Abordagens

Water Spreading (typical example from Hashatribab) [Sudão]

Sidud (Local Arabic) - Tarrit (Beja dialect) for earth dams

approaches_2543 - Sudão

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1. Informação geral

1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da abordagem

Pessoa(s) capacitada(s)

Especialista em GST:
Especialista em GST:
Especialista em GST:

Gaiballa Abdelaziz

gaiballa@gmail.com

Sudan University of Science and Technology

Sudão

Especialista em GST:

Dabaloub Sayed

+249 912913623

dabaloub@gmail.com

SCLUWPA Dirctor (1986-1995), now the ECDP Centre

Port Sudan

Sudão

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/avaliação da Abordagem (se relevante)
Soil Conservation, Land Use and Water Adminstratio (Soil Conservation, Land Use and Water Adminstratio) - Sudão
Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/avaliação da Abordagem (se relevante)
VU University Amsterdam (VU University Amsterdam) - Países Baixos
Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/avaliação da Abordagem (se relevante)
Sudan University of Science and Technology (SUST) - Sudão

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

Quando os dados foram compilados (no campo)?

15/05/2012

O compilador e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através do WOCAT:

Sim

1.4 Referência ao(s) questionário(s) sobre tecnologias da GST

2. Descrição da abordagem de GST

2.1 Descrição curta da abordagem

Construction of water spreading system on khor and wadi with machinery jointly government and farmers in dam compaction and pitching.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da abordagem

Descrição detalhada da abordagem:

Aims / objectives: The main objective of the approach is to enable domestic land users cultivating crops (sorghum mainly) on a flood plain through construction of an earthen, stone-pitched barrier across the bed of a khor (stream). This earth dam serves to divert floodwaters onto their fields downstream. The approach is fully subsidized as the government provide technician and machines for the construction. Only some voluntary contribution from the beneficiaries is needed (for stone pitching). However maintenance support by the government is not provided later on.

This case study is typical of all those in the State. All are demand-driven...In addition the government supports farmers in rural extension e.g. preparedness, awareness, organization and mobilization, and to establish farmers VDCs (Village Development Committee) to guide the community in public works. Training and capacity building sessions in cultural extension are hold to develop crop raising techniques. The aim behind this is mainly to fill the gap of people’s deficiency in storage of crops such as sorghum and millet to maintain food security in the region.


Methods: 1/ Earth dam and terraces construction for water diversion and spreading.
2/ Agronomic measures e.g. ploughing, levelling, furrowing etc. to raise the soil to its maximum capacity.
3/ Provision of certified seeds: Varieties of short mature period and of drought resistance.
4/ Provision of special hand tools for weeding to maintain soil moistures and sustain the growing of crops.
5/ Development of mixed crop systems by provision of cash crop to support the rural economy.


Stages of implementation: 1. Identify and prioritize the needs of local beneficiaries according to their land size, social and economic situation, the local soil types, the cultivated indigenous crops etc.
2. To reach mutual partnership between Government and local communities a certain number of beneficiaries of the community is dedicated to contribute to volunteer manual work.
3. Based on peoples previous natural environment experience the location of the dam is to be examined and an engineering map has to be set out. That means people’s involvement from the very beginning of the project for planning, design and implementation.
4. For construction the government provides necessary needed machines.
5. The local community should mainly ensure the maintenance and the clearing out of the land for smooth water flow.

Role of stakeholders: Division of labor between the stockholders so as to identify the role
1- Land owners: piece of land.
2- Farmers: farming activities.
3- Ministry of Agriculture (MoA): provide machinery and technical support.
4- SLM specialist: will give the technical advice.


Other important information: Floodwater now takes way to any lower area and creates a new water course.
After several years soil should be tilled by ploughing, planking and furrowing to increase water infiltration and percolation as over the years the accumulated silt turns the soils nearly impermeable.

Finally some types of soil in the Red Sea State become very fertile and rich and do not need chemical or organic fertilizers anymore.

2.3 Fotos da abordagem

2.5 País/região/locais onde a abordagem foi aplicada

País:

Sudão

Região/Estado/Província:

Red Sea State

Especificação adicional de localização:

Sinkat Locality

Comentários:

This covers the case study of Hashtribab water spreading scheme as documented in the associated QT though is an approach used all over the State. e.g. Erkawit.

