1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) - Itália

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

Quando os dados foram compilados (no campo)?

05/12/2008

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

Earth embankment formed by digging a channel and pile the soil to form a ridge on which potato is planted.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

Sweet potato ridge are constructed from the soil dug out of the furrow. Farmers make the furrow and ridge by dengora and a hoe. In some cases oxen scoop are used to move the soil and form the embankment. Sweet potato is planted by cuttings. It is often planted during the end of the main rainy season. There are different methods employed in making ridge and furrows. The furrows are meant to collect rain water and the cuttings of sweet potato planted on the ridge. The plant benefits from the soil water stored by the farrows. It has deep roots that go deep insearch of soil water. Water could also move up by capillary movement. Forming the ridges and basin is quite labours. The ridges are frequently made new and in some cases the former ridges and furrows are maintained. The technology suits to sub-humid and semi arid agro-ecological zones having sandy loam soils.

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada:

• mais de 50 anos atrás (tradicional)

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• Como parte do sistema tradicional (>50 anos)

Comentários (tipos de projeto, etc.):

Originated locally from long term experiences and improvments

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Melhora a produção

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Comentários:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Soil mositure stress, erosion and over population.
Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Shortage of rains, lack of finance for purchasing improved seeds and fertilizers.
Type of cropping system and major crops comments: Sorghum-Sweet Potato-Maize-Legumes

3.3 Mais informações sobre o uso da terra

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:

• Precipitação natural

Número de estações de cultivo por ano:

• 1

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 21 0Longest growing period from month to month: May - Nov

3.4 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Coleta de água
• Gestão de irrigação (inclusive abastecimento de água, drenagem)
• Desvio e drenagem de água

3.5 Difusão da tecnologia

Especifique a difusão da tecnologia:

• Uniformemente difundida numa área

Caso a tecnologia seja uniformemente difundida numa área, indique a área coberta aproximada:

• 100-1.000 km2

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires), overgrazing, poverty / wealth (lack of captial)

Secondary causes of degradation: over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use, other human induced causes (specify) (agricultural causes), education, access to knowledge and support services (lack of knowledge)

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Prevenir degradação do solo
• Reduzir a degradação do solo

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.2 Especificações técnicas/ explicações do desenho técnico

Oromia

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil, water harvesting / increase water supply

Secondary technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, reduction of slope length, increase in soil fertility

Better crop cover
Material/ species: Sweet potato
Quantity/ density: 20000-2500
Remarks: along the contour

Mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: maize, sorghum, chat
Remarks: row and broadcast

Contour planting / strip cropping
Material/ species: Sorghum, chat

Cover cropping
Material/ species: Sorghum, chat, maize

Green manure
Material/ species: Sweet potato

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, F : fruit trees / shrubs, C : perennial crops
Number of plants per (ha): 1500
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.2
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 2.5
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 2
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 2.5

Trees/ shrubs species: some accacia trees

Fruit trees / shrubs species: apple, mango

Perennial crops species: chat

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 3.00%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 3.00%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 0.00%

Retention/infiltration ditch/pit, sediment/sand trap
Spacing between structures (m): 1.5-2
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.2-0.5
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.5-1
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 50-70

Structural measure: Ridge and furrows
Spacing between structures (m): 2-3
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.3-0.6
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.51
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 50-70

Construction material (earth): Soil dug is embanked to form the ridge

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 3%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 3%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 0%

For water harvesting: the ratio between the area where the harvested water is applied and the total area from which water is collected is: 1:1

4.3 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Outro/moeda nacional (especifique):

Birr

Indique a taxa cambial do dólar norte americano para a moeda local (se relevante): 1 USD =:

8,6

4.4 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade
1.	Seed bed preparation	Vegetativo	dry season
2.	Pitting	Vegetativo	after rain
3.	Manuring	Vegetativo	all season
4.	Planting	Vegetativo	during rains
5.	Cultivation	Vegetativo	during rains
6.	Excavation (furrow formation)	Estrutural	dry period
7.	Embankment (ridge forming)	Estrutural
8.	Planting sweet potato	Estrutural	rainy season

4.5 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Labour	ha	1,0	73,0	73,0	100,0
Equipamento	Animal traction	ha	1,0	35,0	35,0	100,0
Material vegetal	Seedlings	ha	1,0	25,0	25,0	100,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas	Compost/manure	ha	1,0	50,0	50,0	100,0
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					183,0

4.6 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	Tillage	Agronômico	dry season / each cropping season
2.	Harrowing	Agronômico	dry season / each cropping season
3.	Contour ridging	Agronômico	dry season / each cropping season
4.	Planting	Agronômico	rainy season / each cropping season
5.	Cultivation	Agronômico	rainy season / 2-3
6.	Reconstructing basins, ridges and tie	Vegetativo	dry eason /
7.	Applying more manure	Vegetativo	all season /
8.	Repair of ridges and furrows	Estrutural	before planting/1
9.	Placing of fertile soil on the ridges	Estrutural	before planting/2
10.	Applying manure during cultivation	Estrutural	after planting/1

4.7 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

Comentários:

Total labour expended to till the land, pulverize it, harrow and making of the ridges. The cost further include the monetary estimate of manuring the land and purchasing of the sweet potato cuttings, assuming these are purchased from market.

4.8 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

Soil dryness and texture-light soils are very simple for opration and the least cost is incurred. Loam soils are good soils with moderate cost of investment.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a topografia:

Altitudinal zone: 1001-1500 m a.s.l. (ranked 1), 1501-2000 m a.s.l. (ranked 2) and 2001-2500 m a.s.l. (ranked 3)
Landforms: Also hill slopes (ranked 2)
Slopes on average: Also gentle (ranked 2) and moderate (ranked 3)

5.3 Solos

Caso disponível anexe a descrição completa do solo ou especifique as informações disponíveis, p. ex. tipo de solo, PH/acidez do solo, nitrogênio, capacidade de troca catiônica, salinidade, etc.

Soil depth on average: Also Deep and shallow (both ranked 2)
Soil fertility: Medium
Soil drainage/infiltration: Good (ranked 1) and medium (ranked 2)
Soil water storage capacity: Medium

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Population density: 200-500 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 2% - 3%
25% of the land users are rich and own 30% of the land.
50% of the land users are average wealthy and own 50% of the land.
25% of the land users are poor and own 20% of the land.
Level of mechanization: Animal traction (sweet potato is mostly planted on level and gentle slopes and hence land preparation is made largely by oxen, ranked 1) and manual work (ranked 2)
Market orientation: Subsistence (ranked 1, most part consumed at home) and mixed (ranked 2, small portion of the sweet potato is sold at market)

5.7 Média da área de terra própria ou arrendada por usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Estado

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Indivíduo

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Renda e custos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo hídrico/escoamento

Solo

Outros impactos ecológicos

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

Comentários:

85% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: more farmers are practicing the technology

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
Improve production How can they be sustained / enhanced? Use of high yielding varieties and fertilizers
Reduces risk of crop failure How can they be sustained / enhanced? Encourage more crop type

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
Efficiently controls soil erosion How can they be sustained / enhanced? The ridges retard surface flow and the furrow provide space for rain water storage
Allows maximum storage of rain water
Improves water storage capacity of soils How can they be sustained / enhanced? Sweet potato improves the soil structure by initiating microbial activities
Reduces evapotranspiration rate of soil moisture How can they be sustained / enhanced? Sweet potato provide dense ground cover and hence reduce evapotranspiration losses
Improves soil fertility How can they be sustained / enhanced? Sweet potato is naturally a soil fertility enhancing crop.