1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Missenyi District Council (Missenyi District Council) - Tanzanie

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Bukoba district council (Bukoba district council) - Tanzanie

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

1.4 Déclaration sur la durabilité de la Technologie décrite

Est-ce que la Technologie décrite ici pose problème par rapport à la dégradation des terres, de telle sorte qu'elle ne peut pas être déclarée comme étant une technologie de gestion durable des terres?

Non

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

Is the spread of dry Hyperrhamia rufa across the slope combined with manures, Calcium Ammonia Nitrate and Triple Supper Phosphate in maize production.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

The spread of dry Hyperrhamia rufa 15cm thickness across the slope combined with manures, TSP and CAN in maize production technology is applied on annual cropland for reduced declining soil fertility, reduced soil erosion and improved soil moisture content in the sustainable land agro-ecosystem management. The activities to implement the technology includes to slush bushes and cut grasses using sickles , to cultivate the land using hand hoes, to measure spacing demarcate and dig holes using hand hoes, to mix manure, soils and TSP in a 5cm depth hole using hands, to spread grass mulch using hands, to plant maize seeds using hand hoes, to apply CAN at week four after planting using hands, to weed the whole field using hands, to apply a mixture of ashes and pepper on the tip, closed tip leaf to control maize stock-bores and to harvest and trush using hands

This technology is applied on annual cropland using agronomic measures in the sub humid climatic zone. The slope category of that land is gentle, characterized of loam sandy soil textures with medium soil depth.

The technology is applied by Individual / household, Small scale land users, common / average land users, men and women. The Land ownership is individual, not titled and Land use rights is individual as well. Water use rights is open access (unorganized).
The relative level of wealth categorized as, rich, which represents 20% of the land users and own 32% of the total area. Average, which represents 64% of the land users and own 64% of the total area. Poor, which represents 20% of the land users and own 4% of the total area.
The technology was introduced in 2012 by TAMP -Kagera using FFS in the community integrated catchment approach.
To implement the technology it was calculated to be US$ 57.059 for establishment and US$ 1,923.36 maintenance costs.

Purpose of the Technology: The major purpose of the technology is to prevent loss of top soil, to improve soil fertility decline and reduced organic matter content on the annual cropland with a sustainable land management to improve community livelihood.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: This technology has no establishment activities as a common phenomena for all Agronomic measures. The maintenance activities of the technology includes; To slush bushes and cut grasses using sickles in Late August, To cultivate the land using hand hoes in Earl September, To measure spacing, demarcate and dig holes using hand hoes in earl September, To mix manure, soils and TSP in a 5cm deep hole using hands in mid september, To spread dry Hyperrhamia rufa using hands mid September, To plant maize seeds using hand hoes Late September, To apply CAN at week four after planting using hands in mid October, To weed the whole field twice using hands in early November and early February , To apply a mixture of ashes and pepper on the top openleaf to control maize stock-bores, To harvest and trash maize cobs using hands in Late February redy for marketing in late May.
To perform the maintenance activities the following inputs required; Labour, tools, seeds, fertilizer, biocides and compost/manure. All inputs can cost a total of US$ ...........0 per hector per season.
The dry Hyperrhamia rufa mulch in the Zea maize pure stand complemented withi cow dung, TSP and CAN introduce in April 2012 by TAMP -Kagera in the Butulage catchment.

Natural / human environment: This technology is applied on the cropland type in the subhumid. The landform of this catchment is plain and footslpoes with gentle slope. It is obvious that, the land is prone to sheath erosion, soil fertility decline and reduced organic matter content. However, the cause of these types of land degradation includes direct (human and natural) and indirect (land use supporting system). The technology is tolerant of seasonal rainfall decrease and drought or dry spell climatic extremes. On another hand the technology is sensitive to foods where excess water will lodge and damage the maize roots.