2.6 Datas de início e término da abordagem

Indique o ano de início:

1970

2.7 Tipo de abordagem

  • Baseado em projeto/programa

2.8 Principais metas/objetivos da abordagem

The Approach focused mainly on SLM with other activities (Rehabilitation of natural resources and agriculture for improving soil conditions and fertility. )

To overcome the inability of poor farmers to invest in durable water harvesting schemes and (later; in the 1990s and onwards) to take over the implementational role from NGOs and donors. They could continue to invest but they should be stopped to be concernde with implementation as they were in the 1970s and 1980s

The SLM Approach addressed the following problems: Lack of water to grow crops, lack of money for farmers to invest in infrastructure.

2.9 Condição que propiciam ou inibem a implementação de tecnologia/tecnologias aplicada(s) segundo a abordagem

Normas e valores sociais/culturais/religiosos
  • Inibitivo

Lack of machinery and money to construct durable schemes

Treatment through the SLM Approach: Assistance from Government

Disponibilidade/acesso a recursos e serviços financeiros
  • Inibitivo

1/Limited resources specially in the infrastructure of the concerned government departments
2/ Low capacity of the traditionally adopted technology as well as at farmers communities level.
3/ Limited financial resources especially of extension and capacity building and training at grass root level as well as at staff level


Treatment through the SLM Approach: 1/ Raise the capacity of the technology used
2/ intensive training of both cultural, and rural extension
3/ Training in water harvesting techniques for traditional farmers and in reclamation methods in water management
4/ Encourage farmers innovations and initiatives based on community based approaches for land use management

Quadro institucional
  • Inibitivo

1/ At community level VDCs has low capacity in community organization
2/ Follow up and monitoring is very limited and at an adhoc bases where as carried on occasionally
3/ serious problem as related to water spreading and diversions usually vulnerable to breakage and washed out. The miss located sites of earth dam constriction is the main factor behind


Treatment through the SLM Approach: Raising the capacity of Gov. Dept. in extension techniques and the most develop water harvesting methods

Quadro jurídico (posse de terra, direitos de uso da terra e da água)
  • Inibitivo

Some conflicts on some areas arise

Treatment through the SLM Approach: Negotiation between parties / stakeholders under their traditional leadership (tribal)

Conhecimento sobre GST, acesso a suporte técnico
  • Inibitivo

Lack of technical training

Treatment through the SLM Approach: Fund for training should be available

Carga de trabalho, disponibilidade de força de trabalho
  • Inibitivo

partnership between different partners with less extent of homogeneity and commitment.

Treatment through the SLM Approach: strength the linkage between different partners in the targeted activities.

Outro
  • Inibitivo

Wage differences between NGO staff and government employees

Treatment through the SLM Approach: Top-up payment to government employees

3. Participação e papel das partes interessadas envolvidas

3.1 Partes interessadas envolvidas na abordagem e seus papéis

  • Usuários de terra/comunidades locais

Farmers with VDCs and individuals.

The adult (40 years) and youth (20 – 30 years). Rarely it has be taken by women

It can be said that the whole community is economically disadvantaged

Men predominant in meeting and negotiations. This were conducted through the VDC's and community elected community board.

  • Especialistas em GST/ consultor agrícola

Extension agents

  • Organização não governamental
  • Governo nacional (planejadores, responsáveis pelas decisões)

Soil Conservation Department (SCLUWPA) (named differently in different parts of the country), Range and Pastures and Forestry Dirctorates

Community leaders (tribal), Localities assembly, VDCs, Community representatives and Ministers at State level

3.2 Envolvimento do usuários de terra/comunidades locais nas diferentes fases da abordagem
Envolvimento do usuários de terra/comunidades locais Especifique quem estava envolvido e descreva as atividades
Iniciação/motivação Automobilização Demand-driven
Planejamento Participativo Together with specialists
Implementação Participativo Some subsidized labour and in some cases volonteer labours
Monitoramento/avaliação Nenhum None
Research Nenhum Some information provided

3.3 Fluxograma (se disponível)

Descrição:

Institutional framework: Stakeholders and their roles: cross-disciplinary linkages between SMAAFR, collaborating institutions and farmers.

Autor:

Abdalla Osman Eisa (Soil Conservation and Land Use Admin. Red Sea State, Sudan)

3.4 Decisão sobre a seleção de tecnologia/tecnologias de GST

Especifique quem decidiu sobre a seleção de tecnologia/tecnologias a serem implementadas:
  • Principalmente usuários da terra, apoiados por especialistas em GST
Explique:

Most of the schemes (of which Hashatribab is a good example) began as a traditional water spreading schemes. Thus the Government built upon the traditionally adopted farmer's technology and developed it my means of improved soil and crop management knowledges and capacity bulding to farmers.

