1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du projet qui a facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Strengthening of Livelihoods through Climate Change Adaptation in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

GIZ Tajikistan (GIZ Tajikistan) - Tadjikistan

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

1.4 Déclaration sur la durabilité de la Technologie décrite

Est-ce que la Technologie décrite ici pose problème par rapport à la dégradation des terres, de telle sorte qu'elle ne peut pas être déclarée comme étant une technologie de gestion durable des terres?

Non

1.5 Référence au(x) Questionnaires sur les Approches de GDT (documentées au moyen de WOCAT)

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

The local species of juniper trees (Juniperus seravschanica, Juniperus turkestanica and Juniperus semiglobosa) are rarely rejuvenating under conditions of intensive grazing and are difficult to propagate in nurseries. The technology describes the propagation of these important trees from locally collected seeds and their cultivation.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

The technology is used to produce seedlings of juniper trees in the forestry nursery for further replanting in the natural juniper woodlands of the local forestry enterprise. Juniper woodlands are important ecosystems of the mountains of Central Asia, which are typically used for livestock grazing. The tree cover fulfills important functions for the maintenance of ecosystem services – local microclimate, regulation of water infiltration and surface runoff, biodiversity, esthetic value and recreation, fuelwood etc. The local juniper species rarely rejuvenate naturally. Factors hampering natural rejuvenation include intensive grazing, competition by other plant species and weather conditions. Loss of old juniper trees due to natural losses, damage and cutting combined with lacking rejuvenation causes the degradation and loss of juniper stands. Forestry enterprises in Central Asia often in such situations instead of the difficult to cultivate and slowly growing native juniper often plant non-native arborvitae Thuja spec. These non-native species do not provide the natural ecosystem functions of native juniper and are less adapted to the local site conditions.

The purpose of the described technology is therefore the provision of planting material for the rehabilitation of degraded juniper woodland pastures with native trees.

Forestry workers collect ripe juniper fruits from their natural stands during late fall (November – December). The fruits are than mixed with sand and stored in a cold place until spring, or they are further processed to accelerate germination.

In the first case in spring the fruits are crushed on a clean concrete surface either by trampling with boots or by using a vehicle. Afterwards the crushed fruits are washed and air-dried. With the help of wind and a sieve the dried seeds are cleaned from other parts of the fruits. The seeds are then stored under a 5 cm layer of sand until fall and sown in fall (October-November)

In the second case the fruits are initially for one month stored in a barrel with water. Then the fruits are crushed and cleaned as described above. The cleaned seeding material will be stored in a pit, covered with moist sand mixed with some dung from horses or cattle. After one month the seeds are sown into the nursery.

In the area of the forestry enterprise brown bears feed on juniper fruits. In the bear feces many juniper seeds can be found, sometimes directly germinating. This “natural stratification” is sometimes used by forestry workers if they find substantial amounts of bear feces consisting of juniper fruits.

The seeds are sown directly into the soil in the nursery. Each, germination rate and survival are 90%. After five years the seedlings have grown to a height of about 20-30 cm, their roots reach 20 cm deep into the soil and they are ready for replanting.

The seedlings are carefully dug out, deep enough not to damage the root system and together with the earth covering the roots. They are wrapped in plastic bags for keeping the earth cover of the roots during transportation. During the planting the seedlings are put into the tree pits together with the soil from the nursery still covering the root system. The planted seedlings are watered.

After planting the seedlings are five years cared for, including weeding and if necessary watering either from a canal, if available, or with barrels.

The use of containers for seeding and replanting has not yet been tried. It may protect the root system during replanting and reduce the amount of soil to be used for this purpose. On the other hand the technology without containers is not dependent on their availability, no garbage in form of plastic containers is left in the tree pits and the larger amount of soil from the nursery may ease establishment of the seedlings at the woodland rehabilitation site.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

• il y a entre 10-50 ans

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• grâce à l'innovation d'exploitants des terres

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

The technology is implemented by Shahriston Forestry Enterprises since several decades.

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• réduire, prévenir, restaurer les terres dégradées
• préserver l'écosystème
• conserver/ améliorer la biodiversité
• s'adapter au changement et aux extrêmes climatiques et à leurs impacts
• créer un impact social positif

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Les divers types d'utilisation des terres au sein du même unité de terrain: :

Oui

Précisez l'utilisation mixte des terres (cultures/ pâturages/ arbres):

• Sylvo-pastoralisme

3.3 Est-ce que l’utilisation des terres a changé en raison de la mise en œuvre de la Technologie ?

Est-ce que l’utilisation des terres a changé en raison de la mise en œuvre de la Technologie ?

• Non (Passez à la question 3.4)

3.5 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• gestion des forêts naturelles et semi-naturelles
• pastoralisme et gestion des pâturages

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• prévenir la dégradation des terres
• réduire la dégradation des terres

4.3 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Calendrier des activités (saisonnier)
1.	Collection of fruits from natural juniper stands	November-December
2.	Stratification, cleaning of seeds	Winter - spring
3.	Seeding	Winter or October-November
4.	Replanting	Fall, five years after seeding
5.	Watering, weeding	Each summer, up to five years

Commentaires:

Watering not always needed and/or possible. Often only once watered during first summer after replanting.

