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Soil productivity improvement using a combination of technologies [坦桑尼亚联合共和国]

technologies_1221 - 坦桑尼亚联合共和国

完整性: 82%

1. 一般信息

1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

关键资源人

SLM专业人员:
SLM专业人员:

Mwasikundima Iddifonce

Ngara District Council Kagera Tanzania

坦桑尼亚联合共和国

SLM专业人员:
有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称(如相关)
Missenyi District Council (Missenyi District Council) - 坦桑尼亚联合共和国
有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称(如相关)
Bukoba district council (Bukoba district council) - 坦桑尼亚联合共和国
有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称(如相关)
Ngara District Council (Ngara District Council) - 坦桑尼亚联合共和国

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

(现场)数据是什么时候汇编的?:

02/08/2014

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题,导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术?:

2. SLM技术的说明

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Use of compost basket pits, farm yard manure application, nutrient tapping sub soil agro-forestry, mulching application and productive vegetative stabilized cross slope barriers to improve soil health in Kibanja farming system.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The technology was documented based on experiences of field SLM specialist and from the perspectives of land users (especially FFS group members) supported by the Trans boundary Agro Ecosystem Management project. The dominant crop in the technology area is banana. In this technology banana is widely spacing to 4m x 4m for the purpose of providing enough space for annual or recurrent soil nutrient feeding using compost ditches or baskets. Compost basket pits of 0.6 m depth and 3x3m width are dug between 4 banana plants. Baskets pits are dug recurrently and filled with farm manure, compost (crop residuals), leguminous green manure (tithonia) and ash and later covered with soil to activate nutrient release though microbial disintegration and avoid volatilization of greenhouse gas through direct sunlight. The size of a hole dug for the purpose of planting banana is 0.6 m depth and 0.6 m height. During digging top soil is separated from subsoil. In initial manure application, 2 tin of manure are mixed with the top soil and the mixture is put in the bottom of the hole. The center of the hole is marked with a stick and waiting is done for 1 or 2 before planting. During planting of banana, only two third 0.24m cubic of the hole is filling with soil and one third 0.12m cubic of the hole is left to form a water retention/harvest pit. Tithonia diversifolia (leguminous shrubs) are planted within the Kibanja farm purposefully for improving soil nutrient recycling though nitrogen fixing and at the same time is incorporate in compost to improve its quality. Infiltration ditches of 0.6 m depth and 0.6 m width and varying lengths are constructed for the purpose of impeding, trapping and harvesting water runoff. Fruit trees are planted in sub soil zone within the water infiltration ditches. The aim is to control nutrient competition between trees and annual/ biennial in the top soil or annual root zone and at the same time fruit tree roots in the subsoil zone is used as nutrient pump i.e. return nutrient lost through leaching to the top soil in form of mulching and litter. Improved banana varieties (FIAH 23) and certified endogenous germ plasma, de-trashing and de-suckering to maintain optimal plant geometry is part and per se of recommended husbandry practice

Purpose of the Technology: Improved food productivity, improved soil moisture content and water holding capacity. Improve nutrient recycling, organic matter content and biomass cycle. Prevent unproductive evaporation of green water and improving soil micro-climate. Combating land degradation through soil erosion caused by water runoff, chemical degradation due to nutrient leaching, biological degradation due the deadly BXW and other diseases and water degradation due to unproductive evaporation of the green water. And also plays significant role in adaptation and mitigation to drought climate. Improved economic returns accrued from surplus food production. Improve year round accessibility of food, shock resistance availability of food and varied food utilization and hence poverty reduction and improved health.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Establishment activities: land tilling, harrowing, demarcation and spacing of holes for planting banana, digging holes, manure application before banana planting, planting bananas, to demarcate, level and space Fanya chini/infiltration ditches/trenches using A-frame and arm outstretched level, ditch/trench digging, vegetative stabilization of Fanya chini/infiltration ditches, planting of fruit trees within ditches. Maintenance activities: weeding to destroy noxious weeds, in between planting of maize, de-suckering to maintain optimal plant geometry, de-trashing, maintenance and replenishment of banana pits, harvest beans and maize, sediment removal and repairing of infiltration ditches/trenches.