Decisions on the method of implementing the SLM Technology were made by mainly by SLM specialists with consultation of land users. The machinery necessary was in the hands of the Government and the specialists knew what was possible and how it could be done. But for all the land users were consulted.
To develop the traditionally adopted technology it is in the hand of the people themselves and need to be supported by the government. Such technology men are dealing with the natural resources, preventing tree cutting, moving regularly for grazing governance to recover ranges etc. and also they need hand tools awareness techniques.

4. Suporte técnico, reforço das capacidades e gestão do conhecimento

4.1 Reforço das capacidades/formação

Foi oferecida formação aos usuários da terra/outras partes interessadas?

Sim

Especifique quem foi capacitado:
  • Usuários de terra
  • Equipe de campo/consultores
  • other related goverment Departments
Caso seja relevante, especifique gênero, idade, status, etnia, etc.

on gender basis.

Tipo de formação:
  • Agricultor para agricultor
  • Reuniões públicas
Assuntos abordados:

Rural extension as community organization, public work methods, extension and awareness services

4.2 Serviço de consultoria

Os usuários de terra têm acesso a um serviço de consultoria?

Sim

Especifique se foi oferecido serviço de consultoria:
  • nas áreas dos usuários da terra
Descreva/comentários:

Conventional extension; Key elements: 1.Visits, 2.Training, 3.Practice and training by doing ; Cross visits are very important to improve the technical know how and to learn by experience. The practical training is very useful and effective rather to the theoretical one.

Advisory service is quite adequate to ensure the continuation of land conservation activities; Yes, in terms of technical know how but not in terms of adequate resources

4.3 Fortalecimento da instituição (desenvolvimento organizacional)

As instituições foram fortalecidas ou estabelecidas através da abordagem?
  • Sim, pouco
Especifique a que nível (níveis) as instituições foram fortalecidas ou estabelecidas:
  • Local
  • man power
Dê mais detalhes:

Because the local institution was involved in negotiations with the Government and also organizing communities; mobilization and awareness. SCLUWPA activities are mainly oriented to conserve soil and vegetation. They tend to clarify land according to the amount of Khor floods into land for agriculture and the land of forests and ranges. This practice is carried on down streams of seasonal rivers while is not specifically going in plains which in need to be reclaimed to reduce sand dunes formation and desert like conditions

4.4 Monitoramento e avaliação

Monitoramento e avaliação são partes da abordagem?

Sim

Comentários:

There were no changes in the Approach as a result of monitoring and evaluation: Not relevant as no monitoring took place. Only monitoring and evaluation is carried on by SCLUWPA for its activities in earth dams' construction and terraces to speed water. Usually this takes places after and within the period of flooding in addition to sea wall, effectively these devices functioned and finally to trace the impact and the outcome.

There were no changes in the Technology as a result of monitoring and evaluation: as above. In purpose of to check what have done to do some amendments.

4.5 Pesquisa

A pesquisa foi parte da abordagem?

Sim

Especifique os tópicos:
  • Ecologia

5. Financiamento e apoio material externo

5.1 Orçamento anual para o componente de GST da abordagem

Caso o orçamento exato seja desconhecido, indique a faixa:
  • 2.000-10.000
Comentários (p. ex. principais fontes de recursos/principais doadores):

Approach costs were met by the following donors: international (Training, capacity building and assistance of equipment.): 30.0%; government (Technical staff, equipment and agricultural inputs.): 60.0%; local community / land user(s) (Volunteer man power): 10.0%

5.2 Apoio financeiro/material concedido aos usuários da terra

Os usuários da terra receberam apoio financeiro/material para a implementação de tecnologia/tecnologias?

Sim

Caso afirmativo, especifique tipo(s) de apoio, condições e fornecedor(es):

By Government either directly or from donor sources. SCLUWPA, Range and Pastures, UNDP and UNISCO supporting desertification.

5.3 Subsídios para entradas específicas (incluindo mão-de-obra)

  • Equipamento
Especifique quais entradas foram subsidiadas Em que medida Especifique os subsídios
Ferramentas Totalmente financiado
  • Agrícola
Especifique quais entradas foram subsidiadas Em que medida Especifique os subsídios
Sementes Totalmente financiado
  • Construção
Especifique quais entradas foram subsidiadas Em que medida Especifique os subsídios
Pedra Parcialmente financiado partial community contribution
Madeira Parcialmente financiado partial community contribution
Se a mão-de-obra pelos usuários da terra foi uma entrada substancial, isso foi:
  • Voluntário
Comentários:

see QT

Only machinery financed for construction period and maintenance.

