1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

Quando os dados foram compilados (no campo)?

09/07/2014

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

1.4 Declaração de sustentabilidade da tecnologia descrita

A tecnologia descrita aqui é problemática em relação a degradação da terra de forma que não pode ser declarada uma tecnologia de gestão sustentável de terra?

Não

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

Home gardens, containing tree, shrub, herbs, vine, tuber layers as well as poultry, produce food for household consumption as well as an additional income.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

Home gardens are a traditional setting in Cambodia, where they appear around nearly each house. All the seven layers of production occur, with a tree canopy, lower trees, shrubs, herbs, a soil cover, roots and tubers as well as a climbing layer, but not all layers can be found in each garden. The overlapping production allows a high productivity on a small area, and the trees/canopy provide a comfortable microclimate for both humans and livestock. The products of the home gardens are consumed by the family, surplus is given to neighbours or sold, and provide an additional income. One or more of the crops are produced in bigger amounts to serve as a cash crop. It can be coconuts close to the city, mangoes that are processed, sugarcane or vegetables like winged beans for the market, bamboo for handicrafts or constructions. Poultry is free ranging in the home gardens, thus when short annual plants like water spinach are planted they are protected with bamboo or net fences. The poultry, mostly chicken, but as well ducks, Muscovy ducks, and others, forages in the waste and eats bugs and worms.

The home gardens are planted to produce food, to provide additional income source and assure a comfortable microclimate. Medicinal plants, as well as plants for handicrafts like bamboo, are grown in the home gardens. Due to a lack of labour availability on the farms, the gardens are only poorly maintained. Some NGOs try to implement the production of more annual crops in the home gardens, but fail due to this constraint and the fact that leafy vegetables are collected from the wild during the wet season.

When a new house is built, canopy trees like coconuts or sugar palms are planted, sometimes following a square pattern, with other trees in between. In other gardens, no pattern can be found, as trees are planted more randomly, or left growing on their own. The seedlings growing in and around trash piles are transplanted to more suitable places, sometimes seedlings from grafted varieties are bought from the market.
Mainly annual crops, like yam, are fertilized with cow manure or compost before the sowing. Due to a lack of irrigation water, most farmers only grow annuals during the wet season. During the dry season, the vegetables are bought from other provinces or countries.

The analysed area is flat (slope < 2%), tropic (dry and wet season), and the soils are mostly sandy or loamy. The soils on the fields contain little organic matter (low soil fertility, acidification, small amount of cattle, area has been deforested a long time ago) and the groundwater table is rather high (2 m below soil level during the dry season, on the surface during the wet season).
Due to climate change, the rainfalls are more erratic, temperatures rise and droughts are more recurrent. Rice is the predominant crop grown in the area, since it serves as staple food (mix subsistence and commercial activities). Rice is often grown in monocultures and harvested once a year. Once the rice is harvested (dry season), some farmer release cattle to the paddy fields to eat the straw and weeds.

As an addition to rice, most land users grow vegetable and fruits in home gardens (subsistence) and complement their income by producing handicrafts or through off-farm income / remittances from family members working in other places. Gathering of wild food (plants, animals, and mushrooms) is also of importance for the diet. The increasing migration rate (the young generation leaves the villages to work in the cities, garment industry or abroad) results in a decrease of available labour force in the area that has detrimental effects on the agricultural activities. Furthermore, the civil war in the 1970s (Khmer Rouge) led to the loss of agricultural knowledge that different NGOs try to re-establish.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada:

• mais de 50 anos atrás (tradicional)

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• Como parte do sistema tradicional (>50 anos)

Comentários (tipos de projeto, etc.):

There have always been home gardens. There is a lot of research carried out, with species and varieties spreading among farmers. Some NGOs also try to implement the production of more annual vegetables in the home gardens, but they are abandoned as soon as the NGOs leave.

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Melhora a produção
• Criar impacto econômico benéfico

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Comentários:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Overgrazing, low soil fertility, sandy soils, monocultures, soil left bare after ploughing, wind and dust storms, climate change.
Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Lack of water in the dry season, low soil fertility.
Type of cropping system and major crops comments: Cash and food crops depend highly on personal preferences.

3.3 Mais informações sobre o uso da terra

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:

• Misto de precipitação natural-irrigado

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 210, Longest growing period from month to month: June to December

3.4 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Agrofloresta
• apicultura, aquacultura, avicultura, cunicultura, sericicultura, etc.
• Hortas familiares

3.5 Difusão da tecnologia

Especifique a difusão da tecnologia:

• Uniformemente difundida numa área

Caso a tecnologia seja uniformemente difundida numa área, indique a área coberta aproximada:

• 10-100 km2

Comentários:

There is a smooth transition between home gardens and orchards, as well as between home gardens and commercial garden. Thus a quantification of the area is difficult. But around 10 % of the village areas are used as home gardens.

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

Comentários:

Type of vegetative measures: scattered / dispersed

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

Main causes of degradation: soil management (Soil left bare after ploughing), crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (Monocultures of annual crops (rice))
Secondary causes of degradation: overgrazing (Uncontrolled grazing on fallow fields), change in temperature (More hot days, climate change), wind storms / dust storms (Human induced dust storms, wind storms due to climate change.), droughts (Climate change), labour availability (High migration rates), education, access to knowledge and support services (Agricultural knowledge lost during the Khmer Rouge Regime.), war and conflicts (Agricultural knowledge lost during the Khmer Rouge Regime.)