Natural / human environment: Natural (bio-physical) environment: The technology area land use type is cropland with annual crops (maize and beans), perennial crops (banana and pineapples) and fruit tree (avocados and jackfruit “Artocarpus heterophyllus”). The technology involves a combination of the following measures: agronomic, vegetative and structural. Climatic zone is sub-humid with an average of 210 length of growing period (LGP). Average slope category is gentle lying between 2-5%. Soil texture classes range from combination of top loam to a red clayey subsoil with medium soil depth categories. Main criteria for a human (socioeconomic) environment: the level of mechanization is hand tools. Production system is mixed (both subsistence and market oriented or commercial). The average costs of inputs required is 1472,62 USD. Land ownership is largely individual not titled and partly communal.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

国家:

坦桑尼亚联合共和国

区域/州/省:

United Republic of Tanzania, Kagera Region

有关地点的进一步说明:

Ngara District council, Kirushya ward, Kirushya Village.

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份,请说明大概的日期:
  • 不到10年前(最近)

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:
  • 通过项目/外部干预
注释(项目类型等):

Supported by the Trans Boundary Agro Ecosystem Management Project (Kagera TAMP) in year 2012, a group of 25 members of ENDELEVU Farmer Filed School (FFS) started to learn and test out application of the technology.

3. SLM技术的分类

3.1 该技术的主要目的

  • 改良生产
  • 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
  • 保护生态系统
  • 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

农田

农田

  • 一年一作
  • 多年一作(非木材)
  • 乔木与灌木的种植
主要农作物(经济作物及粮食作物):

Major cash and food crops: Cassava, maize, yams, beans, banana, coffee, mangoes, jack fruits and avocados

混合(作物/放牧/树木),包括农林

混合(作物/放牧/树木),包括农林

  • 农林业
主要产品/服务:

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: Banana and beans are the dominant food and cash crops widely grown by almost every member of the community

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Poor soil moisture (moisture stress), poor soil fertility, loss of vegetative cover and unproductive loss of green water, erosion and washout of the top soil by rainfall runoff.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Low banana productivity, unbearable persistence of the deadly BXW and other diseases, drought intolerance, food insecurity and a poverty stricken community.

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:
  • 雨养
每年的生长季节数:
  • 2
具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 120, Longest growing period from month to month: September to December Second longest growing period in days: 90 Second longest growing period from month to month: March to May

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

  • 农业林学
  • 改良的地面/植被覆盖
  • 土壤肥力综合管理

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:
  • 均匀地分布在一个区域
如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上,请注明覆盖的大致区域。:
  • < 0.1 平方千米(10 公顷)
注释:

The technology is documented from the perspectives of group of land users (SLM FFS) supported by the Trans Boundary Agro-Ecosystem Management Project.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

农艺措施

农艺措施

  • A1:植被和土壤覆盖层
  • A2:有机质/土壤肥力
植物措施

植物措施

  • V1:乔木和灌木覆盖层
  • V2:草和多年生草本植物
结构措施

结构措施

  • S2:堤、岸
注释:

Type of agronomic measures: mulching, manure / compost / residues, pits
Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -linear, scattered / dispersed

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

土壤水蚀

土壤水蚀

  • Wt:表土流失/地表侵蚀
化学性土壤退化

化学性土壤退化

  • Cn:肥力下降和有机质含量下降(非侵蚀所致)
生物性退化

生物性退化

  • Bc:植被覆盖的减少
  • Bp:害虫/疾病增加,捕食者减少
水质恶化

水质恶化

  • Ha:干旱化
注释:

Main causes of degradation: soil management (Flat cultivation along the slope, no use of slope cross barriers), crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (Use of unimproved local varieties susceptible to diseases and pests), change of seasonal rainfall (Unforeseen changes in rainfall), droughts (Long dry spell season), population pressure (Exessive use of land without fertility replenishment), poverty / wealth (incapacity to invest in sustainable land canservation measures.), education, access to knowledge and support services (Lack of SLM knoledge.), governance / institutional (Weak institutions with lack of operational capacities)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:
  • 防止土地退化
  • 减少土地退化

4. 技术规范、实施活动、投入和成本

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low (The principles governing use of SLM were taught before in colleges to field staff and agricultural advisers and therefore simple retraining courses and learning by doing on the job on the suffice)
Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate (Need training on construction of slope cross barriers e.g. on application of A-frame and arm outstretched methods and the principle behind BXW control and use of certified/improved banana varieties.)
Technical knowledge required for Sub national level (Regional and District): moderate (SLM participatory training techniques/skills.)

Main technical functions: control of raindrop splash, control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, improvement of ground cover, increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil, increase of biomass (quantity)

Secondary technical functions: stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides)

Mulching
Material/ species: Hyparrhenia spps
Quantity/ density: 1500bu/ha
Remarks: Layed accross the slope at e reccommended depth of 15 cm.

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: Farm Yard Manure, banana debris, tithonia
Quantity/ density: 15 ton/ha
Remarks: Applied during planting and in routine fertility replenishment.

Pits
Material/ species: Compost basket pits
Quantity/ density: 156
Remarks: Pits of 5.3m cubic dig between each 4 banana stools used annually for composting the banana field.

Aligned: -linear
Vegetative material: C : perennial crops
Number of plants per (ha): 625
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 4m
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 4m

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: O : other

Trees/ shrubs species: Mangoes
Fruit trees / shrubs species: Mangoes
Perennial crops species: Banana
Other species: Pineapples, Cassava and Yarms.

Retention/infiltration ditch/pit, sediment/sand trap
Spacing between structures (m): 5
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.6
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.6
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 15

Structural measure: Fanya chini bund
Spacing between structures (m): 5
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.6
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.6
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 15
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.3
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.6
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 15

Structural measure: Banana water infiltration pits
Spacing between structures (m): 4
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.2
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.6
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.6

Construction material (earth): Soil dug to form trenches is thrown down slope to form embankment of fanya chini bund.
Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 2 - 5%
Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币(具体说明):

Tanzanian shillings

注明美元与当地货币的汇率(如相关):1美元=:

1700.0

注明雇用劳工的每日平均工资成本:

1.18

4.4 技术建立活动

活动 措施类型 时间
1. Land tilling (starting a new banana farm) 植物性的 March
2. Harrowing 植物性的 April
3. a) Demarcation and spacing of holes for planting banana. b) Digging of holes. 植物性的 April
4. Applying manure during banana planting 植物性的 May
5. Planting banana 植物性的 May
6. Planting fruit trees (jack fruits and avocados) 植物性的 May
7. a) Planting pineapples on Fanya chini bund. b) Selective boundary planting of Tithonia 植物性的 September
8. a) To demarcate contour line using A-FRAME and arm stretched level method. b) Digging and construction of water retention ditches and fanya chini bund. 结构性的 September
9. Tools (hand hoe, forked hole, machetes, sickles, spade, mattock, forked wooden poles and A-frame) 农业学的

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 labour ha 1.0 713.15 713.15 100.0
设备 tools ha 1.0 87.65 87.65 100.0
植物材料 seeds ha 1.0 0.29 0.29
植物材料 seedlings ha 1.0 65.0 65.0
植物材料 mulching materials ha 1.0 22.06 22.06
肥料和杀菌剂 compost/manure ha 1.0 44.12 44.12
技术建立所需总成本 932.27
注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 4 month(s)