The land ownership is individual not titled and catergorised in small scale farmers who practiced mixed production mode. The wealth of the people applying this technology can be categorized as poor, average and rich according to land ownership. The poor repents 20% of land users and own 4% of the cropland area. The average category represents 64% of the land users and own 64% of the cropland area. The rich category represents 20% of cropland users and own 32% of the cropland.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

• il y a moins de 10 ans (récemment)

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• par le biais de projets/ d'interventions extérieures

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

TAMP -Kagera in collaboration with Bukoba District council facilitated a group of FFS members to combat the land degradation problems identified and solutions prioritised by introducing the Grass mulch with manure, TSP AND CAN Technology in April 2012.

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• améliorer la production
• réduire, prévenir, restaurer les terres dégradées
• créer un impact économique positif

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Commentaires:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Without the land conservation there will be declining soil fertility, excessive drought, sheath erosion and plant moisture stresses.
Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Declining soil fertility, moisture stress and maize stock-bores.

3.4 Approvisionnement en eau

Approvisionnement en eau des terres sur lesquelles est appliquée la Technologie:

• pluvial

3.5 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• gestion intégrée de la fertilité des sols

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

Commentaires:

Type of agronomic measures: early planting, mulching, manure / compost / residues, mineral (inorganic) fertilizers

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main causes of degradation: soil management (Continous land tillage i.e. cultivation is done at every planting season), change of seasonal rainfall (Rain seasons are unpredictable now days.), droughts (The area experiences irregular droughts.), population pressure (Increased population density has rendered all productive area to occuppied, therefore people were forced to use marginal land for crop production.), labour availability (Hired labour is very cheap to cultivate in marginal land.)

Secondary causes of degradation: education, access to knowledge and support services (Low and ineffective primary education provided, Inadequety agriculture advisory staffing)

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• prévenir la dégradation des terres

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

4.2 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

autre/ monnaie nationale (précisez):

Tshs

Indiquez le taux de change des USD en devise locale, le cas échéant (p.ex. 1 USD = 79.9 réal brésilien): 1 USD = :

1700,0

4.3 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Calendrier des activités (saisonnier)
1.	handhoes
2.	machete
3.	sickles
4.	tape measures

4.4 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Equipements	Handhoes	pieces	16,0	2,94	47,04	100,0
Equipements	Machete	pieces	16,0	1,17625	18,82	100,0
Equipements	Sickles	pieces	16,0	0,47	7,52	100,0
Equipements	tape measures	pieces	1,0	11,76	11,76
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					85,14
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie en dollars américains (USD)					0,05

Commentaires:

Duration of establishment phase: 1 month(s)

4.5 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	To slush bushes and cut grasses using sickles	late august
2.	To cultivate the land using hand hoes	early september
3.	To measure spacing demarcate and dig holes using hand hoes.	Early September
4.	To mix manure, soils and TSP in a 5cm depth hole using hands.	Mid September
5.	To spread grass mulch using hands.	Mid September
6.	To plant maize seeds using hand hoes.	Late September
7.	To apply CAN at week four after planting using hands.	Mid October
8.	To weed the whole field using hands.	Early Nov & Early Jan
9.	To apply a mixture of ashes and pepper on the tip closed tip leaf to control maize stock-bores.	Mid November
10.	To harvest and trush using hands	February