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Prevenir degradação do solo
• Reduzir a degradação do solo

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.2 Especificações técnicas/ explicações do desenho técnico

Example of a homegarden with different layers. Coconut palms present the top layer, different vines grow on trellises, bananas and a dwarf papaya form an intermediate layer, pumpkins form the soil cover and Canna represents the edible roots. Many edible wild plants would grow by themselves between the planted ones, and would also be consumed.

Kampong Chhnang
Date: 2014

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate
Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate (Each garden is different.)
Main technical functions: improvement of ground cover, increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), increase of biomass (quantity), promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder), spatial arrangement and diversification of land use
Secondary technical functions: water harvesting / increase water supply, improvement of water quality, buffering / filtering water, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting, reduction in wind speed

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, F : fruit trees / shrubs, C : perennial crops
Number of plants per (ha): n/a

Fruit trees / shrubs species: Sugar palm, coconut, mango, custard apple, bananas, limes.
Perennial crops species: Lemon grass, bamboo.
Other species: Eggplants, winged beans, yard long beans, pumpkins, cucumbers.

4.3 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

4.4 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade
1.	Planting of the selected trees and other plants.	Vegetativo	Whole year

4.5 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Labour		1,0	10,0	10,0	100,0
Equipamento	Tools		1,0	20,0	20,0	100,0
Material vegetal	seeds		1,0	5,0	5,0	100,0
Material vegetal	seedlings		1,0	45,0	45,0	100,0
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					80,0

4.6 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	Harvesting	Vegetativo	Depends on the size of the garden and the crops.
2.	Planting and fertilizing	Vegetativo	Depends on the farmers' preference for a given crop

4.7 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	labour		1,0	60,0	60,0	100,0
Material vegetal	seeds		1,0	3,0	3,0	100,0
Custos totais para a manutenção da tecnologia					63,0

Comentários:

Machinery/ tools: Depending on the planted crops a knife, hatchet, spate and hoe.
The costs were calculated for 2014 for an “average” home garden that is newly established on a cleared land. It is not based on one case study, but on discussions with many farmers.

4.8 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

The labour is the most expensive in the home gardens. This is problematic as the labour availability is decreasing due to high migration rates.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

5.3 Solos

Caso disponível anexe a descrição completa do solo ou especifique as informações disponíveis, p. ex. tipo de solo, PH/acidez do solo, nitrogênio, capacidade de troca catiônica, salinidade, etc.

Home gardens are used in the whole of Kampong Chhnang Province, even in urban areas.

5.4 Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a qualidade e a quantidade da água:

Ground water table: during dry season
Availability of surface water: during dry season
Water quality: People use it for drinking after filtering or boiling.

5.5 Biodiversidade

Comentários e outras especificações sobre biodiversidade:

Only degraded forests are in the area

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users
Population density: 10-50 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 0.5% - 1%
Off-farm income specification: Handicraft, remittances and factory work
Different crops are used as cash crops.

5.7 Média da área de terra própria ou arrendada por usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Comunitário/rural
• Indivíduo, não intitulado

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Comunitário (organizado)
• Indivíduo

Direitos do uso da água:

• Acesso livre (não organizado)

Comentários:

Land users have a title that is not recognized by the state

5.9 Acesso a serviços e infraestrutura

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

Renda e custos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo hídrico/escoamento

Solo

Biodiversidade: vegetação, animais

Clima e redução de riscos de desastre

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

6.3 Exposição e sensibilidade da tecnologia às mudanças climáticas graduais e extremos/desastres relacionados ao clima (conforme o ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)

Mudança climática gradual

Mudança climática gradual

	Estação do ano	Tipo de mudança climática/extremo	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temperatura anual		aumento	bem

Extremos (desastres) relacionados ao clima

Desastres meteorológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temporal local	bem
Tempestade de vento local	não conhecido

Desastres climatológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Seca	bem

Desastres hidrológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Inundação geral (rio)	não conhecido

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Período de crescimento reduzido	bem

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

• mais que 50%

Entre todos aqueles que adotaram a tecnologia, quantos adotaram espontaneamente, ou seja, sem receber nenhum incentivo material/pagamentos?

• 90-100%

Comentários:

Nearly every farm has at least a small patch of land with some fruits/trees/vegetables
100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support. As almost every farm has a small home garden the number of farmer families could not be specified. Nearly everybody already has a small home garden. Species and varieties are spontaneously spreading between farms

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
To produce fruits and vegetables for home consumption
Many types of fruits and vegetables can be produced on a small area of land, for home consumption and to sell the surplus
The home gardens are close to the houses, all the members of the family can help, and it is possible to look at the house at the same time

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
Increased food security and health
Diversification of income sources
Improvement of the soil fertility where farmers use compost

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra	Como eles podem ser superados?
Lack of water for irrigation	Build household ponds
Insects are attracted to the crops, and spread when crops are grown together	Use integrated pest management
Prices sometimes drop for seasonal crops, like mangoes, and farmers cannot sell the crop	Process the fruits (e.g. drying) so they can be preserved

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
Lack of good varieties and selection, lack of knowledge about grafting fruit trees	Organize seed exchange, organize grafting and seed saving trainings
Lack of knowledge about fertilization, not all farmers know about the benefits of compost or manure. Leaves are often burned in the home gardens	Provide composting and mulching training

7.1 Métodos/fontes de informação

7.2 Referências às publicações disponíveis

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Kumar & Nair (Ed.). 2006. Tropical Homegardens. A time tested example of sustainable agroforestry. Dordrecht: Springer

Disponível de onde? Custos?

http://library.uniteddiversity.coop/Permaculture/Agroforestry/Tropical_Homegardens-A_Time_Tested_Example_of_Sustainable_Agroforestry.pdf