1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

CDE Centre for Development and Environment (CDE Centre for Development and Environment) - Suíça

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

NCCR North-South (NCCR North-South) - Quirguizistão

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

Quando os dados foram compilados (no campo)?

01/08/2008

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

1.5 Referência ao(s) questionário(s) sobre as abordagens da GST

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

A combination of fruit- and nut-trees together with seminatural trees and shrubs on one side with grass-communities on the other side provide for a diversified production system.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

Fruit- and nut-trees give the production system the characteristics of an orchard, whereas sour cherry trees rather provide for a jungle atmosphere. They spread very quickly once they are planted. Hayproduction substitutes other uses of the lowest vegetation layer, since grazing is forbidden. The whole territory is concipied as a research station.

Purpose of the Technology: In general trees act against erosion: By their stabilising function they prevent soil from being washed out. Especially nut-trees with their 20 to 25 m long roots preserve soil moisture and by that consolidate soil structure. Terraces contribute to this moisture-preserving and production-enhancing function. They are very important in order to make rather steep land exploitable by reducing slope. Haymaking does not damage soils, but is only allowed after the end of June so that grasses can reproduce before.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Both the establishment of terraces and the planting of trees on such a big surface are costly in terms of labour and money. Maintenance means taking care of trees, taking measures against diseases and conserving soil fertility. Fertilisers are very costly and therefore dung has been substituting them in the last years.

Natural / human environment: From the two research stations of the orchard institute - one in the upper hill-zone and one close to the village Karsang - only the second one is assessed. This area is surrounded by two rivers in the West and in the East, with its main exposition to the South. It is in direct competition for irrigation water, especially needed for the trees, with the village. The orchard is situated on a ridge that is in the haymaking area, but is accessible for animals from the village.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada:

• 10-50 anos atrás

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• atráves de inovação dos usuários da terra
• através de projetos/intervenções externas

Comentários (tipos de projeto, etc.):

1961 the national orchard institute began with developing a research area in Karsang, which should be further enlarged from 1975 onward.

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Reduz, previne, recupera a degradação do solo

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Comentários:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): The main problems are arid conditions and the loss of fertility, mainly by processes of water erosion.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Gully erosion by water and wind erosion together with droughts are the main problems. Gullly erosion may also be caused by

Cut-and-carry/ zero grazing: Access for livestock forbidden.

Grazingland comments: People have goats, sheep and cows and 1-2 donkeys, if they can afford.

Type of grazing system comments: People have goats, sheep and cows and 1-2 donkeys, if they can afford.

3.3 Mais informações sobre o uso da terra

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:

• Precipitação natural

Comentários:

Water supply: post-flooding

Número de estações de cultivo por ano:

• 1

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 270 Longest growing period from month to month: Oct - Jul

Densidade animal (se relevante):

< 1 LU/km2

3.4 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Solo/cobertura vegetal melhorada
• variedades vegetal/raças de animais melhoradas

3.5 Difusão da tecnologia

Especifique a difusão da tecnologia:

• Uniformemente difundida numa área

Caso a tecnologia seja uniformemente difundida numa área, indique a área coberta aproximada:

• 0,1-1 km2

Comentários:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.7 m2.

Of the 70 hectares nearly half of the surface can be considered as unproductive with protective functions against erosion (many sour cherry trees planted).

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

Comentários:

Main measures: vegetative measures, management measures

Secondary measures: structural measures

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -linear

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Et: loss of topsoil

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Pc: compaction, Pk: sealing and crusting, Bc: reduction of vegetation cover

Main causes of degradation: change of seasonal rainfall (According to agronomist and elderly persons steady decrease of rainfall Causing aridification..), droughts (No considerable precipitation for one and a half years. Causing compaction, crusting and aridification.), inputs and infrastructure: (roads, markets, distribution of water points, other, …) (The lack of fertilisers and other inputs is a consequence of the breakdown of URSS.)

Secondary causes of degradation: floods (Causing gully erosion and loss of topsoil by water.), war and conflicts (Many trees were chopped illegally during war to have energy (charcoal mines were occupied by armed men)), Unsuitable soils especially in the upper part (loe (Causing compaction, crusting and loss of topsoil by wind.), Steep topography with high sun inclination angle (Causing compaction.)

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Prevenir degradação do solo
• Reduzir a degradação do solo

Comentários:

Main goals: prevention of land degradation

Secondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.2 Especificações técnicas/ explicações do desenho técnico

Terraces with fruit trees.

Location: Karsang. Faizabad / Tajikistan

Date: 25.08.09

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate (Cutting trees and maintaining tree nurseries)

Technical knowledge required for land users: low (Fieldwork such as haymaking)

Technical knowledge required for Research coordinator: high (Carrying out of workshops)

Main technical functions: stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), improvement of water quality, buffering / filtering water, reduction in wind speed, promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)

Secondary technical functions: reduction of slope angle, improvement of surface structure (crusting, sealing), improvement of topsoil structure (compaction), improvement of subsoil structure (hardpan), increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), increase of infiltration, water harvesting / increase water supply, water spreading, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting, increase of biomass (quantity), control of fires, trees protect from snow

Aligned: -linear
Vegetative material: F : fruit trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 120
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 2.5
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 9

Trees/ shrubs species: Apple, apricot, almond, walnut, quince, pear, peach trees

Fruit trees / shrubs species: Sour cherries, mostly through vegetative growth

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 45.00%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 0.00%

Terrace: bench level (earth)
Vertical interval between structures (m): 2.5
Spacing between structures (m): 11

Construction material (earth): endogenous material used

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 33-45%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 0%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 0%

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

Change of land use practices / intensity level: Strictly regulated haymaking, only after the end of June.