4.6 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Slush bushes and cut grasses using sickles	person/days	20,0	1,7645	35,29	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Cultivate the land using hand hoes	person/days	66,0	1,78	117,48
Main d'œuvre	Measure spacing demarcate and dig holes using hand hoes	person/days	4,0	1,7	6,8
Main d'œuvre	Labour: Harvest and trush using hands	person/days	225,0	1,7647	397,06
Equipements	Polythene bags	pieces	10,0	0,588	5,88
Matériel végétal	Grass mulch	bundles	1500,0	0,29412	441,18
Matériel végétal	Seeds	kg	25,0	2,9412	73,53
Engrais et biocides	Fertilizer	kg	185,0	0,97	179,45
Engrais et biocides	Mixture of ashes and pepper	tons	18,518	0,14688	2,72
Engrais et biocides	Compost/manure	tons	18,518	29,412	544,65
Autre	Labour: Mix manure, soils and TSP in a 5cm depth hole using hands.	person/days	12,0	1,7	20,4
Autre	Labour: Spread grass mulch using hands.	person/days	15,0	1,76	26,4
Autre	Labour: Plant maize seeds using hand hoes	person/days	4,0	1,7	6,8
Autre	Labour: Apply CAN at week four after planting using hands.	person/days	8,0	1,7	13,6
Autre	Labour: Weed the whole field using hands	person/days	6,0	2,353	14,12
Autre	Labour: Apply a mixture of ashes and pepper on the tip closed tip leaf to control maize stock-bores.	person/days	4,0	1,7	6,8
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					1892,16
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie en dollars américains (USD)					1,11

Commentaires:

The above costs were calculated for population plants per ha of land protected in the sense that all maize plants were planted, fertilized and mulched.

4.7 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

The most determinate factor is light labor (US$ 641.53).

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

5.3 Sols

5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la qualité et la quantité d'eau:

Availability of surface water: Medium (The entire catchment borders Lake Ikimba)
Water quality (untreated): Poor drinking water (no tape water and rain water reserve facilities)

5.5 Biodiversité

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la biodiversité:

Earthwors, ants, cockroaches and different weed spps are found.

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Relative level of wealth: rich, average, poor

20% of the land users are rich and own 32% of the land.
64% of the land users are average wealthy and own 64% of the land.
20% of the land users are poor and own 4% of the land.
Market orientation: Mixed (Excess are for sale)
Level of mechanization: Manual work (Large part of cropland is occuppied with pereneal crops)

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres utilisées par les exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• individu, sans titre de propriété

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• individuel

Droits d’utilisation de l’eau:

• accès libre (non organisé)

5.9 Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Revenus et coûts

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Cycle de l'eau/ ruissellement

Sols

Biodiversité: végétale, animale

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)

Catastrophes climatiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
sécheresse	bien

Catastrophes hydrologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
inondation générale (rivière)	pas bien

Autres conséquences liées au climat

Autres conséquences liées au climat

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
réduction de la période de croissance	pas connu

Commentaires:

The Grass mulch with manure and fertilizers has been modified with topical application of domestic made biocide to protect maize plants from stock-bores infestation

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Commentaires:

The short term returns is slightly positive (sales of maize) compared with establishment costs (US$ 85.18) while the long term returns is not applicable in this case.
The short term returns is slightly positive (increased sales of maize) compared with maintenance costs < US$ 1,476.30 (decreasing labour,mulch)

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

• 11-50%

Si disponible, quantifiez (nombre de ménages et/ou superficie couverte):

26 households and 100% of the area covered

De tous ceux qui ont adopté la Technologie, combien d'entre eux l'ont fait spontanément, à savoir sans recevoir aucune incitation matérielle, ou aucune rémunération? :

• 51-90%

Commentaires:

23% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support
Comments on acceptance with external material support: 3 host farmers during FFS implementation were provided with grass mulch, manures, TSP and CAN to be applied the the technical sites.

77% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
13 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
Comments on spontaneous adoption: 10 farmers adopted the technology either through participating in FFS or from their numbers in thier field with average area of 0.75ha.

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology
Comments on adoption trend: 10 household participated in FFS already have implemented the technology using their own resources.

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
It has opportunity of free grass mulch harvested from communal land.

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
There is cumulative effects of soil organic matters as a major component of land conservation.
The technology is best appropriate for market oriented commodities.

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
High costs of manures and mulch discouraged to choose the technology wherever future prospective is.

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Increased farm inputs costs in agronomic measures tends to reduce benefits in the first instants.

7.1 Méthodes/ sources d'information