1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Missenyi District Council (Missenyi District Council) - República Unida da Tanzânia

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Bukoba district council (Bukoba district council) - República Unida da Tanzânia

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Ngara District Council (Ngara District Council) - República Unida da Tanzânia

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

Quando os dados foram compilados (no campo)?

02/08/2014

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

1.4 Declaração de sustentabilidade da tecnologia descrita

A tecnologia descrita aqui é problemática em relação a degradação da terra de forma que não pode ser declarada uma tecnologia de gestão sustentável de terra?

Não

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

Use of compost basket pits, farm yard manure application, nutrient tapping sub soil agro-forestry, mulching application and productive vegetative stabilized cross slope barriers to improve soil health in Kibanja farming system.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

The technology was documented based on experiences of field SLM specialist and from the perspectives of land users (especially FFS group members) supported by the Trans boundary Agro Ecosystem Management project. The dominant crop in the technology area is banana. In this technology banana is widely spacing to 4m x 4m for the purpose of providing enough space for annual or recurrent soil nutrient feeding using compost ditches or baskets. Compost basket pits of 0.6 m depth and 3x3m width are dug between 4 banana plants. Baskets pits are dug recurrently and filled with farm manure, compost (crop residuals), leguminous green manure (tithonia) and ash and later covered with soil to activate nutrient release though microbial disintegration and avoid volatilization of greenhouse gas through direct sunlight. The size of a hole dug for the purpose of planting banana is 0.6 m depth and 0.6 m height. During digging top soil is separated from subsoil. In initial manure application, 2 tin of manure are mixed with the top soil and the mixture is put in the bottom of the hole. The center of the hole is marked with a stick and waiting is done for 1 or 2 before planting. During planting of banana, only two third 0.24m cubic of the hole is filling with soil and one third 0.12m cubic of the hole is left to form a water retention/harvest pit. Tithonia diversifolia (leguminous shrubs) are planted within the Kibanja farm purposefully for improving soil nutrient recycling though nitrogen fixing and at the same time is incorporate in compost to improve its quality. Infiltration ditches of 0.6 m depth and 0.6 m width and varying lengths are constructed for the purpose of impeding, trapping and harvesting water runoff. Fruit trees are planted in sub soil zone within the water infiltration ditches. The aim is to control nutrient competition between trees and annual/ biennial in the top soil or annual root zone and at the same time fruit tree roots in the subsoil zone is used as nutrient pump i.e. return nutrient lost through leaching to the top soil in form of mulching and litter. Improved banana varieties (FIAH 23) and certified endogenous germ plasma, de-trashing and de-suckering to maintain optimal plant geometry is part and per se of recommended husbandry practice

Purpose of the Technology: Improved food productivity, improved soil moisture content and water holding capacity. Improve nutrient recycling, organic matter content and biomass cycle. Prevent unproductive evaporation of green water and improving soil micro-climate. Combating land degradation through soil erosion caused by water runoff, chemical degradation due to nutrient leaching, biological degradation due the deadly BXW and other diseases and water degradation due to unproductive evaporation of the green water. And also plays significant role in adaptation and mitigation to drought climate. Improved economic returns accrued from surplus food production. Improve year round accessibility of food, shock resistance availability of food and varied food utilization and hence poverty reduction and improved health.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Establishment activities: land tilling, harrowing, demarcation and spacing of holes for planting banana, digging holes, manure application before banana planting, planting bananas, to demarcate, level and space Fanya chini/infiltration ditches/trenches using A-frame and arm outstretched level, ditch/trench digging, vegetative stabilization of Fanya chini/infiltration ditches, planting of fruit trees within ditches. Maintenance activities: weeding to destroy noxious weeds, in between planting of maize, de-suckering to maintain optimal plant geometry, de-trashing, maintenance and replenishment of banana pits, harvest beans and maize, sediment removal and repairing of infiltration ditches/trenches.

