1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Missenyi District Council (Missenyi District Council) - República Unida da Tanzânia

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

Quando os dados foram compilados (no campo)?

04/12/2015

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

1.4 Declaração de sustentabilidade da tecnologia descrita

A tecnologia descrita aqui é problemática em relação a degradação da terra de forma que não pode ser declarada uma tecnologia de gestão sustentável de terra?

Não

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

Improvement of degraded rangeland in savannah using multiple rangeland improvement techniques that complement each other to optimize livestock production and productivity sustainably.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

Multiple rangeland and pasture improvement techniques that combines water harvesting, rangeland reseeding and pasture establishment, livestock breeding management techniques to restore degraded rangeland in savannah with high livestock and optimize livestock production and productivity sustainably. These includes; 1. Chaco dam excavation for rain runoff harvesting mainly during the rainy season (February to April and August to December) mostly;(i).To ensure year round availability of water largely for watering livestock and partly for domestic and agriculture use especially during the main dry season when local sources (Ponds, springs or stream) are dry,(ii).To reduce soil erosion by water (lily or gully erosion, (iii).To reduce river bank erosion and silitation due direct watering of livestock in to Kagera river, (iii). To reduce the distance animal has to walk for watering and (iv) to reduce water use conflicts between herders and other land users. 2. Establishment of pasture demonstration plots where farmers are exposed to a basket choice (Low cost technique Vs high cost technique) of pasture and rangeland improvement technique either through ;( a). Tilling the land and broadcasting drought tolerant indigenous degenerated palatable pasture species of high nutritive value and, mainly (i).Grass; Cenchrus cliaris, Chloris gayana and (ii).Legumes; Centrocema puberse, Lablab purpureus, Mucuna Pluriens and Puperaria Phaseilides ) to a manured degraded rangeland; (b).i. Encouraging re-growth of proper pasture species in a degraded area to take place through clearing bushes, shrubs or trees ( leaving edible shrubs and few selected shed trees especially acacia spp which allow pasture re-growth underneath and provide shed against intense sun radiations to livestock especially during the main dry season- July to September); ii. Closing the degraded area by fencing using live indigenous trees or using wooden pole with or without barbed wire for 2 -3 years, removal of anthills and discouraging regeneration of unproductive invasive species and hence returning the rangeland to productivity;3. Genetical improvement of local cattle (Ankole or Zebu) through crossbreeding with introduced improved bull especially boran, Frisian or Mpwapwa bulls to allow farmers to keep few improved offspring of high production and productivity ;4.Farmer training on rangeland improvement and grazing management including hay making and how to estimate carrying capacity 5. Establishment of livestock markets directly on the rangeland to encourage off take and hence control stocking rate and increase carrying capacity.

Purpose:To contribute to the increase of herders’ standard of living through increased livestock production and productivity while conserving the environment

Estblishment activities:1. Community mobilization and formation of project management commetee with 10 members; 2. Identification of project sites; 3. Land clearing; 4. Establishment of pasture demonstration plots; 5. Excavation of chacodam and construction of watering troughs; 6. Fencing of individual owned land using wooden pole with barbed wire or live fencing using euphobia spp; 7. Farmer training on pasture establishment and controll of stocking rate; 8. Procurement of bulls (Boran or Mpwapwa) for cross breeding with ankole females; 9. Construction of livestock market
Maintanence Activities: 1. Repair of livestock infrastructures (Chacodam, watering troughs, livestock fence, livestock markets).

The technology is implemented in extensive grazing land under semi arid condition receiving 600 -1000mm of rains per year. A combination of rangeland improvement measures (Excavation of chacodam for rainwater runoff harvesting, pasture improvement and establishment techniques, fencing and breeding management through cross breeding local cow (Ankole/zebu) with Boran/Mpwapwa bulls) complement each other to restore degraded rangeland and increase livestock production and productivity in savannah. The slope is gentle to moderate; soil depth is shallow and soil texture clay. Heavy tools (Bulldozer) to Simple hand tools are traditional used. Bulldozers are used during chacodam excavation and bush clearing by well-off herder will small hand tools such as hand hoe, bush knife and spade are used smallholder herders for excavation of water pond and construction of indigenous livestock watering points. Land ownership is Communal/village, individual titled and individual not titled. Water use rights is open access (unorganized), communal (organized). Application of this technology determined by high establishment costs.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada:

• menos de 10 anos atrás (recentemente)

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• através de projetos/intervenções externas

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Melhora a produção
• Reduz, previne, recupera a degradação do solo

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Comentários:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Major land use problem without conservation includes, overgrazing, soil erosion, siltation of water bodies (Kagera River) and loss of paratable pasture spp.
Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Shortage of pasture and water for livestock

Caso o uso da terra tenha mudado devido a implementação da tecnologia, indique seu uso anterior à implementação da tecnologia:

Grazing land: Extensive grazing land

3.3 Mais informações sobre o uso da terra

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:

• Precipitação natural

Número de estações de cultivo por ano:

• 2

Densidade animal (se relevante):

> 100 LU /km2

3.4 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Gestão de pastoralismo e pastagem

3.5 Difusão da tecnologia

Especifique a difusão da tecnologia:

• Uniformemente difundida numa área

Caso a tecnologia seja uniformemente difundida numa área, indique a área coberta aproximada:

• 1-10 km2

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

Comentários:

Type of agronomic measures: legume inter-planting, manure / compost / residues
Type of vegetative measures: in blocks

