Haymaking on the research territory (Christian Wirz, Switzerland)

State-controlled research territory for orcharding (Tajiquistão)

Descrição

Cultivation of an orchard with research activities and research staff with food for work.

Aims / objectives: The main objective is to dispose of varieties of fruits that are adapted to different conditions. Another objective is to prevent degradation and test methods of rehabilitation and to spread this knowledge. The orchard was also implemented as a source of labour for 50 employees. In the last years it has become more important to acquire self-sufficiency by fruit- and hay-production, because wages cannot always be paid. And because of limited state-support in terms of fertilisers, pesticides and machines, the selling of tree saplings is important.

Methods: Work is subdivided into research, whereby the analysis of soils is carried out in laboratories, into conservation methods carried out by field staff and the brigadier himself (planting fruit and other trees, grafting fruit trees, planting and maintaining tree saplings, combatting pests and forbs) and harvest (of fruits and hay) that is carried out by all the employees and their families. The fruits are partly dried and sold.

Stages of implementation: After the terraces being built and the trees being planted in the early 1960ies, the orchard needed to be maintained: e.g. annually trees are substituted and fertilisers, manure and pesticides are applied. When trees are not grown, intercropping is possible. Since 1992 soils on the terraces, between the trees, are not tilled anymore, because rees are too high.

Role of stakeholders: The workers are initially employed for a clearly defined work such as tractor driver, research coordinator or research scientist. They execute orders given by their superiors. In the years after independance the strict subdivision is broken up and the research station is more independent. During civil war, when the district government was nearly inexistant, the land needed to be distributed among the employees, who were now land rentors and had to maintain their part of the orchard by themselves: It was the only way to protect the orchard from being destroyed, says the research coordinator.

Localização

Localização: Faizobod, Region of Republican Subordination, Tajiquistão

Geo-referência de locais selecionados
  • 69.22376, 38.35349

Data de início: 1965

Ano de término: n.a.

Tipo de abordagem
Maintaining a tree-nursery (of nut-trees). (Christian Wirz (Switzerland))
Explanations about rehabilitation of landslide areas by tree planting. (Christian Wirz (Switzerland))

Objetivos de aproximação e ambiente propício

Principais metas / objetivos da abordagem
The Approach focused mainly on SLM with other activities (In the last years production (of fruits and young trees) for market and self-sufficiency has increased.)

The field station should elaborate knowledge on fruit-production in steep areas. The knowledge gained on terraces would also be useful in the 1970ies, when forest administration was implemented and started to adopt and adapt the terrace technology. Research was in cooperation with other regions of Tajikistan and the URSS, e.g. good walnut varieties from Ukraine were imported and bred to make them adapted to local climate. From the very beginning it was important integrate and to create a surplus value for local population, be it jobs or knowledge on erosion prevention and fruit-production. In the last years it has become more important to spread conservation and production knowledge in favour of local population: Workshops are regularly organised, together with NGOs and with the own specialists, to make population share the gained knowlegde and apply it in their own orchards.

The SLM Approach addressed the following problems: The main focus was research on the productivity and stress-resistance (e.g. droughts) of different varieties of fruit-trees and vines under different climatic conditions. Another important objective is the elaboration of efficient terrace technology against erosion.There were also particular interests of political leaders such as vineyards for wine-production, a factor that is not important anymore in a country where the Islamic religion seems to be more important today than in Soviet times.
Condições que permitem a implementação da Tecnologia(s) aplicada(s) sob a Abordagem
  • Quadro jurídico (posse de terra, direitos de uso da terra e da água): The existing land ownership, land use rights / water rights greatly helped the approach implementation: Land belonged to the state in former USSR and the state initiated the project.
Condições que dificultam a implementação da Tecnologia(s) aplicada(s) sob a Abordagem
  • Conhecimento sobre GST, acesso a suporte técnico: Topography (very steep slopes) difficult for mechanical use and dangerous for tractor drivers. Treatment through the SLM Approach: Terraces reduce slope and besides being a better wind-protection planting the trees diagonally to the main slope direction is a

Participação e papel das partes interessadas envolvidas

Partes interessadas envolvidas na abordagem e seus papéis
Que partes interessadas/órgãos de implementação estavam envolvidos na abordagem? Especifique as partes interessadas Descreva o papel das partes interessadas
Usuários de terra/comunidades locais Women are considered to be responsible for work in the household, even if they are sometimes the main field-workers today
Especialistas em GST/ consultor agrícola by SLM specialists alone (top-down): Implementation and control of implementation. They are also encharged of research.
Governo nacional (planejadores, responsáveis pelas decisões) According to national and Soviet agricultural policies, the orchard was designed and organised. Decision to implement research station (Academy of Science) No women are found in a leading position of this research station.
Envolvimento do usuários de terra/comunidades locais nas diferentes fases da abordagem
Nenhum
Passivo
Apoio externo
Participativo
Automobilização
Iniciação/motivação
Planejamento
Implementação
Tractor-driver for terraces and field staff for tree-planting, land users' families for harvesting.
Monitoramento/avaliação
Research
Fluxograma