Natural / human environment: Natural (bio-physical) environment: The technology area land use type is cropland with annual crops (maize and beans), perennial crops (banana and pineapples) and fruit tree (avocados and jackfruit “Artocarpus heterophyllus”). The technology involves a combination of the following measures: agronomic, vegetative and structural. Climatic zone is sub-humid with an average of 210 length of growing period (LGP). Average slope category is gentle lying between 2-5%. Soil texture classes range from combination of top loam to a red clayey subsoil with medium soil depth categories. Main criteria for a human (socioeconomic) environment: the level of mechanization is hand tools. Production system is mixed (both subsistence and market oriented or commercial). The average costs of inputs required is 1472,62 USD. Land ownership is largely individual not titled and partly communal.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada:

• menos de 10 anos atrás (recentemente)

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• através de projetos/intervenções externas

Comentários (tipos de projeto, etc.):

Supported by the Trans Boundary Agro Ecosystem Management Project (Kagera TAMP) in year 2012, a group of 25 members of ENDELEVU Farmer Filed School (FFS) started to learn and test out application of the technology.

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Melhora a produção
• Reduz, previne, recupera a degradação do solo
• Preserva ecossistema
• Criar impacto econômico benéfico

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Comentários:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Poor soil moisture (moisture stress), poor soil fertility, loss of vegetative cover and unproductive loss of green water, erosion and washout of the top soil by rainfall runoff.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Low banana productivity, unbearable persistence of the deadly BXW and other diseases, drought intolerance, food insecurity and a poverty stricken community.

3.3 Mais informações sobre o uso da terra

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:

• Precipitação natural

Número de estações de cultivo por ano:

• 2

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 120, Longest growing period from month to month: September to December Second longest growing period in days: 90 Second longest growing period from month to month: March to May

3.4 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Agrofloresta
• Solo/cobertura vegetal melhorada
• Gestão integrada de fertilidade do solo

3.5 Difusão da tecnologia

Especifique a difusão da tecnologia:

• Uniformemente difundida numa área

Caso a tecnologia seja uniformemente difundida numa área, indique a área coberta aproximada:

• < 0,1 km2 (10 ha)

Comentários:

The technology is documented from the perspectives of group of land users (SLM FFS) supported by the Trans Boundary Agro-Ecosystem Management Project.

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

Comentários:

Type of agronomic measures: mulching, manure / compost / residues, pits
Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -linear, scattered / dispersed

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

Main causes of degradation: soil management (Flat cultivation along the slope, no use of slope cross barriers), crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (Use of unimproved local varieties susceptible to diseases and pests), change of seasonal rainfall (Unforeseen changes in rainfall), droughts (Long dry spell season), population pressure (Exessive use of land without fertility replenishment), poverty / wealth (incapacity to invest in sustainable land canservation measures.), education, access to knowledge and support services (Lack of SLM knoledge.), governance / institutional (Weak institutions with lack of operational capacities)

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Prevenir degradação do solo
• Reduzir a degradação do solo

4.2 Especificações técnicas/ explicações do desenho técnico

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low (The principles governing use of SLM were taught before in colleges to field staff and agricultural advisers and therefore simple retraining courses and learning by doing on the job on the suffice)
Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate (Need training on construction of slope cross barriers e.g. on application of A-frame and arm outstretched methods and the principle behind BXW control and use of certified/improved banana varieties.)
Technical knowledge required for Sub national level (Regional and District): moderate (SLM participatory training techniques/skills.)

Main technical functions: control of raindrop splash, control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, improvement of ground cover, increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil, increase of biomass (quantity)

Secondary technical functions: stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides)

Mulching
Material/ species: Hyparrhenia spps
Quantity/ density: 1500bu/ha
Remarks: Layed accross the slope at e reccommended depth of 15 cm.

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: Farm Yard Manure, banana debris, tithonia
Quantity/ density: 15 ton/ha
Remarks: Applied during planting and in routine fertility replenishment.

Pits
Material/ species: Compost basket pits
Quantity/ density: 156
Remarks: Pits of 5.3m cubic dig between each 4 banana stools used annually for composting the banana field.

Aligned: -linear
Vegetative material: C : perennial crops
Number of plants per (ha): 625
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 4m
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 4m

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: O : other

Trees/ shrubs species: Mangoes
Fruit trees / shrubs species: Mangoes
Perennial crops species: Banana
Other species: Pineapples, Cassava and Yarms.