4.3 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Especifique como custos e entradas foram calculados:

• por área de tecnologia

Especifique a moeda utilizada para os cálculos de custo:

• Dólares norte-americanos

4.4 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade
1.	Planting of trees with provenance from Russia and Ukraine	Vegetativo	Tree plants
2.	Tree-planting, grafting, giving dung	Vegetativo	20 persons for 3 years
3.	Terrace establishment	Estrutural	2 tractor drivers for 1 year

4.5 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Tree planting	ha	1,0	714,0	714,0
Material vegetal	seedlings	ha	1,0	100,0	100,0
Outros	Terrace establishment	ha	1,0	614,0	614,0
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					1428,0

Se o usuário da terra arca com menos que 100% dos custos, indique quem cobre os custos remanescentes:

research stations of the orchard institute

Comentários:

Duration of establishment phase: 36 month(s)

4.6 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	Yearly replacement of fruit-trees (10-15% per year)	Vegetativo	10 persons plus brigadier, always employed
2.	Aerating soils around trees, each spring	Vegetativo	10 workers, fix employment
3.	Applying animal dung and / or fertilisers	Vegetativo	10 workers, fix employment
4.	Seasonal workers for harvesting	Vegetativo	10 workers, additionally
5.	Planning of activities	Vegetativo	1 director
6.	Haymaking	Gestão	1 month

4.7 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Maintenance	ha	1,0	93,0	93,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas	Fertilizer	ha	1,0	28,0	28,0	100,0
Custos totais para a manutenção da tecnologia					121,0

Comentários:

The data on the establishment of the orchard are an estimation of the director. The recurrent costs are based on the director's and other person's declarations and are rather a rough estimation than a precise list of the costs.

4.8 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

The costs today are strongly determinated by labour input, whereas during establishment and till the end of USSR costs for pesticides, fertilisers, new trees and equipment were very high.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a topografia:

Altitudinal zonation: The orchard is located between 1300-1500 m.

Landforms ridges: A part of the area surrounds a ridge

Landforms hill slopes: Generally slopes are of moderate steepness.

Slopes on average gentle: The terraces themselves are quite flat.

Slopes on average hilly: A great share of the area are slopes, either natural ones or from terraces.

5.3 Solos

Caso disponível anexe a descrição completa do solo ou especifique as informações disponíveis, p. ex. tipo de solo, PH/acidez do solo, nitrogênio, capacidade de troca catiônica, salinidade, etc.

Soil depth on average shallow: In the higher part stony soils prevail.

Soil fertility low: When gypsum and loess soils.

Soil fertility medium: In the lower part soils with little humus.

Soil drainage / infiltration good: 3-4 m infiltration capacity.

Soil water storage capacity medium: Thanks to trees not low.

5.4 Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a qualidade e a quantidade da água:

Availability of surface water: Insufficient: only permitting to irrigate 5 ha of totally 30 ha classified as "irrigated cropland"

Water quality (untreated): According to expert, water contains iodine, but is otherwise "light" and clean, without calcium carbonate

5.5 Biodiversidade

Comentários e outras especificações sobre biodiversidade:

Typical plants of the foothills can be found in the area.

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Population density: 50-100 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 1% - 2%

100% of the land users are average wealthy and own 100% of the land (all smallholders owning additional income by the work for the institute).

Off-farm income specification: Nearly all people have family members (mostly sons) in Russia, who send remittances.

5.7 Média da área de terra própria ou arrendada por usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Estado

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Comunitário (organizado)

Direitos do uso da água:

• Comunitário (organizado)

Comentários:

Whereas land use rights are restricted to those employed by the research institute, water use is negotiated between the research institute and the village authorities.

5.9 Acesso a serviços e infraestrutura

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

Renda e custos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo hídrico/escoamento

Solo

Biodiversidade: vegetação, animais

Clima e redução de riscos de desastre

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

6.3 Exposição e sensibilidade da tecnologia às mudanças climáticas graduais e extremos/desastres relacionados ao clima (conforme o ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)

Mudança climática gradual

Mudança climática gradual

	Estação do ano	Tipo de mudança climática/extremo	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temperatura anual		aumento	bem

Extremos (desastres) relacionados ao clima

Desastres meteorológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temporal local	bem
Tempestade de vento local	não bem

Desastres climatológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Seca	bem

Desastres hidrológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Inundação geral (rio)	bem

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Período de crescimento reduzido	não bem

Comentários:

No damages by heavy rainfall in the orchard, whereas next to it there is damage. Especially winds cause damages by covering vegetation with dust and impeding them from making fotothynthesis. Plants can die therefore.

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

• casos isolados/experimental

Entre todos aqueles que adotaram a tecnologia, quantos adotaram espontaneamente, ou seja, sem receber nenhum incentivo material/pagamentos?

• 0-10%

Comentários:

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: The government wants more people to adopt the technology and their has effectively been an increase of such initiatives over the last years.