4.6 维护/经常性活动

活动 措施类型 时间/频率
1. Weeding to control and destroy noxious weeds. 农业学的 February and October
2. In between planting of maize and beans. 农业学的 February and October
3. De-suckering to maintain mother and two baby plants. 农业学的
4. De-trashing and trimming of unwanted leaves. 农业学的
5. Maintenance and replenishment of banana pits. 农业学的
6. Applying manure using banana compost basket pits 农业学的 January
7. Harvesting of beans and maize. 农业学的
8. Mulching application 农业学的 After harvest of maize and beans
9. Gap filling and trimming of unwanted leaves/branches (Avocados, Jack fruits and Pineapples) 植物性的 within rain period
10. Maintenance by removing soil sediments. 结构性的 During and after rainfall

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入(每年)

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 labour 1499.72 100.0
设备 Seeds beans (20 kg/ha) ha 1.0 8.24 8.24 100.0
植物材料 Seeds Maize (2 kg/ha) ha 1.0 0.77 0.77 100.0
植物材料 Mulching materials (75 bundles) ha 1.0 22.06 22.06 100.0
肥料和杀菌剂 Compost/manure (325 kg) ha 1.0 9.56 9.56 100.0
技术维护所需总成本 40.63
注释:

Machinery/ tools: hand hoe, forked hole, machetes and sickles, hand hoe, forked hole, machetes and spade, hand hoe, forked hole, spade, mattock and A-frame
The costs were calculated based on per unity entity of land plot (quarter an acre plot) where the technology was demonstrated/tested .

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Labour is the most determinant factor.

5. 自然和人文环境

5.1 气候

年降雨量
  • < 250毫米
  • 251-500毫米
  • 501-750毫米
  • 751-1,000毫米
  • 1,001-1,500毫米
  • 1,501-2,000毫米
  • 2,001-3,000毫米
  • 3,001-4,000毫米
  • > 4,000毫米
有关降雨的规范/注释:

The average annual rainfal is 1300mm. The dry season is from June to August. Rainfall season starts from September to May. There is a dry spell in January/February and June - August is dry season.

农业气候带
  • 半湿润

Thermal climate class: tropics. Average temperature is 21°C. The area receives bimodal type of rainfall with average lenght of growing period is 210 days

5.2 地形

平均坡度:
  • 水平(0-2%)
  • 缓降(3-5%)
  • 平缓(6-10%)
  • 滚坡(11-15%)
  • 崎岖(16-30%)
  • 陡峭(31-60%)
  • 非常陡峭(>60%)
地形:
  • 高原/平原
  • 山脊
  • 山坡
  • 山地斜坡
  • 麓坡
  • 谷底
垂直分布带:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
说明该技术是否专门应用于:
  • 凸形情况
关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Landforms: Mountain slopes (ranked 1, the area is largely a convex mountanous land slope), plateau/plains (ranked 2) and ridges (ranked 3)

5.3 土壤

平均土层深度:
  • 非常浅(0-20厘米)
  • 浅(21-50厘米)
  • 中等深度(51-80厘米)
  • 深(81-120厘米)
  • 非常深(> 120厘米)
土壤质地(表土):
  • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
表土有机质:
  • 低(<1%)
如有可能,附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息,例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil texture: Medium (ranked 1, range from combination of top loam to a red clayey subsoil) and coarse/light (ranked 2)
Soil fertility: Medium (due to washout of the top soil by rainfall water runoff and excessive nutrient mining/uptake without replenishment)
Topsoil organic matter: Low (due to washout of the top soil by rainfall water runoff and poor mismanagement of crop residuals)
Soil drainage/infiltration: Poor (the slope nature of the landscape does not give water enough time to infiltrate instead water is lost downstream through runoff)
Soil water storage capacity: Medium (soil textural class range from combination of top loam to a red clayey subsoil)

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

地下水位表:

> 50米

地表水的可用性:

中等

水质(未处理):