Tomada de decisão sobre a seleção da Tecnologia GST

As decisões foram tomadas por

  • Somente usuários da terra (iniciativa própria)
  • Principalmente usuários da terra, apoiados por especialistas em GST
  • todos os atores relevantes, como parte de uma abordagem participativa
  • Principalmente especialistas em GST, após consulta com usuários da terra
  • Somente especialistas em GST
  • Políticos/líderes

As decisões foram tomadas com base em

  • Avaliação de conhecimento bem documentado de GST (tomada de decisão baseada em evidências)
  • Resultados de pesquisa
  • Experiência pessoal e opiniões (não documentado)

Suporte técnico, reforço das capacidades e gestão do conhecimento

As seguintes atividades ou serviços têm sido parte da abordagem
Reforço das capacidades/formação
Foi fornecido treinamento às seguintes partes interessadas
  • Usuários de terra
  • Equipe de campo/consultores
Tipo de formação
  • Em exercício
  • Agricultor para agricultor
  • Áreas de demonstração
  • Reuniões públicas
  • Cursos
Assuntos abordados

For land users it is interesting to learn specific technologies in fruit-production, e.g. how walnut saplings are maintained. For field staff it is interesting to learn from specialists how something is explained to different participants (young, old).

Monitoramento e avaliação
bio-physical aspects were regular monitored by project staff through observations; indicators: Stress-resistance, depending on climate economic / production aspects were regular monitored by project staff through measurements; indicators: Fruit harvest per tree. There were few changes in the Technology as a result of monitoring and evaluation: With reduced crop harvests, partly due to lacking irrigation and partly to tall trees, cropping was stopped. Instead haymaking was focused.

Financiamento e apoio material externo

Orçamento anual em USD para o componente GST
  • < 2.000
  • 2.000-10.000
  • 10.000-100.000
  • 100.000-1.000.000
  • > 1.000.000
Precise annual budget: n.a.
Approach costs were met by the following donors: government (In the past government paid): 100.0%
Os seguintes serviços ou incentivos foram fornecidos aos usuários de terras
  • Apoio financeiro/material concedido aos usuários da terra
  • Subsídios para insumos específicos
  • Crédito
  • Outros incentivos ou instrumentos

A mão-de-obra dos usuários da terra foi

Análise de impactos e declarações finais

Impactos da abordagem
Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente
A abordagem auxiliou os usuários da terra a implementar e manter as tecnologias de GST?

Cover recovered on a nearby ex-cropland area, where the orchard technology was applied. It is especially the grazing-stop that triggered the change.

Did other land users / projects adopt the Approach?

In the 1970s the forest department began with state-organised reforesting and terracing. Nowadays land users visiting workshops in the research station adopt the orchard technology, but just for self-sufficiency.

Principal motivação dos usuários da terra para implementar a GST
  • Produção aumentada
  • Lucro (lucrabilidade) aumentado, melhora da relação custo-benefício
  • Degradação do solo reduzida
  • Riscos de desastre reduzido
  • Carga de trabalho reduzida
  • Pagamentos/subsídios
  • normas e regulamentos (multas)/aplicação
  • Prestígio, pressão social/coesão social
  • Afiliação a movimento/projeto/grupo/rede
  • Consciência ambiental
  • Costumes e crenças, moral
  • melhoria dos conhecimentos e aptidões de GST
  • Melhoria estética
  • Atenuação de conflitos
Atividades de sustentabilidade de abordagem
Os usuários da terra podem sustentar o que foi implementado através da Abordagem (sem apoio externo)?
  • Não
  • Sim
  • Incerto

Conclusões e experiências adquiridas

Pontos fortes: visão do usuário de terra
  • The strong focus on research helps improve the orchard. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Inputs from external experts (from Switzerland) could help improve the technology.)
Pontos fortes: a visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
  • It helps spread knowledge on an efficient conservation technology, especially on tree planting.
  • It permits land users to learn conservation methods and to make their living at the same time. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Giving the land users more decision capacities might strengthen their will to implement conservation.)
Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos: visão do usuário de terracomo superar
  • The chaos of war could have destroyed the orchard (people chopping trees illegally in a situation of no control). The possibility of employees to rent land (land tenure assured) was the only possibility to save the orchard (as soon as the harvest goes to the land user, he has more interest to improve the land use).
Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos: a visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitadacomo superar
  • Research activities and the improvement of conservation technologies depend very much on the research coordinator. Strengthening the position of land users would help make the system more sustainable on the long-term

Referências

Compilador/a
  • Christian Wirz
Editores
Revisor
  • David Streiff
Data da documentação: 23 de Fevereiro de 2010
Última atualização: 5 de Julho de 2017
Pessoas capacitadas
Descrição completa no banco de dados do WOCAT
Dados GST vinculados
A documentação foi facilitada por
Instituição Projeto
This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareaAlike 4.0 International