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

Main causes of degradation: overgrazing (Overgrazing due overstocking due to illegal migration on livestock), change in temperature (increased average temperature from 20.9o to 21.5oC in the past 20 years), Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (decreased average annual rainfall from 1000mm to 870mm in the past 20 years), droughts, land tenure (Lack of village land use plan), inputs and infrastructure: (roads, markets, distribution of water points, other, …)
Secondary causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Uncontrolled bush fire set purposely to remove overgrown bushes), disturbance of water cycle (infiltration / runoff), change of seasonal rainfall, population pressure (In migration of people from neighbourig districts and countries), education, access to knowledge and support services

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Reduzir a degradação do solo

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.2 Especificações técnicas/ explicações do desenho técnico

Location: Bubale Village. Missenyi District/Kagera
Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high
Technical knowledge required for land users: high

Main technical functions: improvement of ground cover, increase in organic matter, water harvesting / increase water supply, promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)
Secondary technical functions: control of raindrop splash, control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap, improvement of topsoil structure (compaction), stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), increase / maintain water stored in soil

Legume inter-planting
Remarks: Legumes are inter-planted with grass to increase the nutritive value of the pasture
Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: Farmyard manure
Quantity/ density: 60t/Ha
In blocks
Vegetative material: G : grass, O : other
Grass species: Cenchrus cliaris, Chloris gayana, elephant grass,
Other species: Legumes:Centrocema puberse, Lablab purpureus, Mucuna Pluriens and Puperaria Phaseilides
Dam/ pan/ pond
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 2.3
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 40
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 80
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 6
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 4
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 240
Structural measure: Water trough
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 2.5
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 1
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 21
Structural measure: Appron
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 3
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.3
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 27
Construction material (earth): Clay soil
Construction material (concrete): concrete
Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.
Control / change of species composition: Crossbreeding local female cattle(Ankole or Zebu) with boran or mpwapwa bulls
Other type of management: Closing the degraded area by fencing using pole or live indigenous trees with or without barbed wire for 2 -3 years, removal of anthills and discouraging regeneration of unproductive invasive species.

4.3 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Outro/moeda nacional (especifique):

Tanzanian Shilling

Indique a taxa cambial do dólar norte americano para a moeda local (se relevante): 1 USD =:

2186,41

4.4 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade
1.	Procurement of 6 Boran/Mpwapwa bulls	Gestão
2.	Transportation of bulls from Dodoma	Gestão
3.	Vaccination against East Cost fever (ECF)	Gestão
4.	Fencing	Gestão	Procument Barbed wire
5.	Excavation of water chaco dam	Estrutural	During the dry season
6.	Fence construction	Estrutural	During the dry season
7.	Construction of livestock market	Estrutural
8.	Land preparation	Vegetativo	Eary June to september
9.	Manure application	Vegetativo	Mid september to early november
10.	Planting	Vegetativo	Early octobar

4.5 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	labour	ha	1,0	810,93	810,93
Equipamento	tools	ha	1,0	34,0	34,0
Material vegetal	seeds	ha	1,0	1204,0	1204,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas	compost/manure	ha	1,0	274,42	274,42	20,0
Material de construção	Chacodam Excavation	ha	1,0	16007,0	16007,0	20,0
Material de construção	Const livestock makert	ha	1,0	12577,0	12577,0	20,0
Outros	Procument of 6 bulls	ha	1,0	548,84	548,84	20,0
Outros	Vaccination	ha	1,0	54,88	54,88
Outros	Fencing	ha	1,0	1957,7	1957,7
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					33468,77

Comentários:

Duration of establishment phase: 36 month(s)

4.6 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	Repair of the fence	Gestão	Once per year
2.	Weeding and bush thinning	Agronômico	0nce per year
3.	Construction of fire break	Agronômico	Once per year
4.	Harvesting pasture seeds	Agronômico	Once per year

4.7 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	labour	ha	1,0	205,34	205,34	20,0
Equipamento	tools	ha	1,0	34,0	34,0
Custos totais para a manutenção da tecnologia					239,34

Comentários:

Machinery/ tools: Hand hoe, bush knife, Bulldozer, handhooe, spade, truck, Hand hoe, hamer, nails, woods

4.8 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

Excavation of chacodam, fencing and procurement of breeding bulls

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

5.3 Solos

5.4 Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

5.5 Biodiversidade

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users
Population density: 10-50 persons/km2
5% of the land users are very rich and own 50% of the land.
35% of the land users are rich and own 25% of the land.
55% of the land users are average wealthy and own 10% of the land.

5.7 Média da área de terra própria ou arrendada por usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Comunitário/rural
• Indivíduo, não intitulado

5.9 Acesso a serviços e infraestrutura

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

Renda e custos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo hídrico/escoamento

Solo

Clima e redução de riscos de desastre

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

6.3 Exposição e sensibilidade da tecnologia às mudanças climáticas graduais e extremos/desastres relacionados ao clima (conforme o ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)

Extremos (desastres) relacionados ao clima

Desastres meteorológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Tempestade de vento local	bem

Desastres climatológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Seca	bem

Comentários:

Construction of chaco dam for water harvesting during the wet season to be used during the dry season, planting drought tolerant pasture sp

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

Comentários:

50 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
Increased livestock production(Milk and Meat)
Increased farm income

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
Increased water availability for livestock and domestic use
Increased pasture availability for livestock
Increased conservation knowledge
Increased livestock production and productivity

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
High fire risk	Strengthener fire control bylaw, control burning and use of fire break

7.1 Métodos/fontes de informação