Labour appears in all mentioned forms above. But voluntarely and food for work is most common.

5.4 Crédito

Foi concedido crédito segundo a abordagem para atividades de GST?

Não

6. Análise de impactos e declarações finais

6.1 Impactos da abordagem

A abordagem auxiliou os usuários da terra a implementar e manter as tecnologias de GST?
  • Não
  • Sim, pouco
  • Sim, moderadamente
  • Sim, significativamente

They were able to make the land directly more productive because of the extra water. Furthermore it helped land users in raising their technical know how.

A abordagem concedeu autonomia aos grupos social e economicamente desfavorecidos?
  • Não
  • Sim, pouco
  • Sim, moderadamente
  • Sim, significativamente

Yes, as the whole community was economically disadvantaged

A abordagem melhorou as questões de posse de terra/diretos do usuário que inibiam a implementação das tecnologias de GST?
  • Não
  • Sim, pouco
  • Sim, moderadamente
  • Sim, significativamente

no problems related to that issue of land rights and ownership and early can be recognized by tribal leadership. The problem is likely to be overcome in the near future. within the tribal system it can be solved any problems on land in cases of difficulties the leadership take decision to be used by all members.

Did other land users / projects adopt the Approach?
  • Não
  • Sim, pouco
  • Sim, moderadamente
  • Sim, significativamente

Not relevant as it is a government driven system. The newly introduced technology is to improve before it can be adopted by other land users.

Did the Approach lead to improved livelihoods / human well-being?
  • Não
  • Sim, pouco
  • Sim, moderadamente
  • Sim, significativamente

Yes, because of extra food supply – though not as dramatic as with irrigation By using simple technology e.g. the hand tools and ohter manually applicable implements can be used easily by land users.

Did the Approach help to alleviate poverty?
  • Não
  • Sim, pouco
  • Sim, moderadamente
  • Sim, significativamente

In terms of food security: but differs from season to season If support subsistence farmers to produce crop and animal herders to multiply animal numbers.

6.2 Principal motivação dos usuários da terra para implementar a GST

  • Produção aumentada

The primary motivation

  • well-being and livelihoods improvement

Also very important

6.3 Atividades de sustentabilidade de abordagem

Os usuários da terra podem manter o que foi implementado através da abordagem (sem apoio externo)?
  • Não
Caso negativo ou incerto, especifique e comente:

The land users can continue to crop and to maintain structures within their ability, but no expansion would be possible or repairs to major breakages, unless the level of surplus production will be reached.

6.4 Pontos fortes/vantagens da abordagem

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
1) Improve the socioeconomic situation.

2) Learning and improve their technical capacity.

3) Raising the community awareness and preparedness.

4) Encourage peoples to be involved in collective action.

5) Enhance their capacity of community effective.
Management resources

(How to sustain/ enhance this strength: -Building and strengthening the establishment of the community institutions i.e. from VDCs to local Community Base Organization CBos national NGos.)
Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do compilador ou de outra pessoa capacitada
1/ Demand driven response to people’s needs.
2/ Reducing the direct in-field role of NGOs.
3/ Progress to create a national Ngo's.
4/ Building the community institution.
5/ Raising the self help and self reliance for sustainable management. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: 1/ Continue to listen to the people
2/ By making sure the Government continues to play that role effectively
3/Increase funding .
)

6.5 Pontos fracos, desvantagens da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra Como eles podem ser superados?
1) Weak economic base at rural areas.

2) Weak community innovation and involvement.

3) Illiteracy and isolated and knowledge of others experiences

4) Low level of the technology used by the people.

5) Poverty and high vulnerability to natural disasters.

- to increase land productivity.
- to develop crop mixing strategy to include cash crops.
- enhance and encourage agroforestry approach.
Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do compilador ou de outra pessoa capacitada Como eles podem ser superados?
1/ Weak of funds.
2/ Weak of monitoring and evaluation.
3/ Low of documentation and knowledge sharing.
4) Lack of research involvement. It is better to say few or adequate research activity
1/ More support.
2/ Introduce a clear, simple system.
3/ International community need to make more efforts to assist with these aspects.
4/ Both Government and NGOs need to recognise the potential role of researchers

7. Referências e links

7.1 Métodos/fontes de informação

  • visitas de campo, pesquisas de campo

Módulos