不良饮用水(需要处理)

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Ground water table: >50m (ranked 1, water can be accessed in down the river valleys streams) and 5-50m (ranked 2)
Availability of surface water: Water is available in natural flowing downstream rivers
Water quality untreated: Poor drinking water (treatment required, water in river stream untreated is poor because is contaminated by runoff pollutants)

5.5 生物多样性

物种多样性:
关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

Species diversity is reduced by human induced activities e.g. farm opening and expansion, starting of new human settlements, uncontrolled fire burning e.t.c.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

生产系统的市场定位:
  • 生计(自给)
  • 混合(生计/商业
非农收入:
  • 低于全部收入的10%
相对财富水平:
  • 贫瘠
  • 平均水平
个人或集体:
  • 团体/社区
机械化水平:
  • 手工作业
性别:
  • 女人
  • 男人
说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Population density: 50-100 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 2% - 3%
5% of the land users are rich and own 15% of the land (owning 1-2 ha, moden house, motorcycles).
75% of the land users are average wealthy and own 80% of the land (owning 0.5-1 ha, average house, bicycles).
20% of the land users are poor and own 5% of the land (owning < 0.5 ha, poor house, no transport).

Off-farm income specification: In general most of the village community are average farmers who largely rely on on farm income.
Market orientation: Mixed (ranked 1, Production is both for domestic food production and commercial use) and subsistence (ranked 2)
Level of mechanization: Manual work (Largely manual by using hand tools)

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

  • < 0.5 公顷
  • 0.5-1 公顷
  • 1-2 公顷
  • 2-5公顷
  • 5-15公顷
  • 15-50公顷
  • 50-100公顷
  • 100-500公顷
  • 500-1,000公顷
  • 1,000-10,000公顷
  • > 10,000公顷
这被认为是小规模、中规模还是大规模的(参照当地实际情况)?:
  • 小规模的
注释:

Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology: < 0.5 ha (5% of the land users), 0.5-1 ha (80% 0f the land users) and 1-2 ha (15 % of the land users)

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:
  • 个人,未命名
用水权:
  • 自由进入(无组织)
注释:

The land is a state property, use right is largely individual not titled. water resources and grazing range lands are owned communally and are free for all.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

健康:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
教育:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
技术援助:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
就业(例如非农):
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
市场:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
能源:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
道路和交通:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
饮用水和卫生设施:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
金融服务:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的

6. 影响和结论性说明

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

作物生产

降低
增加
SLM之前的数量:

25 kg

SLM之后的数量:

50 kg

注释/具体说明:

banana bunch

产品多样性

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

pending development and upscalling of value addition technology.

收入和成本

农业投入费用

增加
降低
注释/具体说明:

caused by use of manure and grass mulch.

农业收入

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

due to increased production and expected income from fruit tree and pineapples

收入来源的多样性

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

imcome from fruit trees and pineapples

工作量

增加
降低
注释/具体说明:

caused by increased workload.

社会文化影响

社区机构

削弱
加强
SLM之前的数量:

0 - FFS

SLM之后的数量:

1 - FFS

注释/具体说明:

FFS has induced farmer group solidarity and togetherness.

SLM/土地退化知识

减少
改良
注释/具体说明:

Increase in SLM skills and knoledge due training issued through FFS. People visiting the area where the technology is tested or demonstrated

社会经济弱势群体的情况

恶化
改良
注释/具体说明:

Active participation of both men and females

Improved livelihoods and human well-being

decreased
increased
注释/具体说明:

Improved crop productivity and the diversification of income sources results to farmer capacity to meet eduction and health services. Production of pineapple and fruit tree (avocados and jack fruit) means increased number of food per table and balanced diet to farmer.

生态影响

水循环/径流

水的回收/收集

减少
改良
SLM之前的数量:

poor

SLM之后的数量:

improved

注释/具体说明:

due to the use of water infiltration ditches and fanya chini bund

地表径流

增加
降低
注释/具体说明:

use of closs slope barriers and mulching.