Retention/infiltration ditch/pit, sediment/sand trap
Spacing between structures (m): 5
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.6
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.6
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 15

Structural measure: Fanya chini bund
Spacing between structures (m): 5
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.6
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.6
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 15
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.3
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.6
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 15

Structural measure: Banana water infiltration pits
Spacing between structures (m): 4
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.2
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.6
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.6

Construction material (earth): Soil dug to form trenches is thrown down slope to form embankment of fanya chini bund.
Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 2 - 5%
Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

4.3 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Outro/moeda nacional (especifique):

Tanzanian shillings

Indique a taxa cambial do dólar norte americano para a moeda local (se relevante): 1 USD =:

1700,0

4.4 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade
1.	Land tilling (starting a new banana farm)	Vegetativo	March
2.	Harrowing	Vegetativo	April
3.	a) Demarcation and spacing of holes for planting banana. b) Digging of holes.	Vegetativo	April
4.	Applying manure during banana planting	Vegetativo	May
5.	Planting banana	Vegetativo	May
6.	Planting fruit trees (jack fruits and avocados)	Vegetativo	May
7.	a) Planting pineapples on Fanya chini bund. b) Selective boundary planting of Tithonia	Vegetativo	September
8.	a) To demarcate contour line using A-FRAME and arm stretched level method. b) Digging and construction of water retention ditches and fanya chini bund.	Estrutural	September
9.	Tools (hand hoe, forked hole, machetes, sickles, spade, mattock, forked wooden poles and A-frame)	Agronômico

4.5 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	labour	ha	1,0	713,15	713,15	100,0
Equipamento	tools	ha	1,0	87,65	87,65	100,0
Material vegetal	seeds	ha	1,0	0,29	0,29
Material vegetal	seedlings	ha	1,0	65,0	65,0
Material vegetal	mulching materials	ha	1,0	22,06	22,06
Fertilizantes e biocidas	compost/manure	ha	1,0	44,12	44,12
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					932,27

Comentários:

Duration of establishment phase: 4 month(s)

4.6 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	Weeding to control and destroy noxious weeds.	Agronômico	February and October
2.	In between planting of maize and beans.	Agronômico	February and October
3.	De-suckering to maintain mother and two baby plants.	Agronômico
4.	De-trashing and trimming of unwanted leaves.	Agronômico
5.	Maintenance and replenishment of banana pits.	Agronômico
6.	Applying manure using banana compost basket pits	Agronômico	January
7.	Harvesting of beans and maize.	Agronômico
8.	Mulching application	Agronômico	After harvest of maize and beans
9.	Gap filling and trimming of unwanted leaves/branches (Avocados, Jack fruits and Pineapples)	Vegetativo	within rain period
10.	Maintenance by removing soil sediments.	Estrutural	During and after rainfall

4.7 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	labour		1499,72			100,0
Equipamento	Seeds beans (20 kg/ha)	ha	1,0	8,24	8,24	100,0
Material vegetal	Seeds Maize (2 kg/ha)	ha	1,0	0,77	0,77	100,0
Material vegetal	Mulching materials (75 bundles)	ha	1,0	22,06	22,06	100,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas	Compost/manure (325 kg)	ha	1,0	9,56	9,56	100,0
Custos totais para a manutenção da tecnologia					40,63

Comentários:

Machinery/ tools: hand hoe, forked hole, machetes and sickles, hand hoe, forked hole, machetes and spade, hand hoe, forked hole, spade, mattock and A-frame
The costs were calculated based on per unity entity of land plot (quarter an acre plot) where the technology was demonstrated/tested .

4.8 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

Labour is the most determinant factor.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

Indique se a tecnologia é aplicada especificamente em:

• Posições convexas

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a topografia:

Landforms: Mountain slopes (ranked 1, the area is largely a convex mountanous land slope), plateau/plains (ranked 2) and ridges (ranked 3)

5.3 Solos

Caso disponível anexe a descrição completa do solo ou especifique as informações disponíveis, p. ex. tipo de solo, PH/acidez do solo, nitrogênio, capacidade de troca catiônica, salinidade, etc.

