1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Ethiopia (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) - Etiópia

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

Quando os dados foram compilados (no campo)?

10/11/2005

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

It is an embankment of soil with no gradient along the contour and stablized with grasses, tree/shrub plant species.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

The technology cosists of an embankment of soil accross the slope, cutoff drains constructed at a given interval, water ways for disposing runoff from the bunds and cutoff drains, vegetative measures and agronomic practices on cultivated lands. The structures are laid out at a gradient of 1% in order to safely drain excess water. The immidiate result expected is the control of soil erosion, well drained soils control land degradation, decrease slope length and angle and then sustain productivity. The mantainance is frequently done by removing the silt from the channel and repairing the broken part of the bunds and also stablize the bund by planting. The technology is suitable to high rainfall area where crop fields experience seasonal waterlogging. The surplus water needs to be drained by the help of graded channels of smaller gradients. The channels should be properly constructed in a way no channel scour or sediment deposition takes place. Cutoff drains need to be placed at given interval to reinforce the graded bunds. Waterways are paved with stone to avoid channel scour because of the higher gradients involved in waterway construction.

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada:

• menos de 10 anos atrás (recentemente)

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• através de projetos/intervenções externas

Comentários (tipos de projeto, etc.):

The technology was practiced by land users but not designed properly. It is the result of modifications of traditional technologies and adding some new elements improved techniques.

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Melhora a produção
• Reduz, previne, recupera a degradação do solo

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Comentários:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): expansion of gullies, loss of top soil, fertility decline/poor land productivity and free grazing.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): decrease productivity, gullies expansion, unable to practice relay cropping.

Semi-nomadism / pastoralism: on communal grazing lands

Grazingland comments: Livestock production is decreasing because of decreasing grazing land and its productivity.

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: Teff-vetch, teff-wheat-maize-teff

3.3 Mais informações sobre o uso da terra

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:

• Precipitação natural

Comentários:

Water supply: Also mixed rainfed - irrigated and post-flooding

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 240 Longest growing period from month to month: Apr - Oct

3.4 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Medidas de curva de nível

3.5 Difusão da tecnologia

Especifique a difusão da tecnologia:

• Uniformemente difundida numa área

Caso a tecnologia seja uniformemente difundida numa área, indique a área coberta aproximada:

• 10-100 km2

Comentários:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 78.69 m2.

Soil bund is applied in combination with cutoff drain, water ways and plantations.

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Prevenir degradação do solo
• Reduzir a degradação do solo

Comentários:

Main goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.2 Especificações técnicas/ explicações do desenho técnico

Amhara

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap

Secondary technical functions: improvement of ground cover, increase / maintain water stored in soil, water harvesting / increase water supply

Better crop cover
Material/ species: teff, wheat
Remarks: broad casting

Relay cropping
Material/ species: vetch
Remarks: broad casting

Contour planting / strip cropping
Material/ species: maize
Remarks: 40cm between rows & 20 cm between plants

Agronomic measure: removing less vegetation cover
Material/ species: wheat
Quantity/ density: 40%
Remarks: broad casting

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: cow dung, compost

Mineral (inorganic) fertilizers
Material/ species: DAP, UREA
Remarks: 1 qt. DAP & 0.5 qt UREA

Rotations / fallows
Material/ species: on grass lands
Remarks: at least 1 year rotation

Contour ridging
Remarks: using BBM

Aligned: -graded strips
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 4000
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 20
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.25
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.5

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 10000
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 1
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 1

Trees/ shrubs species: acacia, saligna,

Fruit trees / shrubs species: mango, guava, papaya

Perennial crops species: coffee

Grass species: local grasses, vetiver, elephant grass

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 6.00%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 4.00%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 1.00%

Waterway
Spacing between structures (m): 200
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.7
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 3
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 500
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.8
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 1
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 500

Bund/ bank: graded
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1-2.5
Spacing between structures (m): 20
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.3
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.5
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 150
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.75
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 1
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 150

Structural measure: diversion ditch / cut-off drain
Vertical interval between structures (m): 50
Spacing between structures (m): 500
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.5
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 1
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 250
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.8
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 1
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 250

Construction material (earth): soil dug out from the ditches and piled as embankment

Construction material (stone): stone is used for paving the water ways

Construction material (wood): used for constructing checkdams

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 6%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 4%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 1%

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

Other type of management: change of management / intensity level - protect the structure from breaching.