4.4 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

Commentaires:

The technology is implemented in the frame of the regular activities of the state forestry enterprise. No calculation of costs was available during the time of the documentation.

4.5 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

Commentaires:

All maintenance activities (weeding, watering) are above indicated as establishment activities. After the planted juniper are established no further maintenance is required.

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

Indiquez si la Technologie est spécifiquement appliquée dans des:

• non pertinent

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la topographie:

Nursery at terrace of valley, woodlands at mountain slopes of varying steepness and altitudinal zones.

5.3 Sols

Si disponible, joignez une description complète du sol ou précisez les informations disponibles, par ex., type de sol, pH/ acidité du sol, capacité d'échange cationique, azote, salinité, etc.

Soil at nursery site may differ from conditions at the actual woodlands. Soil conditions in juniper woodlands can be very diverse.

5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

La salinité de l'eau est-elle un problème? :

Non

La zone est-elle inondée?

Non

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la qualité et la quantité d'eau:

Juniper typically grows in areas without ground water influence, but locally and where deforestation has not impacted the stands too much, juniper can also grow in riparian areas outside of the immediate influence of the river and subsoil water.

5.5 Biodiversité

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la biodiversité:

Biodiversity in juniper woodlands varies depending on the specific type of vegetation and use intensity.

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

The land-user applying the technology is the state forestry enterprise.

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres utilisées par les exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• état

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• loué

Est-ce que les droits d'utilisation des terres sont fondés sur un système juridique traditionnel?

Non

Commentaires:

The forestry enterprise issues permits for seasonal use of juniper woodlands for livestock grazing by associations or individual livestock herders.

5.9 Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

Commentaires:

Not relevant for this technology.

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Cycle de l'eau/ ruissellement

Sols

Biodiversité: végétale, animale

Réduction des risques de catastrophe et des risques climatiques

Précisez l'évaluation des impacts sur site (sous forme de mesures):

There are no scientific assessments of on-site impacts available. The assesment here represents a rough guess of impact of juniper woodland rehabilitation in moderately degraded pasture areas.

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

Précisez l'évaluation des impacts extérieurs (sous forme de mesures):

There are no scientific assessments of on-site impacts available. The assesment here represents a rough guess of impact of juniper woodland rehabilitation in moderately degraded pasture areas.

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Changements climatiques progressifs

Changements climatiques progressifs

	Saison	Augmentation ou diminution	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
températures annuelles		augmente	modérément
températures saisonnières	saison sèche	augmente	modérément
précipitations annuelles		décroît	modérément
précipitations saisonnières	saison des pluies/ humide	décroît	modérément
précipitations saisonnières	saison sèche	décroît	modérément

Commentaires:

Juniper trees grow at sites with a broad range of climate conditions, some of them rather extreme. They can therefore expected to cope with increasing aridity and short-term extremes at their natural stands. In the nursery drought can be compensated by watering, although intensive watering may hamper adaptability and survival of replanted saplings.

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Commentaires:

Rehabilitation of juniper woodlands provides only long-term economic benefits. Costs of cultivation in nurseries are partly compensated by combined growing of decorative coniferous treees (thuja, spruce) for commercial sale.

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

• cas isolés/ expérimentaux

6.6 Adaptation

La Technologie a-t-elle été récemment modifiée pour s'adapter à l'évolution des conditions?

Non

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
The technology is well established for the propagation of native juniper saplings and for the rehabilitation of juniper woodlands.
The technology has the advantage of allowing for the establishment/rehabilitation of tree stands with native species, which are adapted to local site conditions and are an integral component of the ecosystem.
The area of juniper woodlands in various stages of degradation in the country makes up many ten thousands of hectares. While resources (labour, nursery capacity) are prohibitive for replanting juniper in all areas, the technology allows for rehabilitation of key areas, identified by need and/or rehabilitation potential. In particular other forestry enterprises in the country with juniper woodlands could potentially adopt the technology.

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
Same as land user's view.
Same as land user's view.
Same as land user's view.

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Substantial amount of work required.	Nothing suggested.
Juniper grows slower than other species.	Nothing suggested.
None mentioned

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Same as land user's view.	Consider facilitation of natural rejuvenation through grazing management (temporary exclusion of sites or reduction of grazing intensity or adaptation of herd compostion - no goats).
Same as land user's view.	Natutral feature of the native juniper tree species, which cannot be changed, but needs to be taken into consideration during production of planting material and in the management of the woodlands.
Over grazing may hamper success of woodland recovery.	Support establishment of replanted saplings through grazing management (temporary exclusion of sites or reduction of grazing intensity or adaptation of herd compostion - no goats).

7.1 Méthodes/ sources d'information

7.4 Observations d'ordre général

The documentation of the technology is based on the site visit at the nursery and one single interview with the forest protection engineer of Shahriston Forestry Enterprise. It was not possible to observe the entire process of propagation, cultivation and replanting of juniper and to verify the recieved information. The compiler took into consideration additionally his ecological knowledge and expertise. Given the importance of juniper woodlands as ecosystems in Central Asia, their large-scale degradation, the difficulties of their rehabilitation and the prevalence of non-native species in reforestation projects this technology deserves documentation and further consideration.