蒸发

增加
降低
SLM之前的数量:

poor

SLM之后的数量:

improved

注释/具体说明:

educed unproductive loos of green water by use of mulching.

土壤

土壤水分

降低
增加
SLM之前的数量:

poor

SLM之后的数量:

improved

注释/具体说明:

reduced unproductive loos of green water by use of mulching.

土壤覆盖层

减少
改良
注释/具体说明:

use of mulching rotated by cover crops (beans) and trashline.

土壤流失

增加
降低
注释/具体说明:

Use of closs slope barriers and mulching

养分循环/补给

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

the use of reguminous plants (beans and tithonia)

土壤有机物/地下C

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

use of farm yard manure and compost basket feeding

生物多样性:植被、动物

生物量/地上C

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

biomass due to improved managment of crop debris and residual and use of mulch.

有益物种

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

improved habitat for micro fauna caused by use of manure and compost

减少气候和灾害风险

干旱影响

增加
降低
注释/具体说明:

reduced hazards towards drought and reduced growing period.

碳和温室气体的排放

增加
降低
注释/具体说明:

reduced volatization of methane gas due to good managment of FYM.

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

对邻近农田的破坏

增加
减少
注释/具体说明:

reduced rainfall runoff to down ward stream

对公共/私人基础设施的破坏

增加
减少
注释/具体说明:

reduced damage to the nearby road infrastructure

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性(土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害)

渐变气候

渐变气候
季节 气候变化/极端天气的类型 该技术是如何应对的?
年温度 增加

气候有关的极端情况(灾害)

气象灾害
该技术是如何应对的?
局地暴雨 未知
局地风暴 不好
气候灾害
该技术是如何应对的?
干旱
水文灾害
该技术是如何应对的?
比较和缓的(河道)洪水 不好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果
该技术是如何应对的?
缩短生长期
注释:

The technology could be made to be more tolerant to flood by modifying retention ditches to drainage ditches and by introduction of wind breakers.

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

轻度消极

长期回报:

非常积极

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

轻度消极

长期回报:

非常积极

注释:

Heavy investment and recurrent costs at the beginning but costs are surpassed by rewards in the long run.

6.5 技术采用

  • 1-10%
如若可行,进行量化(住户数量和/或覆盖面积):

46 families and 100% of the area covered

在所有采用这项技术的人当中,有多少人是自发地采用该技术,即未获得任何物质奖励/付款?:
  • 50-90%
注释:

Comments on acceptance with external material support: External material support was used on area used for FFS.
80% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

23 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
4% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support 23 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support
Comments on spontaneous adoption: 80% farmers have adopted the technology partially without any material support.

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology
Comments on adoption trend: the technology increasingly adopted are mulching, spacing and compost basket feeding

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
The technology is easy to learn and understand by a common peasant farmer
The technology open a room for availability of improved varieties and diversification of income sources
Observable rewards in terms of increased production and environmental conservation.
Change of attitudinal and behavioral change (mind set) towards environmental conservation.
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
The technology has provided options for farmers to blend their vast experience and innovations in managing their often-limited resources with new methods and advice from outside.
The promotion of the technology through FFS has strengthened partnership between farmers, extension providers, private sector and researchers.
The FFS programme has created unity in the people at grass root level

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
High initial investment capital needed due to high costs of farm inputs. Farmer support by financial institutions
Technology promotion need closeness of extension services but there is no reliable plan for facilitators motivation. Find reliable means and ways of motivating both field extension officers and grassroots facilitators (paraprofessionals).
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
Finances for scaling up technology use in the future is questionable. Link farmers with rural financial institutions and put more efforts in commercial and market oriented SLM activities.

7. 参考和链接

7.1 信息的方法/来源

  • 实地考察、实地调查
  • 与土地使用者的访谈

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