4.3 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Outro/moeda nacional (especifique):

Birr

Indique a taxa cambial do dólar norte americano para a moeda local (se relevante): 1 USD =:

8,6

4.4 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade
1.	cultivation/weeding	Vegetativo
2.	collecting seedlings/seed	Vegetativo	onset of rain
3.	transplanting/sowing on bunds	Vegetativo	rainy season
4.	survey the line of embankment	Estrutural	dry season
5.	construct bunds, cutoff drai and waterways	Estrutural	dry season
6.	planting the structures	Estrutural	rainy season

4.5 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Labour	ha	1,0	99,0	99,0	100,0
Equipamento	Animal traction	ha	1,0	37,0	37,0	100,0
Material vegetal	Seeds	ha	1,0	12,0	12,0	100,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas	Fertilizer	ha	1,0	55,0	55,0	100,0
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					203,0

Comentários:

Duration of establishment phase: 24 month(s)

4.6 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	minimum tillage	Agronômico	during planting / each cropping season
2.	contour tillage	Agronômico	dry season / each cropping season
3.	relay cropping	Agronômico	after 1st harvest / each cropping season
4.	manuring	Agronômico	after 1st plough / each cropping season
5.	mineral fertilizer	Agronômico	during sowing / each cropping season
6.	fencing	Vegetativo	during harvesting /once
7.	replanting	Vegetativo	rainy season /
8.	pollarding	Vegetativo	before raining /
9.	clearing the ditches	Estrutural	onset of rain/as required
10.	strengthning (maintain) the embankment	Estrutural	onset of rain/as required
11.	improve vegetative cover	Estrutural	rainy season/

4.7 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Labour	ha	1,0	54,0	54,0	100,0
Equipamento	Animal traction	ha	1,0	34,0	34,0	100,0
Material vegetal	Seeds	ha	1,0	12,0	12,0	100,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas	Fertilizer	ha	1,0	55,0	55,0	100,0
Custos totais para a manutenção da tecnologia					155,0

Comentários:

The calculation is for 1 ha land in SWC area, where the first year construction of SWC technology with normal cropping (Teff) production and recurrent cost is calculated for the second year for the same plot of land and production system.

4.8 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

labour, slope

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a topografia:

Altitudinal zone: 2001-2500 m a.s.l. (The SWC area is within this range)
Slopes on average: Also moderate (ranked 2) and hilly (ranked 3)

5.3 Solos

Caso disponível anexe a descrição completa do solo ou especifique as informações disponíveis, p. ex. tipo de solo, PH/acidez do solo, nitrogênio, capacidade de troca catiônica, salinidade, etc.

Soil depth on average: Also deep (ranked 2) and shallow (ranked 3)
Soil texture: Medium (ranked 1, major component is clay loam) and fine/heavy (ranked 2)
Soil fertility: Medium (ranked 1, use of chemical fertilizer is increasing every year), low (ranked 2) and very low (ranked 3)
Soil drainage/infiltration: Medium (ranked 1), poor (ranked 2) and good (ranked 3)
Soil water storage capacity: High (ranked 1), low (ranked 2, ground water level is decreasing every year) and very low (ranked 3)

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Population density: 200-500 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 2% - 3%
35% of the land users are average wealthy and own 40% of the land (they take care of their land).
40% of the land users are poor and own 35% of the land (they construct SWC but no follow up).
25% of the land users are poor and own 25% of the land (some times they rent out their land for others).
Off-farm income specification: Farmers have so far not been engaged in any type off-farm activites in the area.
Level of mechanization: Animal traction (ranked 1, local plough) and manual work (ranked 2)
Marekt orientation: Subsistence (ranked 1) and mixed (ranked 2, some crops and livestock products)

5.7 Média da área de terra própria ou arrendada por usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Estado

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Indivíduo

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Renda e custos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo hídrico/escoamento

Solo

Outros impactos ecológicos

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

Comentários:

Comments on acceptance with external material support: estimates

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: survey results

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: In the SWC area more than 75% of the households adopted the technology. They include stone walls to reinforce soil bunds. Stone walls have the disadvantage of harbouring rodents and hence soil bunds are preferred.

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
protect the land from soil erosion

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
control loss of top soil and water and enhances sustainable production. How can they be sustained / enhanced? proper layout, integrated with other techniques and modification based on farmers intersts.
suficient soil moisture retention in the lower altitudes.

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra	Como eles podem ser superados?
closer bunds are obstacle for farm operation	modify based on farming system local conditions
loss of land	make the bund productive
rodent and pest	provision of approprate measures
runner grass	proper management of the land

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
area occupied by bund	increase the productivity of land per unit area by planting fruit tree, forage plants on the bund