Soil texture: Medium (ranked 1, range from combination of top loam to a red clayey subsoil) and coarse/light (ranked 2)
Soil fertility: Medium (due to washout of the top soil by rainfall water runoff and excessive nutrient mining/uptake without replenishment)
Topsoil organic matter: Low (due to washout of the top soil by rainfall water runoff and poor mismanagement of crop residuals)
Soil drainage/infiltration: Poor (the slope nature of the landscape does not give water enough time to infiltrate instead water is lost downstream through runoff)
Soil water storage capacity: Medium (soil textural class range from combination of top loam to a red clayey subsoil)

5.4 Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a qualidade e a quantidade da água:

Ground water table: >50m (ranked 1, water can be accessed in down the river valleys streams) and 5-50m (ranked 2)
Availability of surface water: Water is available in natural flowing downstream rivers
Water quality untreated: Poor drinking water (treatment required, water in river stream untreated is poor because is contaminated by runoff pollutants)

5.5 Biodiversidade

Comentários e outras especificações sobre biodiversidade:

Species diversity is reduced by human induced activities e.g. farm opening and expansion, starting of new human settlements, uncontrolled fire burning e.t.c.

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Population density: 50-100 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 2% - 3%
5% of the land users are rich and own 15% of the land (owning 1-2 ha, moden house, motorcycles).
75% of the land users are average wealthy and own 80% of the land (owning 0.5-1 ha, average house, bicycles).
20% of the land users are poor and own 5% of the land (owning < 0.5 ha, poor house, no transport).

Off-farm income specification: In general most of the village community are average farmers who largely rely on on farm income.
Market orientation: Mixed (ranked 1, Production is both for domestic food production and commercial use) and subsistence (ranked 2)
Level of mechanization: Manual work (Largely manual by using hand tools)

5.7 Média da área de terra própria ou arrendada por usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Estado
• Indivíduo, não intitulado

Direitos do uso da água:

• Acesso livre (não organizado)

Comentários:

The land is a state property, use right is largely individual not titled. water resources and grazing range lands are owned communally and are free for all.

5.9 Acesso a serviços e infraestrutura

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Renda e custos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo hídrico/escoamento

Solo

Biodiversidade: vegetação, animais

Clima e redução de riscos de desastre

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

6.3 Exposição e sensibilidade da tecnologia às mudanças climáticas graduais e extremos/desastres relacionados ao clima (conforme o ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)

Mudança climática gradual

Mudança climática gradual

	Estação do ano	Tipo de mudança climática/extremo	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temperatura anual		aumento	bem

Extremos (desastres) relacionados ao clima

Desastres meteorológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temporal local	não conhecido
Tempestade de vento local	não bem

Desastres climatológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Seca	bem

Desastres hidrológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Inundação geral (rio)	não bem

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Período de crescimento reduzido	bem

Comentários:

The technology could be made to be more tolerant to flood by modifying retention ditches to drainage ditches and by introduction of wind breakers.

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Comentários:

Heavy investment and recurrent costs at the beginning but costs are surpassed by rewards in the long run.

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

• 1-10%

Se disponível, determine a quantidade (número de unidades familiares e/ou área abordada):

46 families and 100% of the area covered

Entre todos aqueles que adotaram a tecnologia, quantos adotaram espontaneamente, ou seja, sem receber nenhum incentivo material/pagamentos?

• 50-90%

Comentários:

Comments on acceptance with external material support: External material support was used on area used for FFS.
80% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

23 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
4% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support 23 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support
Comments on spontaneous adoption: 80% farmers have adopted the technology partially without any material support.

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology
Comments on adoption trend: the technology increasingly adopted are mulching, spacing and compost basket feeding

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
The technology is easy to learn and understand by a common peasant farmer
The technology open a room for availability of improved varieties and diversification of income sources
Observable rewards in terms of increased production and environmental conservation.
Change of attitudinal and behavioral change (mind set) towards environmental conservation.

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
The technology has provided options for farmers to blend their vast experience and innovations in managing their often-limited resources with new methods and advice from outside.
The promotion of the technology through FFS has strengthened partnership between farmers, extension providers, private sector and researchers.
The FFS programme has created unity in the people at grass root level

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra	Como eles podem ser superados?
High initial investment capital needed due to high costs of farm inputs.	Farmer support by financial institutions
Technology promotion need closeness of extension services but there is no reliable plan for facilitators motivation.	Find reliable means and ways of motivating both field extension officers and grassroots facilitators (paraprofessionals).

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
Finances for scaling up technology use in the future is questionable.	Link farmers with rural financial institutions and put more efforts in commercial and market oriented SLM activities.

7.1 Métodos/fontes de informação