Users Association, who is interesting in improving forage quantity and quality. Sainfoin's hay has high protein content in comparison with natural hay. Therefore the association is interested in expansion of sainfoin fields.

Population density: < 10 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 1% - 2%

and own 4% of the land (10).
and own 85% of the land (70).
and own 10% of the land (19).
and own 1% of the land (1).

Off-farm income specification: Some farmers sell agricultural and processing products in the shops located along the highway Bishkek-Osh and in the villages. Some of the villagers provide taxi services from Suusamyr to Bishkek.

Market orientation of production system: subsistence (self-supply), subsistence (self-supply), mixed (subsistence/ commercial, commercial/ market, commercial/ market

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres détenues ou louées par les exploitants appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• état
• individu, avec titre de propriété

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• individuel

Droits d’utilisation de l’eau:

• communautaire (organisé)

5.9 Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Revenus et coûts

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Cycle de l'eau/ ruissellement

Sols

Biodiversité: végétale, animale

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Changements climatiques progressifs

Changements climatiques progressifs

	Saison	Type de changements/ extrêmes climatiques	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
températures annuelles		augmente	pas bien

Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)

Catastrophes météorologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
pluie torrentielle locale	bien

Catastrophes climatiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
sécheresse	bien

Catastrophes hydrologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
inondation générale (rivière)	pas bien

Autres conséquences liées au climat

Autres conséquences liées au climat

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
réduction de la période de croissance	pas bien

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

• cas isolés/ expérimentaux

Parmi tous ceux qui ont adopté la Technologie, combien d'entre eux l'ont fait spontanément, à savoir sans recevoir aucune incitation matérielle ou aucun paiement?

• 0-10%

Commentaires:

1% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

1 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: Saifoin seed was provided to farmers with lower price than commercially available seeds.

Comments on spontaneous adoption: There is little trend towards (growing) spontaneous adoption of the technology.

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Some farmers are aware about the production of high quality forage and want to be ready to be protected from drought. During drought periods the yield of natural vegetation is less, but the yield of sainfoin’ is constant.

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
Keeping the fields as fallow is not profitable for ordinary farmers. It can be done by rich farmers. How can they be sustained / enhanced? If there is the increase of returns it is necessary to maintain fallow
There is need in subsidies from the Government in order to distribute cereals and perennial legume seed. How can they be sustained / enhanced? To provide credits for farmers in order for them to buy seed
If there is enough fuel and seed farmers can cultivate sainfoin everywhere, it is very good technology. How can they be sustained / enhanced? The State should subsidy the supply of oil products

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
The winter is very hard in Suusamyr Valley and livestock need enough and quality forage. Sainfoin hay contains high level of protein. How can they be sustained / enhanced? To prepare emergency stocks of hay
Natural vegetation yields for hay making is not so big particularly in drought period. Sainfoin is very productive crop. How can they be sustained / enhanced? To introduce more productive and drought - resistant varieties
Rizo biomass of sainfoin is big and it accumulates the nitrogen. Sainfoin improves the soil fertility. How can they be sustained / enhanced? The cultivation of sainfoin should be rotated in all available fields
Sainfoin is income generating crop because after harvesting of seed sainfoin the straw can be also sold by farmers at the price of 50 som for one hay bale How can they be sustained / enhanced? To conduct marketing researches for sale of hay
This Technology also protects the soil surface from the erosion in the result of strong density of plants. How can they be sustained / enhanced? To increase the sowing rate up to 90 kg/ha

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Poor farmer is not interested in the Conservation Technology	Awareness raising of the poor farmers is necessary
We are having not enough knowledge about the soil conservation possibility legumes	To organize the training of farmers.
State legislation about soil protection is not maintained by Local Government and farmers	To monitor the observation of legislation by land users and local authorities
There should be Soil fertility protection service.	The Government should finance the establishment of service on soil fertility protection.

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Lack of good credit system for farmers SWCT.	To lower interest rates of credits while lending farmers for implementation of the Conservation Technology
Comparatively high price of certified sainfoin seeds are not available for farmers	Usage of not certified seed by farmers leads to poor yields of sainfoin and cereals. To ensure the supply of high quality seed through distributers’ centers
Farmers need special knowledge in order to produce sainfoin seed	To conduct trainings for farmers on seed production technologies.
To consolidate farmers about the effect of sainfoin cultivation for soil fertility some scientists have to do on farm demonstration plots	Extension services should organize demonstration fields in villages.

7.2 Références des publications disponibles

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Usubaliev B. Annual project activity’s report. “Demonstration sustainable mountains pasture management in the Suusamyr Valley. Kyrgyzstan”. UNDP.- Kyrgyzsran., 2010. Bishkek.

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

Project office

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Duishenaaly uulu Urmat.- Report of land management specialist of the “Local Gogernment Suusamyr”, 2010

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

Suusamyr Village

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Bekganov Nurkan.- Report of local mobilization specialist of the UNDP project.- 2010

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

Suusamyr Village.

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Amankulov Kubanychbek.- Report of statistics specialist of the “Local Gogernment Suusamyr”, 2010

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

.Suusamyr Village